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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Echocardiography&#46; Four chamber view depicting a shaked serum&#46; After three cardiac cycles the left atrium was also opacified&#46; &#40;B&#41; Nuclear scanning with Technetium 99m macro-aggregated albumin&#46; A part from the lungs&#44; brain and kidney also showed radioactivity due to tracing uptake &#40;red circles&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; CT Angiogram&#46; 3D Volume rendering showing the Abernethy malformation&#46; &#40;D&#41; CT Angiogram&#58; Axial plane illustrating the Abernethy shunt &#40;red arrow&#41;&#46; &#40;E&#41; Fluoroscopy&#46; Left oblique projection&#46; The centimetered catheter reaches the portal vein from the inferior vena cava&#44; through Abernethy shunt &#40;asterisk&#41;&#46; &#40;F&#41; Fluoroscopy&#46; Antero-posterior projection&#46; Balloon shunt occlusion test&#46; Abbreviations&#58; Abd Ao&#58; abdominal aorta&#46; IMS&#58; inferior mesenteric vein&#46; IVC&#58; inferior vena cava&#46; LA&#58; left atrium&#46; PV&#58; portal vein&#46; RA&#58; right atrium&#46; SMV&#58; superior mesenteric vein&#46; SP&#58; splenic vein&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abernethy malformation is rare congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt that allows blood from the gut and spleen to reach the systemic venous circulation bypassing the liver filter&#46; This situation leads in some cases to serious complications such as hepatopulmonary syndrome&#44; portopulmonary hypertension&#44; or hepatic encephalopathy&#46; Specifically&#44; hepatopulmonary syndrome may present with chronic hypoxemia&#46; Even though it is a rare condition&#44; extrathoracic pathology should be seek after ruling out cardiac and primary pulmonary disease&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A five year-old boy was admitted for an acute bronchitis and hypoxemia&#46; On physical exam&#44; perioral cyanosis and digital clubbing were discovered&#46; The child had a past medical history of recurrent bronchitis and was followed in the pediatric neurology outpatient clinic under the suspicion of an autistic disorder&#46; In the emergency department nebulized salbutamol was initiated and respiratory symptoms quickly subsided&#46; Three days later&#44; the child improved his clinical condition presenting no dyspnea and a clear cardiopulmonary auscultation but hypoxemia persisted&#46; Orthodeoxia was observed with transcutaneous oxygen saturation decreasing from 88&#37; to 81&#8211;82&#37; when he changed from supine to a sitting position&#46; Blood tests showed normal hematocrit &#40;39&#37;&#41;&#44; normal liver function&#44; and normal ammonia levels&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some tests were performed to find the cause of hypoxemia&#46; No evidence of pulmonary hypertension nor of intracardiac shunts were noticed on echocardiography with agitated serum&#44; but quick pass of microbubbles to the left atrium was suggestive of an intrapulmonary shunt &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0020">Video 1</a>&#41;&#46; No lung disease and no evidence of macroscopic pulmonary arterio-venous fistulas were detected in the thorax angio Computed Tomography &#40;CT&#41;&#46; However&#44; under the suspicion of an extra-cardiac right to left shunt&#44; a lung nuclear scanning with Technetium 99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin was requested&#46; Brain and kidney radiotracer uptake confirmed the presence of a right to left shunt of 36&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; These findings were indicative of an intrapulmonary shunt suggestive of hepatopulmonary syndrome&#46; An abdominal echography demonstrated a porto-caval latero-lateral shunt with a well-developed portal vein system&#46; An abdominal angio-CT confirmed the diagnosis of Abernethy type-2 malformation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C and D&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case was presented to an interventional radiology team of the reference hospital&#46; A catheterization procedure documented a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm side-to-side shunt between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava &#40;IVC&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>E&#41;&#46; The basal portal vein and IVC pressures were 9 and 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; respectively&#44; and a balloon shunt occlusion test evidenced a moderate increase in portal pressure up to 23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>F&#41;&#46; The anatomic &#40;broad and short&#41; shunt morphology was not suitable for any endovascular device&#46; Therefore&#44; the patient was presented to the pediatric hepato-digestive surgery team and underwent a surgical shunt closure through laparoscopy using a hem-o-lok&#174; clip system&#46; Thereafter the patient followed a favorable clinical course&#46; Liver function and liver blood flow were monitored daily through blood test and echography&#44; and remained