Journal Information
Vol. 35. Issue 9.
Pages 440-445 (October 1999)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 35. Issue 9.
Pages 440-445 (October 1999)
Full text access
Fuerza y resistencia de los músculos respiratorios en pacientes con SAHS. Efecto de la aplicación nocturna de CPAP
Respiratory muscle strength and endurance in patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. The effect of nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure
Visits
4347
X. Arán, M.A. Félez
Corresponding author
mfelez@imim.es

Correspondencia: Servei de Pneumologia. Hospital del Mar. Passeig Marítim, 25-29. E-08003 Barcelona.
, J. Gea, M. Orozco-Levi, J. Sauleda, J.M. Broquetas
Servei de Pneumologia. Unitat de Recerca Respiratória-Ambiental. Hospital del Mar-lMIM. Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Barcelona
This item has received
Article information

Durante los episodios nocturnos de apneas obstructivas en pacientes con el síndrome de apnea-hipopnea durante el sueño (SAHS) se realizan repetidos y progresivos esfuerzos inspiratorios. Esta intensa actividad nocturna de los músculos respiratorios (MR) puede tener un efecto deletéreo sobre su función diurna.

Objetivo

Evaluar la función diurna de los MR en un grupo de SAHS antes y después de dos meses del tratamiento con presión continua positiva nocturna de la vía aérea (NCPAP).

Material y métodos

Incluimos 12 pacientes con SAHS y 10 sujetos normales (grupo control). Para evaluar la fuerza de los MR medimos la presión esofágica (Pesmáx), la presión transdiafragmática (Pdimáx) y la presión inspiratoria en boca (PIM) máximas. La resistencia de los MR se evaluó usando la presión pico en boca (PmPeak), el tiempo de resistencia (Tlim) y el índice presión-tiempo inspiratorio máximo (PTimáx). Además analizamos la función nocturna de los MR durante las apneas en 10 de los 12 pacientes con SAHS. En el presente trabajo proponemos y definimos un “índice de actividad nocturna de los MR” (MRian) como el producto entre el índice tensión-tiempo para el diafragma observado al final de las apneas noctunas (TTdiapnea) y el índice apneahipopnea (AHI).

Resultados

La fuerza de los MR fue similar entre los dos grupos y, en los pacientes con SAHS, no observamos cambios después del tratamiento con NCPAP. Sin embargo, la resistencia (PmPeak 30%, Tlim 31% y PTimáx 49%), fue inferior en los pacientes con SAHS. En este grupo la aplicación durante dos meses de NCPAP fue capaz de normalizar las 3 variables. Paralelamente, el MRian correlacionó con el porcentaje de mejora observado en PmPeak después del tratamiento con NCPAP en el grupo SAHS (r=0,66, p<0,04).

Conclusión

El SAHS tiene un efecto adverso sobre la resistencia diurna de ios MR que es proporcional al incremento de la actividad mecánica nocturna que induce en los mismos. La aplicación de NCPAP es capaz de restaurar esta deficiencia probablemente debido ai reposo nocturno que proporciona a los MR.

Palabras clave:
SAHS
Músculos respiratorios
CPAP

During nighttime episodes of obstructive apnea in patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS), repeated and Progressive inspiratory efforts are made. Such intense nighttime activity can have a deleterious effect on daytime function of respiratory muscles.

Objetive

The objective of this study was to evaluate daytime respiratory muscle function in a group of SAHS patients before and after two months of treatment with nighttime continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

Methods

We enrolled 12 patients with SAHS and 10 normal subjects (control group). To evaluate respiratory muscle strength we measured maximum esophageal pressure (Pesmax), transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdimax) and inspiratory pressure in the mouth (PM). Respiratory muscle resistance was assessed using peak pressure in the mouth (PMPeak), time of tolerance (Tlim) and maximum inspiratory pressure-time index (PTimax). We also analyzed the nighttime function of respiratory muscles during apneic episodes in 10 of the 12 SAHS patients. We propose and define an index of nighttime respiratory muscle activity (RMian) as the product of the tension-time index for the diaphragm observed at the end of nighttime apneic episodes (TTdiapnea) and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI).

Results

Respiratory muscle strength was similar in the two groups and no changes were observed in SAHS patients after treatment with nighttime CPAP. However, tolerance was lower in SAHS patients (PMpeak30%, Tlim31% and PTimax49%). Two months of nighttime CPAP normalized all three variables in these patients. MRian was related to percent improvement in PMpeak after treatment with nighttime CPAP in SAHS patients (r=0.66, p<0.04).

Conclusion

SAHS has an adverse effect on the daytime endurance of respiratory muscles that is proportional to the increase of nighttime mechanicai muscle activity. The application of nighttime CPAP is restorative, probably because it aliows respiratory muscles to rest.

