array:23 [
  "pii" => "S1579212908600397"
  "issn" => "15792129"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S1579-2129(08)60039-7"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2008-01-01"
  "aid" => "60039"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2008"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2008;44:245-51"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 2421
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 95
      "HTML" => 1670
      "PDF" => 656
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1579212908600403"
    "issn" => "15792129"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S1579-2129(08)60040-3"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2008-01-01"
    "aid" => "60040"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2008;44:252-6"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2371
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 113
        "HTML" => 1628
        "PDF" => 630
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Articles</span>"
      "titulo" => "Short-Stay Respiratory Unit&#58; A New Option for Inpatient Care"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "252"
          "paginaFinal" => "256"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Joan Maria Broquetas, Roser Pedreny, Juana Mar&#237;a Mart&#237;nez-Llorens, Jacobo Sellar&#233;s, Joaquim Gea"
          "autores" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Joan Maria"
              "apellidos" => "Broquetas"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Roser"
              "apellidos" => "Pedreny"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Juana Mar&#237;a"
              "apellidos" => "Mart&#237;nez-Llorens"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jacobo"
              "apellidos" => "Sellar&#233;s"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Joaquim"
              "apellidos" => "Gea"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212908600403?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/15792129/0000004400000005/v1_201305150349/S1579212908600403/v1_201305150349/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1579212908600385"
    "issn" => "15792129"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S1579-2129(08)60038-5"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2008-01-01"
    "aid" => "60038"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Neumolog&#237;a y Cirug&#237;a Tor&#225;cica &#40;SEPAR&#41;"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2008;44:239-44"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2391
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 110
        "HTML" => 1615
        "PDF" => 666
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Articles</span>"
      "titulo" => "Activation of Satellite Cells in the Intercostal Muscles of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "239"
          "paginaFinal" => "244"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Juana Mart&#237;nez-Llorens, Carme Casadevall, Josep Lloreta, Mauricio Orozco-Levi, Esther Barreiro, Joan Broquetas, Joaquim Gea"
          "autores" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Juana"
              "apellidos" => "Mart&#237;nez-Llorens"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Carme"
              "apellidos" => "Casadevall"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Josep"
              "apellidos" => "Lloreta"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mauricio"
              "apellidos" => "Orozco-Levi"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Esther"
              "apellidos" => "Barreiro"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Joan"
              "apellidos" => "Broquetas"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Joaquim"
              "apellidos" => "Gea"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212908600385?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/15792129/0000004400000005/v1_201305150349/S1579212908600385/v1_201305150349/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:14 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Articles</span>"
    "titulo" => "Knowledge of and Attitudes and Adherence to the Spanish Guidelines for Asthma Management &#40;GEMA&#41; Among Spanish Health Care Professionals&#58; The GEMA TEST Project"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "245"
        "paginaFinal" => "251"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Vicente Plaza, Ignasi Bol&#237;var, Jordi Giner, Mar&#237;a Antonia Llauger, Antol&#237;n L&#243;pez-Vi&#241;a, Jos&#233; Antonio Quintano, Joaqu&#237;n Sanchis, Montserrat Torrej&#243;n, Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n Villa"
        "autores" => array:9 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Vicente"
            "apellidos" => "Plaza"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "vplaza&#64;santpau&#46;es"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Ignasi"
            "apellidos" => "Bol&#237;var"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff2"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jordi"
            "apellidos" => "Giner"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a Antonia"
            "apellidos" => "Llauger"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff3"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Antol&#237;n"
            "apellidos" => "L&#243;pez-Vi&#241;a"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff4"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jos&#233; Antonio"
            "apellidos" => "Quintano"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff5"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          6 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Joaqu&#237;n"
            "apellidos" => "Sanchis"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          7 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Montserrat"
            "apellidos" => "Torrej&#243;n"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          8 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n"