normal&#46; Before patient discharge&#44; hypoxemia persisted with a basal transcutaneous hemoglobin saturation of 90&#37; and&#44; hence&#44; a home oxygen therapy with nasal cannula &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L&#47;min&#41; was provided&#46; During follow-up the patient experienced a progressive improvement of his hypoxemia and six months after shunt closure oxygen therapy was withdrawn&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abernethy malformation consists in a rare congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt which allows blood from the gut and spleen to reach the systemic venous circulation bypassing the liver&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> It was first described in 1793 by the London surgeon John Abernethy who observed for the first time a congenital absence of the portal vein with a mesenteric-caval shunt&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;7&#44;8</span></a> The estimated incidence of the Abernethy malformation is reported to be 1&#47;30&#44;000 live births in countries where screening for galactosemia is routinely performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This shunt may be classified in two main types&#58; type 1&#44; in which the portal blood is completely diverted into the IVC through a side-to-end anastomosis and where there is an absence or a vague remnant of intrahepatic portal vein system&#59; and type 2&#44; in which the portal system is hypoplastic but patent and communicated side-to-side with systemic veins&#44; usually the IVC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6&#44;8&#8211;11</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pathophysiologically&#44; Abernethy malformation could be considered as an infrequent cause of hepatopulmonary syndrome which is characterized by a deficient arterial oxygenation due to pulmonary capillary dilatation in the context of liver disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;11&#8211;14</span></a> Blood coming from the gut via superior mesenteric vein and spleen via splenic vein is deviated partially or totally to the IVC&#46; This bypass could imply an imbalance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor constituents that may lead to vasodilation of pulmonary capillaries&#44; allowing a direct mixed venous blood shunt to the pulmonary veins without being oxygenated thereby causing subsequent hypoxemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;12&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abernethy malformation in children may present a broad clinical spectrum&#46; While some patients can be asymptomatic&#44; others may exhibit marked cyanosis&#44; severe hypoxemia&#44; pulmonary arterial hypertension&#44; digital clubbing&#44; vascular anomalies like spider nevi&#44; hepatic encephalopathy&#44; or liver tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;6&#44;8&#8211;10&#44;14</span></a> In the case described&#44; digital clubbing&#44; a clinical sign suggestive of chronic hypoxemia&#44; was not consistent with a repeatedly observed normal hematocrit &#40;39&#37;&#41; rather than an increased one as expected in view of the hypoxemia&#46; It may be that it was too soon to observe a compensatory polyglobulia&#44; or perhaps hypoxemia should have been more severe to stimulate erytropoyetin production&#46; Orthodeoxia was also observed&#44; a clinical finding that may accompany the hepatopulmonary syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A mild autism was recognized but liver dysfunction was not detected and a normal liver parenchyma was visualized in the abdominal echography and in the CT&#46; Thus&#44; it is unclear whether or not the autistic features could correspond to an incipient form of hepatic encephalopathy&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Albeit diagnosis of Abernethy malformation in children remains challenging&#44; once suspected clinically its presence can be easily confirmed by non-invasive imaging techniques such as abdominal echography&#44; CT or Magnetic Resonance Imaging&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5&#44;9</span></a> Although this malformation can be a cause of extrathoracic hypoxemia&#44; additional causes are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to others and to our experience&#44; optimal management of this congenital shunt requires a multidisciplinary team&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Medical treatment&#44; a prophylactic or therapeutic shunt closure&#44; and a liver transplant are the main healing options&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3&#44;5&#44;7&#8211;11</span></a> In our patient&#44; and given the unfavorable anatomy for interventionism&#44; a surgical closure through laparoscopy was elected&#46; In general&#44; it appears reasonable to perform an early rather than a late shunt closure in order to reduce the development of complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;7&#44;9</span></a> Shunt closure restores intrahepatic circulation in most patients allowing a clinical improvement of hypoxemia&#44; hepatic