Key words:
SAHS
Respiratory muscles
CPAP
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
W. Vincken, C. Guilleminault, L. Silvestri, M. Cosío, A. Grassino.
Inspiratory muscle activity as a trigger causing the airways to open in obstructive sleep apnea.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 135 (1987), pp. 372-377
[2.]
J. Kimoff, T. Cheong, A. Olha, M. Charbonneau, R. Levy, M. Cosio, S. Gottfried.
Mechanisms of apnea termination in obstructive sleep apnea.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149 (1994), pp. 707-714
[3.]
P.G. Wilcox, P.D. Paré, J.D. Road, J.A. Fleetham.
Respiratory muscle function during obstructive sleep apnea.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 142 (1990), pp. 533-539
[4.]
F. Bellemare, A. Grassino.
Effect of pressure and timing of contraction on human diaphragm fatigue.
J Appl Physiol, 68 (1982), pp. 2.296-2.304
[5.]
E. Garpestad, H. Hatayama, J.A. Parker, J. Ringler, J. Lilly, T. Yasuda, et al.
Stroke volume and cardiac output decrease at termination of obstructive apneas.
J Appl Physiol, 73 (1992), pp. 1.743-1.748
[6.]
H. Chen, Y. Tang.
Sleep loss impairs inspiratory muscle endurance.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 140 (1989), pp. 907-909
[7.]
J.L. Larson, M.J. Kim, J.T. Sharp, D.A. Larson.
Inspiratory muscle training with a pressure threshold breathing device in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 138 (1988), pp. 689-696
[8.]
C. Lisboa, V. Muñoz, T. Beroiza, A. Leiva, E. Cruz.
Inspiratory muscle training in chronic airflow limitation: comparison of two different training loads with a threshold device.
Eur Respir J, 7 (1994), pp. 1.266-1.274
[9.]
J. Roca, J. Sanchís, A. Agustí-Vidal, R. Rodríguez-Roisin.
Spirometric reference values for a Mediterranean population.
Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, 22 (1986), pp. 217-224
[10.]
J. Roca, R. Rodríguez-Roisin, E. Cobo, F. Burgos, J. Pérez, J.L. Clausen.
Single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) prediction equations for a Mediterranean population.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 141 (1990), pp. 1.026-1.032
[11.]
J.M. Miller, J. Moxham, M. Green.
The maximal sniff in the assessment of diaphragmatic function in man.
Clin Sci, 69 (1985), pp. 91-96
[12.]
X. Aran, J. Gea, R. Guiu, M.C. Aguar, J. Sauleda, J.M. Broquetas.
Comparison between three different maneouvres for achieving maximal transdiaphragmatic pressures.
Arch Bronconeumol, 28 (1992), pp. 112-115
[13.]
J.B. Martyn, R.H. Moreno, P.D. Pare, R.L. Pardy.
Measurement of inspiratory muscle performance with incremental threshold loading.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 135 (1987), pp. 919-923
[14.]
B.G. Nickerson, T.G. Keens.
Measuring ventilatory muscle endurance in humans as sustainable inspiratory pressure.
J Appl Physiol, 52 (1982), pp. 768-772
[15.]
csdfdf.
A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects,
[16.]
K. Adam.
Sleep as a restorative process and a theory to explain why. En: Progress in brain research: adaptative capabilities of the nervous System.
Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, (1980), pp. 289-305
[17.]
T. Reilly, M. Piercy.
The effect of partial sleep deprivation on weight-lifting performance.
Ergonomics, 37 (1994), pp. 107-115
[18.]
R. Bulbulian, J.H. Heany, C.N. Leake, A.A. Sucec, N.T. Sjoholm.
The effect of sleep deprivation and exercise load on isokinetic leg strength and endurance.
Eur J Appl Physiol, 73 (1996), pp. 273-277
[19.]
J. Orem.
Neuronal mechanisms of respiration in REM sleep.
Sleep, 3 (1980), pp. 251-267
[20.]
K. Vondra, V. Brodan, A. Bass, E. Kuhn, J. Teisinger, M. Andel, A. Veselkova.
Effects of sleep deprivation on the activity of selected metabolic enzymes in skeletal muscle.
Eur J Appl Physiol, 47 (1981), pp. 41-46
[21.]
E. Tabachnik, N.L. Muller, A.C. Bryan, H. Levison.
Changes in ventilation and chest wall mechanics during sleep in normal adolescents.
J Appl Physiol, 51 (1981), pp. 557-564
[22.]
G.C. Sieck, R.B. Trelease, R.M. Harper.
Sleep influences on diaphragmatic motor unit discharge.
Exp Neurol, 85 (1984), pp. 316-335
[23.]
K.R. Cooper, B.A. Phillips.
Effect of short sleep loss on breathing.
J Appl Physiol, 53 (1982), pp. 855-858
[24.]
B.A. Phillips, K.R. Cooper, T.V. Burke.
The effect of sleep loss on breathing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chest, 91 (1987), pp. 29-32
[25.]
J.C. Leiter, S.L. Knuth, D.J. Bartlett.
The effect of sleep deprivation on activity of the genioglossus muscle.
Am Rev Repir Dis, 132 (1985), pp. 1.242-1.245
[26.]
D.P. White, N.J. Douglas, C.K. Pickett, C.W. Zwillich, J.V. Weil.
Sleep deprivation and the control of ventilation.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 128 (1983), pp. 984-986
[27.]
J.M. Montserrat, E.N. Kosmas, M.G. Cosio, R.J. Kimoff.
Mechanism of apnea lengthening across the night in obstructive sleep apnea.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 988-993
[28.]
J.M. Montserrat, E.N. Kosmas, M.G. Cosio, R.J. Kimoff.
Lack of evidence for diaphragmatic fatigue over the course of the night in obstructive sleep apnea.
Eur Respir J, 10 (1997), pp. 133-138
[29.]
G.A. Griggs, L.J. Findley, P.M. Suratt, S.M. Esau, S.C. Wilhoit, D.F. Rochester.
Prolonged relaxation rate of inspiratory muscles in patients with sleep apnea.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 140 (1989), pp. 706-710
Copyright © 1999. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?