Journal Information
Vol. 40. Issue 1.
Pages 24-33 (January 2004)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 40. Issue 1.
Pages 24-33 (January 2004)
Review Articles
Full text access
Fatal or Near-Fatal Asthma: Clinical Entity or Incorrect Management?
Visits
9275
G.J. Rodrigoa, C. Rodrigob,
Corresponding author
gurodrig@adinet.com.uy

Correspondence: Dr. G. J. Rodrigo. Departamento de Emergencia. Hospital Central de las FF.AA. Avda. 8 de Octubre, 3020. 11600 Montevideo. Uruguay
, L.J. Nanninic
a Departamento de Emergencia, Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Montevideo, Uruguay
b Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo, Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay
c Sección de Neumología, Hospital G. Baigorria, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
This item has received
Article information
Full text is only aviable in PDF
REFERENCES
[1]
British Thoracic Society and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.
National Institutes of Health. Global initiative for asthma: global strategy for asthma management and prevention, pp. 133-142
[2]
British Thoracic Society and others.
Guidelines on the management of asthma. Management of acute asthma.
Thorax, 58 (2003), pp. 32-50
[3]
Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC).
Eur Respir J, 12 (1998), pp. 315-335
[4]
Surveillance for asthma: United States, 1960-1995.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 47 (1998), pp. 1-27
[5]
Self-report asthma prevalence among adults-United States 2000.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 50 (2001), pp. 682-686
[6]
HH Rea, R Seragg, R Jackson, R Beaglehole, J Fen wick, DC Sutherland.
A case-control study of deaths from asthma.
Thorax, 41 (1986), pp. 833-839
[7]
MO Turner, K Noertjojo, S Vedal, T Bai, S Crump.
Risk factors for near-fatal asthma. A case-control study in hospitalized patients with asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157 (1998), pp. 1804-1809
[8]
V Plaza, J Serrano, C Picado, J Sanchís.
Frequency and clinical characteristics of rapid-onset fatal and near-fatal asthma.
Eur Respir J, 19 (2002), pp. 846-852
[9]
R Beasley, N Pearce, J Crane.
Use of near fatal asthma for investigating asthma deaths.
Thorax, 48 (1993), pp. 1093-1094
[10]
JB Wasserfallen, MD Schaller, F Feihl, CH Perret.
Sudden asphyxic asthma: a distinct entity?.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 142 (1990), pp. 108-111
[11]
NA Molfino.
Near-fatal asthma.
Acute asthma. Assessment and management, pp. 29-47
[12]
LJ Nannini.
Morbidity and mortality from acute asthma.
Acute asthma. Assessment and management, pp. 11-27
[13]
MJ Abramson, MJ Bailey, FJ Couper, JS Driver, OH Drummer, AB Forbes, et al.
Are asthma medications and management related to deaths from asthma?.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 12-18
[14]
CL Emerman, RK Cydulka, E Skobeloff.
Survey of asthma practice among emergency physicians.
Chest, 109 (1996), pp. 708-712
[15]
J Kolbe, M Vamos, W Fergusson, G Elkind.
Determinants of management errors in acute severe asthma.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. 14-20
[16]
H Pinnock, A Johnson, P Young, N Martin.
Are doctors still failing to assess and treat asthma attacks? An audit of the management of acute attacks in a health district.
Respir Med, 93 (1999), pp. 397-401
[17]
S Salmeron, R Liard, D Elkharrat, JJ Muir, F Neukirch, A Ellrodt.
Asthma severity and adequacy of management in accident and emergency departments in France: a prospective studyx.
Lancet, 358 (2001), pp. 629-635
[18]
CW Burt, DE Knapp.
Ambulatory care visits for asthma: United States, 1993-1994.
Adv Data, 277 (1996), pp. 1
[19]
HL Huber, KK Koessler.
The pathology of bronchial asthma.
Arch Intern Med, 30 (1922), pp. 689-760
[20]
SS Bullen.
Correlation of clinical and autopsy findings in 176 cases of asthma.
J Allergy, 23 (1952), pp. 193-203
[21]
DA Williams.
Deaths from asthma in England and Wales.
Thorax, 8 (1953), pp. 137-140
[22]
JC Houston, S De Navasquez, JR Trounce.
