array:23 [
  "pii" => "S1579212909717859"
  "issn" => "15792129"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S1579-2129(09)71785-9"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2009-01-01"
  "aid" => "71785"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2009"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2009;45:30-5"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 2584
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 112
      "HTML" => 1821
      "PDF" => 651
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1579212909717860"
    "issn" => "15792129"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S1579-2129(09)71786-0"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2009-01-01"
    "aid" => "71786"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "rev"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2009;45:36-40"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2164
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 87
        "HTML" => 1417
        "PDF" => 660
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:9 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review Article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Combination Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "36"
          "paginaFinal" => "40"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Tratamiento combinado de la hipertensi&#243;n arterial pulmonar"
        ]
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Antonio Rom&#225;n Broto, V&#237;ctor Monforte Torres"
          "autores" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Antonio Rom&#225;n"
              "apellidos" => "Broto"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "V&#237;ctor Monforte"
              "apellidos" => "Torres"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212909717860?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/15792129/0000004500000001/v1_201305150402/S1579212909717860/v1_201305150402/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1579212909717847"
    "issn" => "15792129"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S1579-2129(09)71784-7"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2009-01-01"
    "aid" => "71784"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Neumolog&#237;a y Cirug&#237;a Tor&#225;cica"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2009;45:24-9"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 3178
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 100
        "HTML" => 2361
        "PDF" => 717
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Cultural Adaptation Into Spanish of the Airways Questionnaire 20&#44; a Short Health-Related Quality-of-Life Questionnaire for the Clinical Evaluation of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "24"
          "paginaFinal" => "29"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Adaptaci&#243;n transcultural al espa&#241;ol del Airways Questionnaire 20 &#40;AQ20&#41;&#44; un cuestionario de calidad de vida abreviado para la evaluaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica del asma y la EPOC"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Marina Blanco-Aparicio, Isabel V&#225;zquez-Rodr&#237;guez, H&#233;ctor Verea-Hernando"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Marina"
              "apellidos" => "Blanco-Aparicio"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Isabel"
              "apellidos" => "V&#225;zquez-Rodr&#237;guez"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "H&#233;ctor"
              "apellidos" => "Verea-Hernando"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212909717847?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/15792129/0000004500000001/v1_201305150402/S1579212909717847/v1_201305150402/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:15 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>"
    "titulo" => "Modifications of Diaphragmatic Activity Induced by Midline Laparotomy and Changes in Abdominal Wall Compliance"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "30"
        "paginaFinal" => "35"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Joaquim Gea, Juan Bautista G&#225;ldiz, Norman Comtois, Ercheng Zhu, Igor Salazkin, Jos&#233; antonio Fiz, Alejandro Grassino"
        "autores" => array:7 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Joaquim"
            "apellidos" => "Gea"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "jgea&#64;imim&#46;es"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Juan Bautista"
            "apellidos" => "G&#225;ldiz"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff2"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff3"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Norman"
            "apellidos" => "Comtois"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Ercheng"
            "apellidos" => "Zhu"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Igor"
            "apellidos" => "Salazkin"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jos&#233; antonio"
            "apellidos" => "Fiz"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff4"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          6 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Alejandro"
            "apellidos" => "Grassino"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff4"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "H&#244;pital de Notre-Dame&#44; Universit&#233; de Montr&#233;al&#44; Montr&#233;al&#44; Qu&#233;bec&#44; Canada"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff1"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Meakins-Christie Laboratories&#44; McGill University&#44; Montr&#233;al&#44; Qu&#233;bec&#44; Canada"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff2"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital de Cruces&#44; Barakaldo&#44; Universidad del Pa&#237;s Vasco&#44; Vizcaya&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff3"
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servei de Pneumologia&#44; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol&#44; Universitat Aut&#242;noma de Barcelona&#44; Barcelona&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff4"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor1"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Modificaciones en la actividad del diafragma inducidas por laparotom&#237;a media y cambios en la rigidez de la pared abdominal"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2007-10-17"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2008-02-20"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155439"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Diaphragm"
            1 => "Abdominal surgery"
            2 => "Abdominal cast"
            3 => "Muscle length"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155438"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Diafragma"
            1 => "Cirug&#237;a abdominal"
            2 => "Pr&#243;tesis abdominal"