            "apellidos" => "Villa"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff6"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:6 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Pneumologia&#44; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau&#44; Barcelona&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff1"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Epidemiolog&#237;a Cl&#237;nica&#44; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau&#44; Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Barcelona&#44; Barcelona&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff2"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Equip d&#39;Atenci&#243; Prim&#224;ria Encants &#40;CAP Maragall&#41;&#44; Institut Catal&#224; de la Salut &#40;ICS&#41;&#44; Barcelona&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff3"
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Cl&#237;nica Puerta de Hierro&#44; Madrid&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff4"
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Atenci&#243;n Primaria&#44; Centro de Salud&#44; Lucena&#44; C&#243;rdoba&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff5"
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Secci&#243;n de Neumolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Infantil Universitario Ni&#241;o Jes&#250;s&#44; Madrid&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff6"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor1"
            "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
            "correspondencia" => "Correspondence&#58; Dr V&#46; Plaza Departament de Pneumologia Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Sant Antoni M&#46; Claret&#44; 167 08025 Barcelona&#44; Spain"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2007-02-27"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2007-07-03"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155241"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Asthma"
            1 => "Asthma therapy"
            2 => "Spanish guidelines for the management of asthma &#40;GEMA&#41;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155240"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Asma"
            1 => "Gu&#237;as de tratamiento del asma"
            2 => "Gu&#237;a Espa&#241;ola para el Manejo del Asma &#40;GEMA&#41;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Health care professionals&#39; adherence to asthma guidelines is believed to be low&#46; The aim of the present study was to determine the knowledge&#44; attitudes&#44; and adherence of Spanish health care professionals with respect to the Spanish Guidelines for Asthma Management &#40;GEMA&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A multiple choice test with 15 questions was constructed&#46; Items assessed knowledge of and opinions and adherence to asthma guidelines in general and the GEMA in particular&#46; Test completion was voluntary&#44; individual&#44; and anonymous&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 1066 physicians and nurses took the test&#46; The sample consisted of 241 &#40;22&#46;6&#37;&#41; respiratory medicine specialists and 244 &#40;22&#46;9&#37;&#41; nurses from the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery &#40;SEPAR&#41;&#44; 221 &#40;20&#46;7&#37;&#41; pediatric pulmonologists from the Spanish Society of Pediatric Pulmonology &#40;SENP&#41;&#44; 220 &#40;20&#46;6&#37;&#41; general practitioners from the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine &#40;semFYC&#41;&#44; 181 &#40;17&#37;&#41; general practitioners from the Spanish Society of Rural and General Medicine &#40;SEMERGEN&#41;&#44; and 38 &#40;3&#46;6&#37;&#41; others&#46; Asthma guidelines were considered useful or very useful by 805 &#40;76&#37;&#41;&#44; and 771 &#40;72&#37;&#41; stated they were familiar with the GEMA&#46; However&#44; 388 &#40;36&#37;&#41; admitted that they followed guidelines seldom or never&#46; The level of adherence to the GEMA was poor for 243 &#40;30&#46;3&#37;&#41; respondents&#46; The multivariate analysis revealed that low adherence was associated with the following characteristics&#58; coming from the geographic center or south of Spain&#59; being a primary care physician&#44; unfamiliar with guidelines&#44; or unconvinced of their utility&#59; and not being a user of spirometry&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Even though the majority of Spanish health care professionals surveyed seem to know of the GEMA&#44; their adherence to those guidelines is very low&#46; Educational programs that seek to improve knowledge of asthma guidelines should consider the profile of professionals with low adherence to the GEMA so as to include educational strategies that target them specifically&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se sospecha que el seguimiento de las recomendaciones terap&#233;uticas del asma entre los profesionales sanitarios es bajo&#46; El presente estudio se ha realizado con el objeto de determinar la opini&#243;n&#44; el conocimiento y cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de la Gu&#237;a Espa&#241;ola para el Manejo del Asma &#40;GEMA&#41; entre los profesionales sanitarios espa&#241;oles&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se elabor&#243; un cuestionario de 15 preguntas de respuesta m&#250;ltiple que recog&#237;an la opini&#243;n y conocimiento general sobre las gu&#237;as de asma&#44; el grado de seguimiento de &#233;stas y&#44; espec&#237;ficamente&#44; de las recomendaciones diagn&#243;sticas y terap&#233;uticas de la GEMA&#46; El cuestionario se cumpliment&#243; de forma voluntaria&#44; individual y an&#243;-nima&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rellenaron el cuestionario 1&#46;066 profesionales&#58; 241 &#40;22&#44;6&#37;&#41; neum&#243;logos y 244 &#40;22&#44;9&#37;&#41; profesionales de enfermer&#237;a de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Neumolog&#237;a y Cirug&#237;a Tor&#225;cica &#40;SEPAR&#41;&#59; 221 &#40;20&#44;7&#37;&#41; pediatrasneum&#243;logos de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Neumolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica &#40;SENP&#41;&#59; 220 &#40;20&#44;6&#37;&#41; m&#233;dicos de atenci&#243;n primaria de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria &#40;semFYC&#41;&#59; 181 &#40;17&#37;&#41; m&#233;dicos de atenci&#243;n primaria de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Rural y Generalista &#40;SEMERGEN&#41;&#44; y 38 &#40;3&#44;6&#37;&#41; de otras sociedades&#46; De ellos&#44; 805 &#40;76&#37;&#41; opinaron que las gu&#237;as para el manejo del asma eran &#250;tiles o muy &#250;tiles y 771 &#40;72&#37;&#41; conoc&#237;an la GEMA&#44; pero 388 &#40;36&#37;&#41; reconoc&#237;an que segu&#237;an poco o nunca sus recomendaciones&#46; Entre los m&#233;dicos participantes&#44; 243 &#40;30&#44;3&#37;&#41; fueron clasificados como malos cumplidores de la GEMA&#46; El an&#225;lisis multivariante revel&#243; que los profesionales provenientes de las &#225;reas centro y sur espa&#241;olas&#44; los de atenci&#243;n primaria&#44; los poco convencidos de la utilidad de las gu&#237;as o los que no las conocen&#44; y los que no empleaban la espirometr&#237;a se asociaron con un menor cumplimiento de la gu&#237;a&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Si bien la mayor&#237;a de los profesionales sanitarios espa&#241;oles encuestados conoce y estima positiva la GEMA&#44; el grado de cumplimiento de &#233;sta es bajo&#46; Los futuros programas docentes encaminados a difundir las gu&#237;as de asma deber&#237;an considerar el perfil del m&#233;dico no cumplidor de la GEMA e incorporar estrategias educativas dirigidas espec&#237;ficamente a dichos profesionales&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:1 [
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Gu&#237;a Espa&#241;ola para el Manejo del Asma &#40;GEMA&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "en calidad de Comit&#233; Ejecutivo de la GEMA y en representaci&#243;n del grupo de redactores"
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "V Plaza Moral"
                            1 => "FJ &#193;lvarez Guti&#233;rrez"
                            2 => "P Casan Clar&#224;"
                            3 => "N Cobos Barroso"
                            4 => "A L&#243;pez Vi&#241;a"
                            5 => "MA Llauger Rossell&#243;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "numero" => "Supl 5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "42"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14587516"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention&#46; NHLBI&#47;WHO Workshop Report"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Global Initiative for Asthma &#40;GINA&#41;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:2 [
                        "link" => "Available from&#58; http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ginasthma&#46;com"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Adherence to asthma guidelines in general practices"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "MC Roghmann"
                            1 => "M Sexton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Asthma"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "381"
                        "paginaFinal" => "387"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10386502"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Current outpatient management of asthma shows poor compliance with International Consensus Guidelines"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "DM Taylor"
                            1 => "TE Auble"
                            2 => "WJ Calhoun"
                            3 => "Jr Mosesso VN"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "116"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1638"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1645"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10593788"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Costeefectividad de una intervenci&#243;n basada en las recomendaciones de la Global INitiative for Asthma &#40;GINA&#41;&#44; mediante un sistema informatizado de apoyo a la decisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#58; un ensayo con aleatorizaci&#243;n de m&#233;dicos"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "V Plaza"
                            1 => "A Cobos"
                            2 => "JM Ignacio-Garc&#237;a"
                            3 => "M Molina"
                            4 => "S Bergo&#241;&#243;n"
                            5 => "F Garc&#237;a-Alonso"
                            6 => "AsmaCare en representaci&#243;n del grupo investigador"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "124"
                        "paginaInicial" => "201"
                        "paginaFinal" => "206"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical management of asthma in 1999&#58; the Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe &#40;AIRE&#41; study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "KF Rabe"
                            1 => "PA Vermeire"
                            2 => "JB Soriano"
                            3 => "WC Maier"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "802"
                        "paginaFinal" => "807"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11153575"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Asthma prevalence&#44; cost&#44; and adherence with expert guidelines on the utilization of health care services and costs in a state Medicaid population"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "LT Piecoro"
                            1 => "M Potoski"
                            2 => "JC Talbert"
                            3 => "DE Doherty"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Health Serv Res"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "357"
                        "paginaFinal" => "371"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11409817"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Treatment of Medicaid patients with asthma&#58; comparison with treatment guidelines using disease-based drug utilization review methodology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "JM Laumann"
                            1 => "DC Bjornson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Pharmacother"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1290"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1294"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9876808"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Are international asthma guidelines effective for low-income Brazilian children with asthma&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "AL Cabral"
                            1 => "WA Carvalho"