A clinical and pathological study of fatal cases of status asthmaticus.
Thorax, 8 (1953), pp. 195-206
[23]
FE Speizer, R Doll, P Heaf.
Observations on recent increase in mortality from asthma.
BMJ, 1 (1968), pp. 335-339
[24]
FE Speizer, R Doll, P Heaf, LB Strang.
An investigation into use of drugs preceding death from asthma.
BMJ, 1 (1968), pp. 339-343
[25]
WHW Inman, AM Adelstein.
Rise and fall of asthma mortality in England and Wales in relation to use of pressurized aerosols.
Lancet, 2 (1969), pp. 279-285
[26]
National Health Statistics Centre. New Zealand health statistics report-mortality and demographic data, 1959-1979. Wellington, New Zealand: NHSC Department of Health Annual Reports.
[27]
Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Causes of death-Australia 1968-1979. Canberra, Australia; CBCS Annual Reports.
[28]
B Gandevia.
The changing pattern of mortality from asthma in Australia.
Med J Aust, 1 (1968), pp. 747-752
[29]
MR Sears, HH Rea, R Beaglehole, AJ Gillies, PE Holst, TV O'Donnell, et al.
Asthma mortality in New Zealand: a two-year national study.
NZ Med J, 98 (1985), pp. 271-275
[30]
R Beaglehole, R Jackson, M Sears, H Rea.
Asthma mortality in New Zealand: a review with some policy implications.
NZ Med J, 100 (1987), pp. 231-234
[31]
Major reduction in asthma morbidity and continued reduction in asthma mortality in New Zealand: what lessons have been learned?.
Thorax, 50 (1995), pp. 303-311
[32]
SF Lanes, B Birmann, D Raiford, AM Walker.
International trends in sales of inhaled fenoterol, all inhaled beta-agonists, and asthma mortality, 1970-1992.
J Clin Epidemiol, 50 (1997), pp. 321-328
[33]
Asthma mortality in Latin America.
J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol, 7 (1997), pp. 249-253
[34]
RM Sly.
Decreases in asthma mortality in the United States.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 85 (2000), pp. 121-127
[35]
P Han, RP Cole.
Evolving differences in the presentation of status asthmaticus requiring intensive care unit admission.
Chest, 122 (2002), pp. 88
[36]
J Seale.
Asthma deaths: where are we now?.
Aust NZJ Med, 21 (1991), pp. 678-679
[37]
D Tuxen.
Mechanical ventilation in asthma.
Recent advances in critical care medicine, 4th ed., pp. 165-189
[38]
ER McFadden, EL Warren.
Observations on asthma mortality.
Ann Intern Med, 127 (1997), pp. 142-147
[39]
TP Miller, PA Greenberger, R Patterson.
The diagnosis of potentially fatal asthma in hospitalized adults. Patient characteristics and increased severity of asthma.
Chest, 102 (1992), pp. 515-518
[40]
SR Hart, AC Davidson.
Acute adult asthma-assessment of severity and management and comparison with British Thoracic Society Guidelines.
Respir Med, 93 (1999), pp. 8-10
[41]
PJ Hannaway.
Demographic characteristics of patients experiencing near-fatal and fatal asthma: results of a regional survey of 400 asthma specialists.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 84 (2000), pp. 587-593
[42]
J Kolbe, W Fergusson, M Vamos, J Garret.
Case-control study of severe life threatening asthma (SLTA) in adults: demographics, health care, and management of the acute attack.
Thorax, 55 (2000), pp. 1007-1015
[43]
BB Moore, R Wagner, KB Weiss.
A community-based study of near-fatal asthma.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 86 (2001), pp. 190-195
[44]
I Mitchell, S Tough, LK Semple, FH Green, PA Hessel.
Near-fatal asthma. A population-based study of risks factors.
Chest, 121 (2002), pp. 1407-1413
[45]
S Reed, S Diggle, MJ Cushley, RA Sleet, AE Tattersfield.
Assessment and management of asthma in an accident and emergency department.
Thorax, 40 (1985), pp. 897-902
[46]
PA Hessel, I Mitchell, S Tough, FHY Green, D Cockcroft, W Kepron, et al.