            3 => "Longitud muscular"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction and Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diaphragmatic activity varies with the initial length of the muscle&#46; Our objective was to evaluate the influence of surgery and changes in abdominal wall compliance on diaphragmatic activity&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Both phrenic nerves in 7 mongrel dogs were stimulated electrically with single supramaximal pulses &#40;twitch&#41;&#46; The gastric &#40;Pga&#41; and transdiaphragmatic &#40;Pdi&#41; pressures generated and muscle shortening &#40;sonomicrometry&#41; were used to evaluate diaphragmatic activity&#44; which was determined at baseline&#44; after midline laparotomy&#44; with an elastic abdominal bandage&#44; and with a rigid circular cast&#46; Abdominal pressure was then gradually increased in order to induce progressive lengthening of the diaphragm&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After laparotomy&#44; the pressures were somewhat lower &#40;by 12&#37;&#41; than at baseline&#46; The elastic bandage produced a slight increase in the pressure generated by the diaphragm &#40;mean &#91;SE&#93; values&#58; Pga&#44; from 4&#46;2 &#91;0&#46;3&#93; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O to 6&#46;3 &#91;0&#46;9&#93; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;01&#59; Pdi&#44; from 12&#46;1 &#91;2&#46;0&#93; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O to 15&#46;4 &#91;1&#46;8&#93; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;05&#93;&#41;&#44; and these values increased even further with the rigid cast &#40;Pga&#44; to 12&#46;6 &#91;1&#46;5&#93; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#59; Pdi&#44; to 20&#46;2 &#91;2&#46;3&#93; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;01 for both comparisons&#41;&#59; this occurred despite smaller degrees of muscle shortening&#58; by 57&#37; &#91;5&#37;&#93; of the initial length at functional residual capacity at baseline&#44; by 49&#37; &#91;5&#37;&#93; with the bandage &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;05&#41;&#44; and by 39&#37; &#91;6&#37;&#93; with the cast &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;01&#41;&#46; With progressive lengthening of the muscle&#44; its contractile efficacy increased up to a certain point &#40;105&#37; of the length at functional residual capacity&#41;&#44; after which it began to decline&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abdominal wall compliance plays an important role in the diaphragmatic response to stimulation&#46; This appears to be due mainly to changes in its length at rest&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La actividad del diafragma puede verse modificada por su longitud inicial&#46; Nuestro objetivo ha sido evaluar la influencia de la cirug&#237;a y los cambios en la rigidez de la pared abdominal sobre la actividad del m&#250;sculo&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En 7 perros mestizos se estimularon el&#233;ctricamente ambos nervios fr&#233;nicos con pulsos &#250;nicos supram&#225;ximos &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">twitch</span>&#41;&#46; Para evaluar la actividad del diafragma se determinaron las presiones generadas - g&#225;strica &#40;Pga<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tw</span>&#41; y transdiafragm&#225;tica &#40;Pdi<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tw</span>&#41;&#8211; y el acortamiento muscular &#40;sonomicrometr&#237;a&#41;&#46; La respuesta diafragm&#225;tica se obtuvo en situaci&#243;n basal&#44; tras laparotom&#237;a media&#44; con venda abdominal el&#225;stica y con pr&#243;tesis r&#237;gida circular&#46; A continuaci&#243;n se increment&#243; ligera y progresivamente la presi&#243;n abdominal para conseguir el alargamiento sucesivo del diafragma&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tras la laparotom&#237;a&#44; las presiones fueron algo inferiores a las basales &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; La banda el&#225;stica provoc&#243; un leve aumento de la presi&#243;n generada por el diafragma &#40;valores medios &#177; error est&#225;ndar&#46; Pgatw&#58; 4&#44;2 &#177; 0&#44;3 a 6&#44;3 &#177; 0&#44;9 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;01&#59; Pdi<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tw</span>&#58; 12&#44;1 &#177; 2&#44;0 a 15&#44;4 &#177; 1&#44;8 cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#44; que se increment&#243; a&#250;n m&#225;s con la pr&#243;tesis r&#237;gida &#40;Pga&#61;&#58; 12&#44;6 &#177; 1&#44;5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#59; Pdi<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tw</span>&#58; 20&#44;2 &#177; 2&#44;3 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#59; p &#60; 0&#44;01 para ambas&#41;&#44; a pesar de valores de acortamiento inferiores -un 57 &#177; 5&#37; de la longitud inicial a capacidad funcional residual en situaci&#243;n basal&#44; un 49 &#177; 5&#37; con banda &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41; y un 39 &#177; 6&#37; con pr&#243;tesis &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;01&#41;&#8211;&#46; Al alargar progresivamente el m&#250;sculo&#44; su efectividad contr&#225;ctil aument&#243; hasta un punto &#40;un 105&#37; de la longitud a capacidad funcional residual&#41; a partir del cual comenz&#243; a declinar&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La rigidez de la pared abdominal desempe&#241;a un papel importante en la respuesta del diafragma a la estimulaci&#243;n&#46; Esto parece deberse fundamentalmente a cambios en su longitud de reposo&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:1 [
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:36 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Enfermedades del diafragma y de los m&#250;sculos ventilatorios"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Gea"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:5 [
                        "titulo" => "Medicina interna"
                        "paginaInicial" => "853"
                        "paginaFinal" => "857"
                        "edicion" => "15th ed"
                        "serieFecha" => "2004"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperinflation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Similowski"
                            1 => "S&#46; Yan"
                            2 => "A&#46;P&#46; Gauthier"
                            3 => "P&#46;T&#46; Macklem"
                            4 => "F&#46; Bellemare"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM199109263251304"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "325"
                        "paginaInicial" => "917"
                        "paginaFinal" => "923"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1881417"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Assessment of human diaphragm strength and activation using phrenic nerve stimulation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Bellemare"
                            1 => "B&#46; Bigland-Ritchie"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Resp Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1984"
                        "volumen" => "58"