                            2 => "M Chinen"
                            3 => "RM Barbiroto"
                            4 => "FM Boueri"
                            5 => "MA Martins"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "35"
                        "paginaFinal" => "40"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9701411"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Influence of an interventional program on resource use and cost in pediatric asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "JC Higgins"
                            1 => "WR Kiser"
                            2 => "S McClenathan"
                            3 => "NL Tynan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Manag Care"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1465"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1469"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10338738"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Gu&#237;a Espa&#241;ola para el Manejo del Asma &#40;GEMA&#41;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "Available from&#58; http&#47;&#47;www&#46;gemasma&#46;com"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The status of asthma control and asthma prescribing practices in the United States&#58; results of a large prospective asthma control survey of primary care practices"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "BG Carlton"
                            1 => "DO Lucas"
                            2 => "EF Ellis"
                            3 => "K Conboy-Ellis"
                            4 => "O Shoheiber"
                            5 => "DA Stempel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1081/JAS-67000"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Asthma"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "529"
                        "paginaFinal" => "535"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169784"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Rodrigo GJ&#44; Plaza V&#44; Bellido-Casado J&#44; Neffen H&#44; Baz&#250;s MT&#44; Levy G&#44; et al&#46; Changes in the characteristics of patients hospitalized for acute severe asthma over a ten years period &#40;1994-2004&#41; in Spain and Latin-America&#58; the EAGLE study&#46; Respir Med&#46; In press 2008&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Desde las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica a la realidad diaria en las enfermedades cardiovasculares"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "E L&#243;pez de S&#225;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Clin Esp"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "205"
                        "paginaInicial" => "411"
                        "paginaFinal" => "412"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16194473"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib15"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Gu&#237;as terap&#233;uticas&#46; &#191;Qu&#233; puede esperarse de ellas&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Grupo de Trabajo FUINSA sobre Gu&#237;as Terap&#233;uticas"
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A Moreno-Gonz&#225;lez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "125"
                        "paginaInicial" => "421"
                        "paginaFinal" => "422"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib16"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Translating research into practice&#58; how are guidelines implemented&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "MR Partridge"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J Suppl"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "paginaInicial" => "23S"
                        "paginaFinal" => "29S"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12572698"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib17"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The dissemination of the British Guideline on the Management of Asthma 2003"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "SM Dennis"
                            1 => "S Edwards"
                            2 => "MR Partridge"
                            3 => "HJ Pinnock"
                            4 => "SJ Qureshi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "98"
                        "paginaInicial" => "832"
                        "paginaFinal" => "837"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15338794"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib18"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Asthma guidelines&#58; recommendations versus reality"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "PJ Barnes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "98"
                        "numero" => "Suppl A"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "7"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14959807"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib19"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Global Initiative for Asthma &#40;GINA&#41;&#46; Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention NHLBI&#47;WHO Workshop Report&#46; Revised 2006&#46; Available from&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ginasthma.com">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ginasthma&#46;com</a>"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib20"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Words without action&#63; The production&#44; dissemination&#44; and impact of consensus recommendations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J Lomas"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1146/annurev.pu.12.050191.000353"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Annu Rev Public Health"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "41"
                        "paginaFinal" => "65"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2049143"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib21"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Asthma outpatient education by multiple implementation strategy&#46; Outcome of a programme using a personal notebook"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "JM Tschopp"
                            1 => "JG Frey"
                            2 => "JP Janssens"