Risk factors for death from asthma.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 83 (1999), pp. 362-368
[47]
S Suissa, B Hemmelgarn, L Blais, P Ernst.
Bronchodilators and acute cardiac death.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 1598-1602
[48]
SF Lanes, LA García Rodríguez, C Huerta.
Respiratory medications and risk of asthma death.
Thorax, 57 (2002), pp. 683-686
[49]
Comparison of regularly scheduled with as-needed use of albuterol in mild asthma.
N Engl J Med, 335 (1996), pp. 841-847
[50]
E Israel, JM Drazen, SB Liggett, HA Boushey, RM Cherniack, VM Chinchilli, et al.
The effect of polymorphisms of the β2-adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 75-80
[51]
AE Tattersfield, CG Lofdahl, DS Postma, A Eivindson, AG Schreurs, A Rasidakis, et al.
Comparison of formoterol and terbutaline for as-needed treatment of asthma: a randomised trial.
[52]
KS Tan, A Grove, A Mc Lean, Y Gnosspelius, IP Hall, BJ Lipworth.
Systemic corticosteroid rapidly reverses bronchodilator subsensitivity induced by formoterol in asthmatic patients.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156 (1997), pp. 28-35
[53]
H Moudgil, D Honeybourne.
Differences in asthma management between white European and Indian subcontinent ethnic groups living in socioeconomically deprived areas in the Birmingham (UK) conurbation.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. 490-494
[54]
J Kolbe, W Fergusson, M Vamos, J Garret.
Case-control study of severe life threatening asthma (SLTA) in adults: psychological factors.
Thorax, 57 (2002), pp. 317-322
[55]
I Mitchell, SC Tough, LK Semple, FH Green, PA Hessel.
Near-fatal asthma. A population-based study of risk factors.
Chest, 121 (2002), pp. 1407-1413
[56]
I Dahlen, C Janson.
Anxiety and depression are related to the outcome of emergency treatment in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chest, 122 (2002), pp. 1633-1637
[57]
TD Weir, N Mallek, AJ Sandford, TR Bai, N Awadh, JM Fitzgerald, et al.
β2-adrenergic receptor haplotypes in mild, moderate and fatal/near fatal asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158 (1998), pp. 787-791
[58]
Increased morbidity and mortality related to asthma among asthmatic patients who use major tranquilizers.
BMJ, 312 (1996), pp. 79-82
[59]
Chemosensitivity and perception of dyspnea in patients with a history of near-fatal asthma.
N Engl J Med, 330 (1994), pp. 1329-1334
[60]
R Magadle, N Berar-Yanay, P Weiner.
The risk of hospitalization and near-fatal and fatal asthma in relation to the perception of dyspnea.
Chest, 121 (2002), pp. 329-333
[61]
Reduced subjective awareness of bronchoconstriction provoked by methacholine in elderly asthmatics and normal subjects as measured on a simple awareness scale.
Thorax, 47 (1992), pp. 410-413
[62]
Near fatal asthma: clinical and physiological features, perception of bronchoconstriction, and psychological profile.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 88 (1991), pp. 838-846
[63]
KE Webster, IM Colrain.
P3-specific amplitude reductions to respiratory and auditory stimuli in subjects with asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166 (2002), pp. 47-52
[64]
M Turner-Warwick.
On observing patterns of airflow obstruction in chronic asthma.
Br J Disd Chest, 71 (1977), pp. 73-86
[65]
MT O'Hollaren, JW Yunginger, KP Offord, MJ Somers, EJ O'Connell, DJ Ballard, et al.
Exposure to an aeroallergen as a possible precipitating factor in respiratory arrest in young patients with asthma.
N Engl J Med, 324 (1991), pp. 359-363
[66]
W Wright, YG Zhang, CM Salome, AJ Woolcock.
Effect of inhaled preservatives on asthmatic subjects. I. Sodium metabisulfite.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 141 (1990), pp. 1400-1404
[67]
Aspirin-intolerance as a precipitant factor of life-threatening attacks of asthma requiring mechanical ventilation.
Eur Respir J, 2 (1989), pp. 127-129
[68]
T Levenson, PA Greenberger, ER Donoghue, BD Lifschultz.
Asthma death confounded by substance abuse. An assessment of fatal asthma.