                        "paginaInicial" => "263"
                        "paginaFinal" => "277"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bilateral phrenic stimulation&#58; a simple technique to assess diaphragmatic fatigue in humans"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Aubier"
                            1 => "D&#46; Murciano"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Lecocguic"
                            3 => "N&#46; Viires"
                            4 => "R&#46; Pariente"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "58"
                        "paginaInicial" => "58"
                        "paginaFinal" => "64"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3968023"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Phrenic nerve conduction times and twitch pressures of the human diaphragm"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "D&#46;K&#46; McKenzie"
                            1 => "S&#46;C&#46; Gandevia"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Physiol Society"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "58"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1496"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1504"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reproducibility of twitch and sniff transdiaphragmatic pressures"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46;M&#46; Luo"
                            1 => "N&#46; Hart"
                            2 => "N&#46; Mustfa"
                            3 => "W&#46;D&#46; Man"
                            4 => "G&#46;F&#46; Rafferty"
                            5 => "M&#46;I&#46; Polkey"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respir Physiol Neurobiol"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "132"
                        "paginaInicial" => "301"
                        "paginaFinal" => "306"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12208088"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of separate hemidiaphragm contraction on left phrenic artery flow and O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> consumption"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Hu"
                            1 => "A&#46; Comtois"
                            2 => "E&#46; Shadram"
                            3 => "A&#46; Grassino"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Phsyiol"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "69"
                        "paginaInicial" => "86"
                        "paginaFinal" => "90"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Contraction-dependent modulations in regional diaphragmatic blood flow"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Hu"
                            1 => "A&#46; Comtois"
                            2 => "A&#46;E&#46; Grassino"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "68"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2019"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2028"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2361903"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effects of diaphragm shortening on the mean action potential conduction velocity in canines"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Sinderby"
                            1 => "L&#46; Lindstr&#246;m"
                            2 => "N&#46; Comtois"
                            3 => "A&#46;E&#46; Grassino"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "490"
                        "paginaInicial" => "207"
                        "paginaFinal" => "214"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8745288"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Assessment of transdiaphragmatic pressure in humans"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Laporta"
                            1 => "A&#46; Grassino"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "58"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1469"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1476"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3158636"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Abdominal and thoracic pressures at different lung volumes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Agostini"
                            1 => "H&#46; Rahn"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1960"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1087"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1092"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13681667"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure&#58; effects of lung volume and chest wall shape"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46;D&#46; Hubmayr"
                            1 => "W&#46;J&#46; Litchy"
                            2 => "P&#46;C&#46; Gay"
                            3 => "S&#46;B&#46; Nelson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm/139.3.647"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "139"
                        "paginaInicial" => "647"
                        "paginaFinal" => "652"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2923364"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Force-length relationship of the normal human diaphragm"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "N&#46;M&#46;T&#46; Braun"
                            1 => "N&#46;S&#46; Arora"
                            2 => "D&#46;F&#46; Rochester"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1982"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "paginaInicial" => "405"
                        "paginaFinal" => "412"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7118662"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dependence of diaphragmatic length on lung volume and thoracoabdominal configuration"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46;H&#46; Loring"
                            1 => "J&#46; Mead"
                            2 => "N&#46;T&#46; Griscom"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "59"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1961"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1970"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4077804"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib15"
              "etiqueta" => "15&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mechanics of the human diaphragm during voluntary contraction&#58; statics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Grassino"
                            1 => "M&#46;D&#46; Goldman"
                            2 => "J&#46; Mead"
                            3 => "T&#46;A&#46; Sears"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1978"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "paginaInicial" => "829"
                        "paginaFinal" => "839"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/149776"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib16"
              "etiqueta" => "16&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of posture and abdominal binding on respiratory pressures"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Koulouris"