                            3 => "C Burrus"
                            4 => "S Garrone"
                            5 => "R Pernet"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2004.07.006"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "99"
                        "paginaInicial" => "355"
                        "paginaFinal" => "362"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15733512"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib22"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effects of computer-based clinical decision support systems on physician performance and patient outcomes&#58; a systematic review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "DL Hunt"
                            1 => "RB Haynes"
                            2 => "SE Hanna"
                            3 => "K Smith"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "280"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1339"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1346"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9794315"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib23"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Paper stamp checklist tool enhances asthma guidelines knowledge and implementation by primary care physicians"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "PM Renzi"
                            1 => "H Ghezzo"
                            2 => "S Goulet"
                            3 => "E Dorval"
                            4 => "RL Thivierge"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "193"
                        "paginaFinal" => "197"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16779463"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib24"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Use of an &#8220;evidence-based implementation&#8221; strategy to implement evidence-based care of asthma into rural district hospital emergency departments"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "SR Doherty"
                            1 => "PD Jones"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rural Remote Health"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "529"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16569189"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib25"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Long-term effects of asthma education for physicians on patient satisfaction and use of health services"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "NM Clark"
                            1 => "M Gong"
                            2 => "MA Schork"
                            3 => "N Kaciroti"
                            4 => "D Evans"
                            5 => "D Roloff"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "15"
                        "paginaFinal" => "21"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10933079"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib26"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evaluating the message&#58; the relationship between compliance rate and the subject of a practice guideline"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R Grilli"
                            1 => "J Lomas"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Care"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "202"
                        "paginaFinal" => "213"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8145598"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib27"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The impact of provider knowledge and attitudes toward national asthma guidelines on self-reported implementation of guidelines"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "LM Tumiel-Berhalter"
                            1 => "R Watkins"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/02770900600878867"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Asthma"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "paginaInicial" => "625"
                        "paginaFinal" => "628"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050229"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib28"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Encouraging a systems approach for adherence to national asthma guidelines"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "LM Tumiel-Berhalter"
                            1 => "CO Hershey"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/02770900500216200"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Asthma"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "593"
                        "paginaFinal" => "595"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169795"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib29"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A comparison of primary care physicians and pneumologists in the management of asthma in Spain&#58; ASES study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "A L&#243;pez-Vina"
                            1 => "JE Cimas"
                            2 => "C D&#237;az S&#225;nchez"
                            3 => "G Coria"
                            4 => "O Vegazo"
                            5 => "C Picado Valles"
                            6 => "Scientific Committee of ASES study"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "97"
                        "paginaInicial" => "872"
                        "paginaFinal" => "881"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12924513"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/15792129/0000004400000005/v1_201305150349/S1579212908600397/v1_201305150349/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => null
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15792129/0000004400000005/v1_201305150349/S1579212908600397/v1_201305150349/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212908600397?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 44. Issue 5.
Pages 245-251 (January 2008)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 44. Issue 5.
Pages 245-251 (January 2008)
Original Articles
Full text access
Knowledge of and Attitudes and Adherence to the Spanish Guidelines for Asthma Management (GEMA) Among Spanish Health Care Professionals: The GEMA TEST Project
Visits
4783
Vicente Plazaa,
Corresponding author
vplaza@santpau.es