encephalopathy&#44; and in some instances of the pulmonary hypertension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8&#44;9</span></a> Our patient needed six months to recover a normal transcutaneous hemoglobin saturation and one year to experience a notable improvement in his behavior&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case described contributes to increase the awareness of extrathoracic hypoxemia causes such as Abernethy malformation when facing a chronic hypoxemia in children and once cardiac and primary pulmonary causes have been excluded&#46; A prompt diagnosis and proper management may prevent the development of serious complications&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial disclosure</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no financial relationship to disclose&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Echocardiography&#46; Four chamber view depicting a shaked serum&#46; After three cardiac cycles the left atrium was also opacified&#46; &#40;B&#41; Nuclear scanning with Technetium 99m macro-aggregated albumin&#46; A part from the lungs&#44; brain and kidney also showed radioactivity due to tracing uptake &#40;red circles&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; CT Angiogram&#46; 3D Volume rendering showing the Abernethy malformation&#46; &#40;D&#41; CT Angiogram&#58; Axial plane illustrating the Abernethy shunt &#40;red arrow&#41;&#46; &#40;E&#41; Fluoroscopy&#46; Left oblique projection&#46; The centimetered catheter reaches the portal vein from the inferior vena cava&#44; through Abernethy shunt &#40;asterisk&#41;&#46; &#40;F&#41; Fluoroscopy&#46; Antero-posterior projection&#46; Balloon shunt occlusion test&#46; Abbreviations&#58; Abd Ao&#58; abdominal aorta&#46; IMS&#58; inferior mesenteric vein&#46; IVC&#58; inferior vena cava&#46; LA&#58; left atrium&#46; PV&#58; portal vein&#46; RA&#58; right atrium&#46; SMV&#58; superior mesenteric vein&#46; SP&#58; splenic vein&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Respiratory depression due to dysfunction of the respiratory center &#40;meningitis&#44; head trauma&#44; congenital hypoventilation&#44; sedative drugs&#41;&#8226; Neuromuscular disease &#40;muscular atrophy or dystrophy&#44; Guillain Barre sind&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Liver disease &#40;cirrhosis&#44; fibrosis&#44;etc&#46;&#41;&#8226; Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt &#40;Abernethy&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Airway obstruction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Congenital &#40;tracheal atresia&#44; laringomalacia&#44; quist&#44; mass&#41;&#8226; Acquired &#40;laryngitis&#44; epiglottitis&#44; abscess&#44; strange body&#41;&#8226; Both&#58; paralyzed cord&#44; tracheal stenosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Scientific Letter
Abernethy Malformation: An Unusual Extrathoracic Cause of Chronic Hypoxemia in Pediatrics
Malformación de Abernethy: una causa extratorácica inusual de hipoxemia crónica en pediatría
Marc Figueras-Colla,b,
Corresponding author
mfiguerascoll@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Anna Sabaté-Rotésb, Ignacio Iglesias-Serranoc, Andreu Peñas-Aguilerad, Mercedes Pérez-Lafuentee
a Pediatric Cardiology Department, Universitat de Girona, Hospital Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
b Pediatric Cardiology Department, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
c Pediatric Pneumology Department, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
d Pediatric Pneumology Department, Universitat de Girona, Hospital Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
e Interventional Radiology Department, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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        "titulo" => "Malformaci&#243;n de Abernethy&#58; una causa extrator&#225;cica inusual de hipoxemia cr&#243;nica en pediatr&#237;a"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Echocardiography&#46; Four chamber view depicting a shaked serum&#46; After three cardiac cycles the left atrium was also opacified&#46; &#40;B&#41; Nuclear scanning with Technetium 99m macro-aggregated albumin&#46; A part from the lungs&#44; brain and kidney also showed radioactivity due to tracing uptake &#40;red circles&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; CT Angiogram&#46; 3D Volume rendering showing the Abernethy malformation&#46; &#40;D&#41; CT Angiogram&#58; Axial plane illustrating the Abernethy shunt &#40;red arrow&#41;&#46; &#40;E&#41; Fluoroscopy&#46; Left oblique projection&#46; The centimetered catheter reaches the portal vein from the inferior vena cava&#44; through Abernethy shunt &#40;asterisk&#41;&#46; &#40;F&#41; Fluoroscopy&#46; Antero-posterior projection&#46; Balloon shunt occlusion test&#46; Abbreviations&#58; Abd Ao&#58; abdominal aorta&#46; IMS&#58; inferior mesenteric vein&#46; IVC&#58; inferior vena cava&#46; LA&#58; left atrium&#46; PV&#58; portal vein&#46; RA&#58; right atrium&#46; SMV&#58; superior mesenteric vein&#46; SP&#58; splenic vein&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abernethy