                            1 => "D&#46;A&#46; Mulvey"
                            2 => "C&#46;M&#46; Laroche"
                            3 => "J&#46; Goldstone"
                            4 => "J&#46; Moxham"
                            5 => "M&#46; Green"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "961"
                        "paginaFinal" => "965"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2606196"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib17"
              "etiqueta" => "17&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diaphragm motor recruitment during ventilatory and nonventilatory behaviors"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46;C&#46; Sieck"
                            1 => "M&#46; Fournier"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "66"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2539"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2545"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2745316"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib18"
              "etiqueta" => "18&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Use of twitch pressures to assess diaphragmatic function and central drive"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "G&#46;T&#46; Ferguson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "77"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1705"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1715"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7836190"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib19"
              "etiqueta" => "19&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of pressure and timing of contraction on human diaphragm fatigue"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Bellemare"
                            1 => "A&#46; Grassino"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1982"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1190"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1195"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7174413"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib20"
              "etiqueta" => "20&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Contractile properties of the human diaphragm in vivo"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Bellemare"
                            1 => "B&#46; Begland-Ritchie"
                            2 => "J&#46;J&#46; Woods"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1153"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1161"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3759756"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib21"
              "etiqueta" => "21&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diaphragmatic contractility after upper abdominal surgery"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Dureuil"
                            1 => "N&#46; Viir&#232;s"
                            2 => "J&#46;P&#46; Cantineau"
                            3 => "M&#46; Aubier"
                            4 => "J&#46;M&#46; Desmonts"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1775"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1780"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3781987"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib22"
              "etiqueta" => "22&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Recovery of diaphragm function after laparotomy and chronic sonomicrometer implantation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "P&#46;A&#46; Easton"
                            1 => "J&#46;W&#46; Fitting"
                            2 => "R&#46; Arnoux"
                            3 => "A&#46; Guerraty"
                            4 => "A&#46;E&#46; Grassino"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "66"
                        "paginaInicial" => "613"
                        "paginaFinal" => "621"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2708192"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib23"
              "etiqueta" => "23&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diaphragm function after upper abdominal surgery in human"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "G&#46;T&#46; Ford"
                            1 => "W&#46;A&#46; Whitelaw"
                            2 => "T&#46;W&#46; Rosenal"
                            3 => "P&#46;J&#46; Cruse"
                            4 => "C&#46;A&#46; Guenter"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/arrd.1983.127.4.431"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "127"
                        "paginaInicial" => "431"
                        "paginaFinal" => "436"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6838049"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib24"
              "etiqueta" => "24&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diaphragm dysfunction induced by upper abdominal surgery"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Simonneau"
                            1 => "A&#46; Vivien"
                            2 => "R&#46; Sartene"
                            3 => "F&#46; Kuntslinger"
                            4 => "K&#46; Samii"
                            5 => "Y&#46; Noviant"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/arrd.1983.128.5.899"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "128"
                        "paginaInicial" => "899"
                        "paginaFinal" => "903"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6638679"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib25"
              "etiqueta" => "25&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Altered breathing pattern elicited by stimulation of abdominal visceral afferents"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "N&#46;R&#46; Prabhakar"
                            1 => "W&#46; Marek"
                            2 => "H&#46;H&#46; Loeschcke"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "58"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1755"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1760"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4008397"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib26"
              "etiqueta" => "26&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diaphragm function during sighs in awake dogs after laparotomy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Katagiri"
                            1 => "M&#46; Katagiri"
                            2 => "T&#46;M&#46; Kieser"
                            3 => "P&#46;A&#46; Easton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9704084"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "157"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1085"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1092"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563723"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib27"
              "etiqueta" => "27&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Characteristics and functional significance of canine abdominal muscles"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46;A&#46; Farkas"