Correspondence: Dr V. Plaza Departament de Pneumologia Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Sant Antoni M. Claret, 167 08025 Barcelona, Spain
, Ignasi Bolívarb, Jordi Ginera, María Antonia Llaugerc, Antolín López-Viñad, José Antonio Quintanoe, Joaquín Sanchisa, Montserrat Torrejóna, José Ramón Villaf
a Departamento de Pneumologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
c Equip d'Atenció Primària Encants (CAP Maragall), Institut Català de la Salut (ICS), Barcelona, Spain
d Servicio de Neumología, Clínica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
e Atención Primaria, Centro de Salud, Lucena, Córdoba, Spain
f Sección de Neumología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Objective

Health care professionals' adherence to asthma guidelines is believed to be low. The aim of the present study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and adherence of Spanish health care professionals with respect to the Spanish Guidelines for Asthma Management (GEMA).

Material and methods

A multiple choice test with 15 questions was constructed. Items assessed knowledge of and opinions and adherence to asthma guidelines in general and the GEMA in particular. Test completion was voluntary, individual, and anonymous.

Results

A total of 1066 physicians and nurses took the test. The sample consisted of 241 (22.6%) respiratory medicine specialists and 244 (22.9%) nurses from the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR), 221 (20.7%) pediatric pulmonologists from the Spanish Society of Pediatric Pulmonology (SENP), 220 (20.6%) general practitioners from the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (semFYC), 181 (17%) general practitioners from the Spanish Society of Rural and General Medicine (SEMERGEN), and 38 (3.6%) others. Asthma guidelines were considered useful or very useful by 805 (76%), and 771 (72%) stated they were familiar with the GEMA. However, 388 (36%) admitted that they followed guidelines seldom or never. The level of adherence to the GEMA was poor for 243 (30.3%) respondents. The multivariate analysis revealed that low adherence was associated with the following characteristics: coming from the geographic center or south of Spain; being a primary care physician, unfamiliar with guidelines, or unconvinced of their utility; and not being a user of spirometry.

Conclusions

Even though the majority of Spanish health care professionals surveyed seem to know of the GEMA, their adherence to those guidelines is very low. Educational programs that seek to improve knowledge of asthma guidelines should consider the profile of professionals with low adherence to the GEMA so as to include educational strategies that target them specifically.

Key words:
Asthma
Asthma therapy
Spanish guidelines for the management of asthma (GEMA)
Objetivo

Se sospecha que el seguimiento de las recomendaciones terapéuticas del asma entre los profesionales sanitarios es bajo. El presente estudio se ha realizado con el objeto de determinar la opinión, el conocimiento y cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de la Guía Española para el Manejo del Asma (GEMA) entre los profesionales sanitarios españoles.

Material y métodos

Se elaboró un cuestionario de 15 preguntas de respuesta múltiple que recogían la opinión y conocimiento general sobre las guías de asma, el grado de seguimiento de éstas y, específicamente, de las recomendaciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas de la GEMA. El cuestionario se cumplimentó de forma voluntaria, individual y anó-nima.