Chest, 110 (1996), pp. 604-610
[69]
Prevalence of cocaine use and its impact on asthma exacerbation in an urban population.
Chest, 117 (2000), pp. 1324-1329
[70]
AJ Krantz, RC Hershow, N Prachand, DM Hayden, C Franklin, DO Hryhorezuk.
Heroin insufflation as a trigger for patients with life-threatening asthma.
Chest, 123 (2003), pp. 510-517
[71]
JM Antó, JM Sunyer.
Epidemic asthma.
Difficult asthma, pp. 333-340
[72]
LJ Nannini.
Asma potencialmente fatal.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 462-471
[73]
J Kolbe, W Fergusson, J Garrett.
Rapid onset asthma: a severe but uncommon manifestation.
Thorax, 53 (1998), pp. 241-247
[74]
PG Woodruff, SD Edmond, AK Singh, CA Camargo.
Sudden-onset severe acute asthma: clinical features and response to therapy.
Acad Emerg Med, 5 (1998), pp. 695-701
[75]
RG Barr, PG Woodruff, S Clarck, CA Camargo.
Sudden-onset asthma exacerbations: clinical features, response to therapy, and 2-week follow-up.
Eur Respir J, 15 (2000), pp. 266-273
[76]
GJ Rodrigo, C Rodrigo.
Rapid-onset asthma attack: a prospective cohort study about characteristics and response to the emergency department treatment.
Chest, 118 (2000), pp. 1547-1552
[77]
JM Kallenbach, AH Frankel, SE Lapinsky, AS Thornton, JA Blott, C Smith, et al.
Determinants of near fatality in acute severe asthma.
Am J Med, 95 (1993), pp. 265-272
[78]
S Sur, TB Crotty, GM Kephart, BA Hyma, TV Colby, CE Reed, et al.
Sudden-onset fatal asthma. A distinct entity with few eosinophils and relatively more neutrophils in the airway submucosa?.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 148 (1993), pp. 713-719
[79]
A Rossi, A Ganassini, V Brusasco.
Airflow obstruction and dynamic pulmonary hyperinflation.
Acute asthma. Assessment and management, pp. 57-82
[80]
MR Pinsky.
Cardiopulmonary interactions associated with airflow obstruction.
Acute asthma. Assessment and management, pp. 105-123
[81]
ER McFadden, H Lyons.
Arterial blood gas tension in asthma.
N Engl J Med, 278 (1968), pp. 1027-1032
[82]
R Rodríguez-Roisin.
Acute severe asthma: pathophysiology and pathobiology of gas exchange abnormalities.
Eur Respir J, 10 (1997), pp. 1359-1371
[83]
R Rodríguez-Roisin.
Gas exchange in acute asthma.
Acute asthma. Assessment and management, pp. 83-103
[84]
R Rodríguez-Roisin, E Ballester, A Torres, J Roca, PD Wagner.
Mechanisms of abnormal gas exchange in patients with status asthmaticus needing mechanical ventilation.
sAm Rev Respir Dis, 139 (1989), pp. 732-739
[85]
J Roca, L Ramis, R Rodríguez-Roisin, E Ballester, JM Montserrat, PD Wagner.
Serial relationships between ventilation-perfusion inequality and spirometry in acute severe asthma requiring hospitalization.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 137 (1988), pp. 1055-1061
[86]
E Ballester, R Reyes, J Roca, R Guitart, PD Wagner, R Rodríguez Roisin.
Ventilation-perfusion mismatching in acute severe asthma: effects of salbutamol and 100% oxygen.
Thorax, 44 (1989), pp. 258-267
[87]
JP Diamond, MG Palazzo.
An unconscious man with asthma and a fixed dilated pupil.
Lancet, 349 (1997), pp. 98
[88]
P Gaussorgues, D Piperno, P Fouqué, F Voyer, D Robert.
Hypertension intracranienne au cours de l'etat asthmatique.
Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, 6 (1987), pp. 38-41
[89]
HO Zender, P Eggimann, P Bulpa, JC Chevrolet, P Jolliet.
Quadriparesia following permissive hypercapnia and inhalational anesthesia in a patient with severe status asthmaticus.