                            1 => "D&#46;F&#46; Rochester"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Phsyiol"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "65"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2427"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2433"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib28"
              "etiqueta" => "28&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of muscle length on electromyogram in a canine diaphragm strip preparation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46;J&#46; Kim"
                            1 => "W&#46;S&#46; Druz"
                            2 => "J&#46;T&#46; Sharp"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "58"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1602"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1607"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2987177"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib29"
              "etiqueta" => "29&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Length-tension relationship of mammalian diaphragm muscles"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "K&#46;K&#46; McCully"
                            1 => "J&#46;A&#46; Faulkner"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "54"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1681"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1686"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6874493"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib30"
              "etiqueta" => "30&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Contractile properties of the diaphragm in some mammals"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Sant&#8217;Ambrogio"
                            1 => "F&#46; Saibene"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respir Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1970"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "349"
                        "paginaFinal" => "357"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5529197"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib31"
              "etiqueta" => "31&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effects of pentobarbital on respiratory functional dynamics in chronically instrumented guinea pigs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "F&#46;C&#46; Chang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Brain Res Bull"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "123"
                        "paginaFinal" => "132"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1901751"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib32"
              "etiqueta" => "32&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dose effect of pentobarbital sodium on control of breathing in cats"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "N&#46;M&#46; Siafakas"
                            1 => "M&#46; Bonora"
                            2 => "B&#46; Duron"
                            3 => "H&#46; Gautier"
                            4 => "J&#46; Milic-Emili"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "55"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1582"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1592"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6643193"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib33"
              "etiqueta" => "33&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Anesthesia and chest wall function in dogs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;O&#46; Warner"
                            1 => "M&#46;J&#46; Joyner"
                            2 => "E&#46;L&#46; Ritman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "76"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2802"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2813"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7928914"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib34"
              "etiqueta" => "34&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estructura b&#225;sica de los m&#250;sculos respiratorios y perif&#233;ricos en el perro Beagle"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;B&#46; G&#225;ldiz"
                            1 => "J&#46; Palacio"
                            2 => "F&#46;J&#46; &#193;lvarez"
                            3 => "N&#46; Hern&#225;ndez"
                            4 => "M&#46; Mari&#241;&#225;n"
                            5 => "J&#46; Gea"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "paginaInicial" => "272"
                        "paginaFinal" => "277"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12106553"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib35"
              "etiqueta" => "35&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Fuerza m&#225;xima del diafragma en la EPOC&#58; estimulaci&#243;n magn&#233;tica cervical frente a la cl&#225;sica maniobra de inhalaci&#243;n forzada"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "ENIGMA in COPD"
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Mart&#237;nez-Llorens"
                            1 => "C&#46; Coronell"
                            2 => "A&#46; Ram&#237;rez-Sarmiento"
                            3 => "M&#46; Orozco-Levi"
                            4 => "J&#46;M&#46; Espadaler"
                            5 => "J&#46; Bautista G&#225;ldiz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "509"
                        "paginaFinal" => "515"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17067517"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib36"
              "etiqueta" => "36&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of abdominal compression on maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;R&#46; Hillman"
                            1 => "J&#46; Markos"
                            2 => "K&#46;E&#46; Finucane"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "68"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2296"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2304"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2384409"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/15792129/0000004500000001/v1_201305150402/S1579212909717859/v1_201305150402/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "9374"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Original Articles"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15792129/0000004500000001/v1_201305150402/S1579212909717859/v1_201305150402/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212909717859?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 45. Issue 1.
Pages 30-35 (January 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 45. Issue 1.
Pages 30-35 (January 2009)
Original Article
Full text access
Modifications of Diaphragmatic Activity Induced by Midline Laparotomy and Changes in Abdominal Wall Compliance
Modificaciones en la actividad del diafragma inducidas por laparotomía media y cambios en la rigidez de la pared abdominal
Visits
4757
Joaquim Geaa,
Corresponding author
jgea@imim.es