malformation is rare congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt that allows blood from the gut and spleen to reach the systemic venous circulation bypassing the liver filter&#46; This situation leads in some cases to serious complications such as hepatopulmonary syndrome&#44; portopulmonary hypertension&#44; or hepatic encephalopathy&#46; Specifically&#44; hepatopulmonary syndrome may present with chronic hypoxemia&#46; Even though it is a rare condition&#44; extrathoracic pathology should be seek after ruling out cardiac and primary pulmonary disease&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A five year-old boy was admitted for an acute bronchitis and hypoxemia&#46; On physical exam&#44; perioral cyanosis and digital clubbing were discovered&#46; The child had a past medical history of recurrent bronchitis and was followed in the pediatric neurology outpatient clinic under the suspicion of an autistic disorder&#46; In the emergency department nebulized salbutamol was initiated and respiratory symptoms quickly subsided&#46; Three days later&#44; the child improved his clinical condition presenting no dyspnea and a clear cardiopulmonary auscultation but hypoxemia persisted&#46; Orthodeoxia was observed with transcutaneous oxygen saturation decreasing from 88&#37; to 81&#8211;82&#37; when he changed from supine to a sitting position&#46; Blood tests showed normal hematocrit &#40;39&#37;&#41;&#44; normal liver function&#44; and normal ammonia levels&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some tests were performed to find the cause of hypoxemia&#46; No evidence of pulmonary hypertension nor of intracardiac shunts were noticed on echocardiography with agitated serum&#44; but quick pass of microbubbles to the left atrium was suggestive of an intrapulmonary shunt &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0020">Video 1</a>&#41;&#46; No lung disease and no evidence of macroscopic pulmonary arterio-venous fistulas were detected in the thorax angio Computed Tomography &#40;CT&#41;&#46; However&#44; under the suspicion of an extra-cardiac right to left shunt&#44; a lung nuclear scanning with Technetium 99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin was requested&#46; Brain and kidney radiotracer uptake confirmed the presence of a right to left shunt of 36&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; These findings were indicative of an intrapulmonary shunt suggestive of hepatopulmonary syndrome&#46; An abdominal echography demonstrated a porto-caval latero-lateral shunt with a well-developed portal vein system&#46; An abdominal angio-CT confirmed the diagnosis of Abernethy type-2 malformation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C and D&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case was presented to an interventional radiology team of the reference hospital&#46; A catheterization procedure documented a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm side-to-side shunt between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava &#40;IVC&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>E&#41;&#46; The basal portal vein and IVC pressures were 9 and 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; respectively&#44; and a balloon shunt occlusion test evidenced a moderate increase in portal pressure up to 23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>F&#41;&#46; The anatomic &#40;broad and short&#41; shunt morphology was not suitable for any endovascular device&#46; Therefore&#44; the patient was presented to the pediatric hepato-digestive surgery team and underwent a surgical shunt closure through laparoscopy using a hem-o-lok&#174; clip system&#46; Thereafter the patient followed a favorable clinical course&#46; Liver function and liver blood flow were monitored daily through blood test and echography&#44; and remained normal&#46; Before patient discharge&#44; hypoxemia persisted with a basal transcutaneous hemoglobin saturation of 90&#37; and&#44; hence&#44; a home oxygen therapy with nasal cannula &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L&#47;min&#41; was provided&#46; During follow-up the patient experienced a progressive improvement of his hypoxemia and six months after shunt closure oxygen therapy was withdrawn&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abernethy malformation consists in a rare congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt which allows blood from the gut and spleen to reach the systemic venous circulation bypassing the liver&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> It was first described in 1793 by the London surgeon John Abernethy who observed for the first time a congenital absence of the portal vein with a mesenteric-caval shunt&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;7&#44;8</span></a> The estimated incidence of the Abernethy malformation is reported to be 1&#47;30&#44;000 live births in countries where screening for galactosemia is routinely performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This shunt may be classified in two main types&#58; type 1&#44; in which the