Intensive Care Med, 22 (1996), pp. 1001
[90]
C Rodrigo, G Rodrigo.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage following permissive hypercapnia in a patient with severe acute asthma.
Am J Emerg Med, 17 (1999), pp. 697-699
[91]
R Rodríguez Roisin, A Torres, AG Agustí, P Usseti, A Agustí-Vidal.
Subconjunctival haemorrhage: a feature of acute severe asthma.
Postgrad Med, 61 (1985), pp. 579-581
[92]
ED Robin, R McCauley.
Sudden cardiac deaths in bronchial asthma and inhaled beta-agonists.
Chest, 101 (1992), pp. 1699-1702
[93]
J Burggraaf, RG Westendorp, JC In't Veen, RC Schoemaker, PJ Sterk, AF Cohen, et al.
Cardiovascular side effects of inhaled salbutamol in hypoxic asthmatic patients.
Thorax, 56 (2001), pp. 506-507
[94]
WHW Imman, AM Adelstein.
Rise and fall of asthma mortality in England and Wales in relation to use of pressurised aerosols.
Lancet, 2 (1969), pp. 279-285
[95]
PM Fraser, FE Speizer, SDM Waters, R Doll, NM Mann.
The circumstances preceding death from asthma in young people in 1968 to 1969.
Br J Dis Chest, 65 (1971), pp. 71-84
[96]
B Gandevia.
Pressurised sympathomimetic aerosols and their lack of relationship to asthma mortality in Australia.
Med J Aust, 1 (1973), pp. 273-277
[97]
G Keating, EA Mitchell, R Jackson, R Beaglehole, H Rea.
Trends in sales of drugs for asthma in New Zealand, Australia, and the United Kingdom, 1975-81.
BMJ J, 289 (1984), pp. 348-351
[98]
WO Spitzer, S Suissa, P Ernst, RI Horowitz, B Habbick, D Cockroft, et al.
The use of β-agonists and the risk of death and near-death from asthma.
N Engl J Med, 326 (1992), pp. 501-506
[99]
C Burgess, N Pearce, R Thiruchelvam, R Wilkinson, C Linaker, K Woodman, et al.
Prescribed drug therapy and near-fatal asthma attacks.
Eur Respir J, 7 (1994), pp. 498-503
[100]
P Ernst, WO Spitzer, S Suissa, D Cockcroft, B Habbick, RI Horwitz, et al.
Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use.
JAMA, 268 (1992), pp. 3462-3464
[101]
C Rodrigo, G Rodrigo.
High-dose MDI salbutamol treatment of asthma in the ED.
Am J Emerg Med, 13 (1995), pp. 21-26
[102]
G Rodrigo, C Rodrigo.
Metered dose inhaler salbutamol treatment of asthma in the ED: comparison of two doses with plasma levels.
Am J Emerg Med, 14 (1996), pp. 144-150
[103]
NA Molfino, LJ Nannini, AN Martelli, AS Slutsky.
Respiratory arrest in near-fatal asthma.
N Engl J Med, 324 (1991), pp. 285-288
[104]
TR Bai, J Cooper, T Koelmeyer, PD Pare, TD Weir.
The effect of age and duration of disease on airway structure in fatal asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 663-669
[105]
GJ Rodrigo, C Rodrigo.
Emergency department assessment: severity and outcome prediction.
Acute asthma. Assessment and management, pp. 125-138
[106]
C Rodrigo, G Rodrigo.
Treatment of acute asthma. Lack of therapeutic benefit and increase of the toxicity from aminophylline given in addition to high doses of salbutamol delivered by metered-dose inhaler with spacer.
Chest, 106 (1994), pp. 1071-1076
[107]
G Rodrigo, C Rodrigo.
Effect of age on bronchodilator response in the acute asthma treatment.
Chest, 112 (1997), pp. 19-23
[108]
ER McFadden, R Kiser, WJ De Groot.
Acute bronchial asthma: relations between clinical and physiologic manifestations.
N Engl J Med, 288 (1973), pp. 221-225
[109]
MG Pearson, DP Spence, L Ryland, BDW Harrison.
Value of pulsus paradoxus in assessing acute severe asthma.
BMJ, 307 (1993), pp. 659
[110]
Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Hall JB. Acute asthma in adults: a review [in press]. Chest.