Corresponding author.
, Juan Bautista Gáldizb,d, Norman Comtoisa, Ercheng Zhua, Igor Salazkina, José antonio Fiza,e, Alejandro Grassinoa,e
a Hôpital de Notre-Dame, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
b Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
d Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de Cruces, Barakaldo, Universidad del País Vasco, Vizcaya, Spain
e Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract
Introduction and Objective

Diaphragmatic activity varies with the initial length of the muscle. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of surgery and changes in abdominal wall compliance on diaphragmatic activity.

Methods

Both phrenic nerves in 7 mongrel dogs were stimulated electrically with single supramaximal pulses (twitch). The gastric (Pga) and transdiaphragmatic (Pdi) pressures generated and muscle shortening (sonomicrometry) were used to evaluate diaphragmatic activity, which was determined at baseline, after midline laparotomy, with an elastic abdominal bandage, and with a rigid circular cast. Abdominal pressure was then gradually increased in order to induce progressive lengthening of the diaphragm.

Results

After laparotomy, the pressures were somewhat lower (by 12%) than at baseline. The elastic bandage produced a slight increase in the pressure generated by the diaphragm (mean [SE] values: Pga, from 4.2 [0.3] cm H2O to 6.3 [0.9] cm H2O, P<.01; Pdi, from 12.1 [2.0] cm H2O to 15.4 [1.8] cm H2O, P<.05]), and these values increased even further with the rigid cast (Pga, to 12.6 [1.5] cm H2O; Pdi, to 20.2 [2.3] cm H2O; P<.01 for both comparisons); this occurred despite smaller degrees of muscle shortening: by 57% [5%] of the initial length at functional residual capacity at baseline, by 49% [5%] with the bandage (P<.05), and by 39% [6%] with the cast (P<.01). With progressive lengthening of the muscle, its contractile efficacy increased up to a certain point (105% of the length at functional residual capacity), after which it began to decline.

Conclusions

Abdominal wall compliance plays an important role in the diaphragmatic response to stimulation. This appears to be due mainly to changes in its length at rest.

Keywords:
Diaphragm
Abdominal surgery
Abdominal cast
Muscle length
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

La actividad del diafragma puede verse modificada por su longitud inicial. Nuestro objetivo ha sido evaluar la influencia de la cirugía y los cambios en la rigidez de la pared abdominal sobre la actividad del músculo.

Método

En 7 perros mestizos se estimularon eléctricamente ambos nervios frénicos con pulsos únicos supramáximos (twitch). Para evaluar la actividad del diafragma se determinaron las presiones generadas - gástrica (Pgatw) y transdiafragmática (Pditw)– y el acortamiento muscular (sonomicrometría). La respuesta diafragmática se obtuvo en situación basal, tras laparotomía media, con venda abdominal elástica y con prótesis rígida circular. A continuación se incrementó ligera y progresivamente la presión abdominal para conseguir el alargamiento sucesivo del diafragma.

Resultados

Tras la laparotomía, las presiones fueron algo inferiores a las basales (12%). La banda elástica provocó un leve aumento de la presión generada por el diafragma (valores medios ± error estándar. Pgatw: 4,2 ± 0,3 a 6,3 ± 0,9 cmH2O, p < 0,01; Pditw: 12,1 ± 2,0 a 15,4 ± 1,8 cm H2O, p < 0,05), que se incrementó aún más con la prótesis rígida (Pga=: 12,6 ± 1,5 cmH2O; Pditw: 20,2 ± 2,3 cmH2O; p < 0,01 para ambas), a pesar de valores de acortamiento inferiores -un 57 ± 5% de la longitud inicial a capacidad funcional residual en situación basal, un 49 ± 5% con banda (p < 0,05) y un 39 ± 6% con prótesis (p < 0,01)–. Al alargar progresivamente el músculo, su efectividad contráctil aumentó hasta un punto (un 105% de la longitud a capacidad funcional residual) a partir del cual comenzó a declinar.