Resultados

Rellenaron el cuestionario 1.066 profesionales: 241 (22,6%) neumólogos y 244 (22,9%) profesionales de enfermería de la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR); 221 (20,7%) pediatrasneumólogos de la Sociedad Española de Neumología Pediátrica (SENP); 220 (20,6%) médicos de atención primaria de la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (semFYC); 181 (17%) médicos de atención primaria de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Rural y Generalista (SEMERGEN), y 38 (3,6%) de otras sociedades. De ellos, 805 (76%) opinaron que las guías para el manejo del asma eran útiles o muy útiles y 771 (72%) conocían la GEMA, pero 388 (36%) reconocían que seguían poco o nunca sus recomendaciones. Entre los médicos participantes, 243 (30,3%) fueron clasificados como malos cumplidores de la GEMA. El análisis multivariante reveló que los profesionales provenientes de las áreas centro y sur españolas, los de atención primaria, los poco convencidos de la utilidad de las guías o los que no las conocen, y los que no empleaban la espirometría se asociaron con un menor cumplimiento de la guía.

Conclusiones

Si bien la mayoría de los profesionales sanitarios españoles encuestados conoce y estima positiva la GEMA, el grado de cumplimiento de ésta es bajo. Los futuros programas docentes encaminados a difundir las guías de asma deberían considerar el perfil del médico no cumplidor de la GEMA e incorporar estrategias educativas dirigidas específicamente a dichos profesionales.