[111]
GJ Rodrigo.
Oxygen treatment of acute severe asthma. Oxygen saturation may help identify patients in need of intensive management.
BMJ, 323 (2001), pp. 1069
[112]
LJ Nannini Jr.
Observations about fatal and near fatal asthma.
International Review of Asthma, 3 (2002), pp. 64-69
[113]
E Martínez-Moragona, M Perpiñá, A Bellochc, A De Diego, ME Martínez-Francés.
Percepción de la disnea durante la broncoconstricción aguda en los pacientes con asma.
Arch Bronconeumol, 39 (2003), pp. 67-73
[114]
JCCM In't Veen, AJ Beekman, EH Bel, PJ Sterk.
Recurrent exacerbations in severe asthma are associated with enhanced airway closure during stable episodes.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161 (2000), pp. 1902-1906
[115]
KR Lutchen, A Jensen, H Atileh, DW Kaczka, E Israel, B Suki, et al.
Airway constriction pattern is a central component of asthma severity.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 207-215
[116]
S Suissa, P Eenst, S Benayoun, M Baltzan, B Cai.
Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthma.
N Engl J Med, 343 (2000), pp. 332-336
[117]
JW Chien, R Ciufo, R Novak, M Snowronski, JA Nelson, A Coreno, et al.
Uncontrolled oxygen administration and respiratory failure in acute asthma.
Chest, 117 (2000), pp. 728-733
[118]
GJ Rodrigo, M Rodríguez Verde, V Peregalli, C Rodrigo.
The effects of short term 28 and 100 percent oxygen on arterial carbon dioxide tension and peak expiratory flow rate in acute asthma: a randomized trial.
Chest, 124 (2003), pp. 1312-1317
[119]
RG Stoodley, SD Aaron, RE Dales.
The role of ipratropium bromide in the emergency management of acute asthma exacerbations: a metaanalysis of randomized clinical trials.
Ann Emerg Med, 34 (1999), pp. 8-18
[120]
GJ Rodrigo, C Rodrigo, O Burschtin.
Ipratropium bromide in acute adult severe asthma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Am J Med, 107 (1999), pp. 363-370
[121]
GJ Rodrigo, C Rodrigo.
First-line therapy for adult patients with acute asthma receiving a multiple-dose protocol of ipratropium bromide plus albuterol in the emergency department.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161 (2000), pp. 1862-1868
[122]
GJ Rodrigo, C Rodrigo.
The role of anticholinergics in acute asthma treatment: an evidence-based evaluation.
Chest, 121 (2002), pp. 1977-1987
[123]
G Rodrigo, C Rodrigo.
Corticosteroids in the emergency department therapy of acute adult asthma. An evidence-based evaluation.
Chest, 116 (1999), pp. 285-295
[124]
BH Rowe, C Spooner, FM Ducharme, JA Bretzlaff, GW Bota.
Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids (Cochrane Review).
The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, Update Software, (2002),
[125]
BH Rowe, CH Spooner, FM Ducharme, JA Bretzlaff, GW Bota.
Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma (Cochrane Review).
The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, Update Software, (2002),
[126]
PG Gibson, H Power, J Caughlan, AJ Wilson, MJ Hensley, M Abramson, et al.
Limited (information only) patient education programs for adults with asthma (Cochrane Review).
The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, Update Software, (2003),
[127]
PG Gibson, H Powell, J Coughlan, AJ Wilson, M Abramson, P Haywood, et al.
Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma (Cochrane Review).
The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, Update Software, (2003),
[128]
NA Molfino, LJ Nannini, AS Rebuck, AS Slutsky.
Follow-up study after near-fatal attacks.
Chest, 101 (1992), pp. 621-623
[129]
CH Marquette, F Saulnier, O Leroy, B Wallaert, C Chopin, JM Demareq, et al.
Long-term prognosis of near-fatal asthma. A 6-year follow-up study of 145 asthmatic patients who underwent mechanical ventilation for a near-fatal attack of asthma.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 146 (1992), pp. 76-81
[130]
LJ Nannini Jr.
Impacto de un programa de atención sobre la morbimortalidad por asma.
Revista Círculo Médico Rosario, 66 (2000), pp. 19-23
Copyright © 2004. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?