Conclusión

La rigidez de la pared abdominal desempeña un papel importante en la respuesta del diafragma a la estimulación. Esto parece deberse fundamentalmente a cambios en su longitud de reposo.

Palabras clave:
Diafragma
Cirugía abdominal
Prótesis abdominal
Longitud muscular
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
J. Gea.
Enfermedades del diafragma y de los músculos ventilatorios.
Medicina interna, 15th ed, pp. 853-857
[2.]
T. Similowski, S. Yan, A.P. Gauthier, P.T. Macklem, F. Bellemare.
Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperinflation.
N Engl J Med, 325 (1991), pp. 917-923
[3.]
F. Bellemare, B. Bigland-Ritchie.
Assessment of human diaphragm strength and activation using phrenic nerve stimulation.
Resp Physiol, 58 (1984), pp. 263-277
[4.]
M. Aubier, D. Murciano, Y. Lecocguic, N. Viires, R. Pariente.
Bilateral phrenic stimulation: a simple technique to assess diaphragmatic fatigue in humans.
J Appl Physiol, 58 (1985), pp. 58-64
[5.]
D.K. McKenzie, S.C. Gandevia.
Phrenic nerve conduction times and twitch pressures of the human diaphragm.
Am Physiol Society, 58 (1985), pp. 1496-1504
[6.]
I.M. Luo, N. Hart, N. Mustfa, W.D. Man, G.F. Rafferty, M.I. Polkey, et al.
Reproducibility of twitch and sniff transdiaphragmatic pressures.
Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 132 (2002), pp. 301-306
[7.]
F. Hu, A. Comtois, E. Shadram, A. Grassino.
Effect of separate hemidiaphragm contraction on left phrenic artery flow and O2 consumption.
J Appl Phsyiol, 69 (1990), pp. 86-90
[8.]
F. Hu, A. Comtois, A.E. Grassino.
Contraction-dependent modulations in regional diaphragmatic blood flow.
J Appl Physiol, 68 (1990), pp. 2019-2028
[9.]
C. Sinderby, L. Lindström, N. Comtois, A.E. Grassino.
Effects of diaphragm shortening on the mean action potential conduction velocity in canines.
J Physiol, 490 (1996), pp. 207-214
[10.]
D. Laporta, A. Grassino.
Assessment of transdiaphragmatic pressure in humans.
J Appl Physiol, 58 (1985), pp. 1469-1476
[11.]
E. Agostini, H. Rahn.
Abdominal and thoracic pressures at different lung volumes.
J Appl Physiol, 15 (1960), pp. 1087-1092
[12.]
R.D. Hubmayr, W.J. Litchy, P.C. Gay, S.B. Nelson.
Transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure: effects of lung volume and chest wall shape.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 139 (1989), pp. 647-652
[13.]
N.M.T. Braun, N.S. Arora, D.F. Rochester.
Force-length relationship of the normal human diaphragm.
J Appl Physiol, 53 (1982), pp. 405-412
[14.]
S.H. Loring, J. Mead, N.T. Griscom.
Dependence of diaphragmatic length on lung volume and thoracoabdominal configuration.
J Appl Physiol, 59 (1985), pp. 1961-1970
[15.]
A. Grassino, M.D. Goldman, J. Mead, T.A. Sears.
Mechanics of the human diaphragm during voluntary contraction: statics.
J Appl Physiol, 44 (1978), pp. 829-839
[16.]
N. Koulouris, D.A. Mulvey, C.M. Laroche, J. Goldstone, J. Moxham, M. Green.
The effect of posture and abdominal binding on respiratory pressures.
Eur Respir J, 2 (1989), pp. 961-965
[17.]
G.C. Sieck, M. Fournier.
Diaphragm motor recruitment during ventilatory and nonventilatory behaviors.
J Appl Physiol, 66 (1989), pp. 2539-2545
[18.]
G.T. Ferguson.
Use of twitch pressures to assess diaphragmatic function and central drive.