Palabras clave:
Asma
Guías de tratamiento del asma
Guía Española para el Manejo del Asma (GEMA)
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1]
V Plaza Moral, FJ Álvarez Gutiérrez, P Casan Clarà, N Cobos Barroso, A López Viña, MA Llauger Rosselló, en calidad de Comité Ejecutivo de la GEMA y en representación del grupo de redactores, et al.
Guía Española para el Manejo del Asma (GEMA).
Arch Bronconeumol, 39 (2003), pp. 1-42
[2]
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA).
Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report.
[3]
MC Roghmann, M Sexton.
Adherence to asthma guidelines in general practices.
J Asthma, 36 (1999), pp. 381-387
[4]
DM Taylor, TE Auble, WJ Calhoun, Jr Mosesso VN.
Current outpatient management of asthma shows poor compliance with International Consensus Guidelines.
Chest, 116 (1999), pp. 1638-1645
[5]
V Plaza, A Cobos, JM Ignacio-García, M Molina, S Bergoñón, F García-Alonso, AsmaCare en representación del grupo investigador, et al.
Costeefectividad de una intervención basada en las recomendaciones de la Global INitiative for Asthma (GINA), mediante un sistema informatizado de apoyo a la decisión clínica: un ensayo con aleatorización de médicos.
Med Clin (Barc), 124 (2005), pp. 201-206
[6]
KF Rabe, PA Vermeire, JB Soriano, WC Maier.
Clinical management of asthma in 1999: the Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe (AIRE) study.
Eur Respir J, 16 (2000), pp. 802-807
[7]
LT Piecoro, M Potoski, JC Talbert, DE Doherty.
Asthma prevalence, cost, and adherence with expert guidelines on the utilization of health care services and costs in a state Medicaid population.
Health Serv Res, 36 (2001), pp. 357-371
[8]
JM Laumann, DC Bjornson.
Treatment of Medicaid patients with asthma: comparison with treatment guidelines using disease-based drug utilization review methodology.
Ann Pharmacother, 32 (1998), pp. 1290-1294
[9]
AL Cabral, WA Carvalho, M Chinen, RM Barbiroto, FM Boueri, MA Martins.
Are international asthma guidelines effective for low-income Brazilian children with asthma?.
Eur Respir J, 12 (1998), pp. 35-40
[10]
JC Higgins, WR Kiser, S McClenathan, NL Tynan.
Influence of an interventional program on resource use and cost in pediatric asthma.
Am J Manag Care, 4 (1998), pp. 1465-1469
[11]
Guía Española para el Manejo del Asma (GEMA).
[12]
BG Carlton, DO Lucas, EF Ellis, K Conboy-Ellis, O Shoheiber, DA Stempel.
The status of asthma control and asthma prescribing practices in the United States: results of a large prospective asthma control survey of primary care practices.
J Asthma, 42 (2005), pp. 529-535
[13]
Rodrigo GJ, Plaza V, Bellido-Casado J, Neffen H, Bazús MT, Levy G, et al. Changes in the characteristics of patients hospitalized for acute severe asthma over a ten years period (1994-2004) in Spain and Latin-America: the EAGLE study. Respir Med. In press 2008.
[14]
E López de Sá.
Desde las guías de práctica clínica a la realidad diaria en las enfermedades cardiovasculares.
Rev Clin Esp, 205 (2005), pp. 411-412
[15]
A Moreno-González, Grupo de Trabajo FUINSA sobre Guías Terapéuticas.
Guías terapéuticas. ¿Qué puede esperarse de ellas?.
Med Clin (Barc), 125 (2005), pp. 421-422
[16]
MR Partridge.
Translating research into practice: how are guidelines implemented?.
Eur Respir J Suppl, 39 (2003), pp. 23S-29S
[17]
SM Dennis, S Edwards, MR Partridge, HJ Pinnock, SJ Qureshi.
The dissemination of the British Guideline on the Management of Asthma 2003.
Respir Med, 98 (2004), pp. 832-837
[18]
PJ Barnes.
Asthma guidelines: recommendations versus reality.
Respir Med, 98 (2004), pp. 1-7
[19]
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report. Revised 2006. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.com
[20]
J Lomas.
Words without action? The production, dissemination, and impact of consensus recommendations.
Annu Rev Public Health, 12 (1991), pp. 41-65
[21]
JM Tschopp, JG Frey, JP Janssens, C Burrus, S Garrone, R Pernet, et al.
Asthma outpatient education by multiple implementation strategy. Outcome of a programme using a personal notebook.
Respir Med, 99 (2005), pp. 355-362
[22]
DL Hunt, RB Haynes, SE Hanna, K Smith.
Effects of computer-based clinical decision support systems on physician performance and patient outcomes: a systematic review.
JAMA, 280 (1998), pp. 1339-1346
[23]
PM Renzi, H Ghezzo, S Goulet, E Dorval, RL Thivierge.
Paper stamp checklist tool enhances asthma guidelines knowledge and implementation by primary care physicians.
Can Respir J, 13 (2006), pp. 193-197
[24]
SR Doherty, PD Jones.
Use of an “evidence-based implementation” strategy to implement evidence-based care of asthma into rural district hospital emergency departments.
Rural Remote Health, 6 (2006), pp. 529
[25]
NM Clark, M Gong, MA Schork, N Kaciroti, D Evans, D Roloff, et al.
Long-term effects of asthma education for physicians on patient satisfaction and use of health services.
Eur Respir J, 16 (2000), pp. 15-21
[26]
R Grilli, J Lomas.
Evaluating the message: the relationship between compliance rate and the subject of a practice guideline.
Med Care, 32 (1994), pp. 202-213
[27]
LM Tumiel-Berhalter, R Watkins.
The impact of provider knowledge and attitudes toward national asthma guidelines on self-reported implementation of guidelines.
J Asthma, 43 (2006), pp. 625-628
[28]
LM Tumiel-Berhalter, CO Hershey.
Encouraging a systems approach for adherence to national asthma guidelines.
J Asthma, 42 (2005), pp. 593-595
[29]
A López-Vina, JE Cimas, C Díaz Sánchez, G Coria, O Vegazo, C Picado Valles, Scientific Committee of ASES study.
A comparison of primary care physicians and pneumologists in the management of asthma in Spain: ASES study.
Respir Med, 97 (2003), pp. 872-881
Copyright © 2008. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?