J Appl Physiol, 77 (1994), pp. 1705-1715
[19.]
F. Bellemare, A. Grassino.
Effect of pressure and timing of contraction on human diaphragm fatigue.
J Appl Physiol, 53 (1982), pp. 1190-1195
[20.]
F. Bellemare, B. Begland-Ritchie, J.J. Woods.
Contractile properties of the human diaphragm in vivo.
J Appl Physiol, 61 (1986), pp. 1153-1161
[21.]
B. Dureuil, N. Viirès, J.P. Cantineau, M. Aubier, J.M. Desmonts.
Diaphragmatic contractility after upper abdominal surgery.
J Appl Physiol, 61 (1986), pp. 1775-1780
[22.]
P.A. Easton, J.W. Fitting, R. Arnoux, A. Guerraty, A.E. Grassino.
Recovery of diaphragm function after laparotomy and chronic sonomicrometer implantation.
J Appl Physiol, 66 (1989), pp. 613-621
[23.]
G.T. Ford, W.A. Whitelaw, T.W. Rosenal, P.J. Cruse, C.A. Guenter.
Diaphragm function after upper abdominal surgery in human.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 127 (1983), pp. 431-436
[24.]
G. Simonneau, A. Vivien, R. Sartene, F. Kuntslinger, K. Samii, Y. Noviant, et al.
Diaphragm dysfunction induced by upper abdominal surgery.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 128 (1983), pp. 899-903
[25.]
N.R. Prabhakar, W. Marek, H.H. Loeschcke.
Altered breathing pattern elicited by stimulation of abdominal visceral afferents.
J Appl Physiol, 58 (1985), pp. 1755-1760
[26.]
H. Katagiri, M. Katagiri, T.M. Kieser, P.A. Easton.
Diaphragm function during sighs in awake dogs after laparotomy.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157 (1998), pp. 1085-1092
[27.]
G.A. Farkas, D.F. Rochester.
Characteristics and functional significance of canine abdominal muscles.
J Appl Phsyiol, 65 (1988), pp. 2427-2433
[28.]
M.J. Kim, W.S. Druz, J.T. Sharp.
Effect of muscle length on electromyogram in a canine diaphragm strip preparation.
J Appl Physiol, 58 (1985), pp. 1602-1607
[29.]
K.K. McCully, J.A. Faulkner.
Length-tension relationship of mammalian diaphragm muscles.
J Appl Physiol, 54 (1983), pp. 1681-1686
[30.]
G. Sant’Ambrogio, F. Saibene.
Contractile properties of the diaphragm in some mammals.
Respir Physiol, 10 (1970), pp. 349-357
[31.]
F.C. Chang.
Effects of pentobarbital on respiratory functional dynamics in chronically instrumented guinea pigs.
Brain Res Bull, 26 (1991), pp. 123-132
[32.]
N.M. Siafakas, M. Bonora, B. Duron, H. Gautier, J. Milic-Emili.
Dose effect of pentobarbital sodium on control of breathing in cats.
J Appl Physiol, 55 (1983), pp. 1582-1592
[33.]
D.O. Warner, M.J. Joyner, E.L. Ritman.
Anesthesia and chest wall function in dogs.
J Appl Physiol, 76 (1994), pp. 2802-2813
[34.]
J.B. Gáldiz, J. Palacio, F.J. Álvarez, N. Hernández, M. Mariñán, J. Gea.
Estructura básica de los músculos respiratorios y periféricos en el perro Beagle.
Arch Bronconeumol, 38 (2002), pp. 272-277
[35.]
J. Martínez-Llorens, C. Coronell, A. Ramírez-Sarmiento, M. Orozco-Levi, J.M. Espadaler, J. Bautista Gáldiz, ENIGMA in COPD, et al.
Fuerza máxima del diafragma en la EPOC: estimulación magnética cervical frente a la clásica maniobra de inhalación forzada.
Arch Bronconeumol, 42 (2006), pp. 509-515
[36.]
D.R. Hillman, J. Markos, K.E. Finucane.
Effect of abdominal compression on maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure.
J Appl Physiol, 68 (1990), pp. 2296-2304
Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?