portal blood is completely diverted into the IVC through a side-to-end anastomosis and where there is an absence or a vague remnant of intrahepatic portal vein system&#59; and type 2&#44; in which the portal system is hypoplastic but patent and communicated side-to-side with systemic veins&#44; usually the IVC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6&#44;8&#8211;11</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pathophysiologically&#44; Abernethy malformation could be considered as an infrequent cause of hepatopulmonary syndrome which is characterized by a deficient arterial oxygenation due to pulmonary capillary dilatation in the context of liver disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;11&#8211;14</span></a> Blood coming from the gut via superior mesenteric vein and spleen via splenic vein is deviated partially or totally to the IVC&#46; This bypass could imply an imbalance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor constituents that may lead to vasodilation of pulmonary capillaries&#44; allowing a direct mixed venous blood shunt to the pulmonary veins without being oxygenated thereby causing subsequent hypoxemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;12&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abernethy malformation in children may present a broad clinical spectrum&#46; While some patients can be asymptomatic&#44; others may exhibit marked cyanosis&#44; severe hypoxemia&#44; pulmonary arterial hypertension&#44; digital clubbing&#44; vascular anomalies like spider nevi&#44; hepatic encephalopathy&#44; or liver tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;6&#44;8&#8211;10&#44;14</span></a> In the case described&#44; digital clubbing&#44; a clinical sign suggestive of chronic hypoxemia&#44; was not consistent with a repeatedly observed normal hematocrit &#40;39&#37;&#41; rather than an increased one as expected in view of the hypoxemia&#46; It may be that it was too soon to observe a compensatory polyglobulia&#44; or perhaps hypoxemia should have been more severe to stimulate erytropoyetin production&#46; Orthodeoxia was also observed&#44; a clinical finding that may accompany the hepatopulmonary syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A mild autism was recognized but liver dysfunction was not detected and a normal liver parenchyma was visualized in the abdominal echography and in the CT&#46; Thus&#44; it is unclear whether or not the autistic features could correspond to an incipient form of hepatic encephalopathy&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Albeit diagnosis of Abernethy malformation in children remains challenging&#44; once suspected clinically its presence can be easily confirmed by non-invasive imaging techniques such as abdominal echography&#44; CT or Magnetic Resonance Imaging&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5&#44;9</span></a> Although this malformation can be a cause of extrathoracic hypoxemia&#44; additional causes are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to others and to our experience&#44; optimal management of this congenital shunt requires a multidisciplinary team&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Medical treatment&#44; a prophylactic or therapeutic shunt closure&#44; and a liver transplant are the main healing options&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3&#44;5&#44;7&#8211;11</span></a> In our patient&#44; and given the unfavorable anatomy for interventionism&#44; a surgical closure through laparoscopy was elected&#46; In general&#44; it appears reasonable to perform an early rather than a late shunt closure in order to reduce the development of complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;7&#44;9</span></a> Shunt closure restores intrahepatic circulation in most patients allowing a clinical improvement of hypoxemia&#44; hepatic encephalopathy&#44; and in some instances of the pulmonary hypertension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8&#44;9</span></a> Our patient needed six months to recover a normal transcutaneous hemoglobin saturation and one year to experience a notable improvement in his behavior&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case described contributes to increase the awareness of extrathoracic hypoxemia causes such as Abernethy malformation when facing a chronic hypoxemia in children and once cardiac and primary pulmonary causes have been excluded&#46; A prompt diagnosis and proper management may prevent the development of serious complications&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial disclosure</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no financial relationship to disclose&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Echocardiography&#46; Four chamber view depicting a shaked serum&#46; After three cardiac cycles the left atrium was also opacified&#46; &#40;B&#41; Nuclear scanning with Technetium 99m macro-aggregated albumin&#46; A part from the lungs&#44; brain and kidney also showed radioactivity due to tracing uptake &#40;red circles&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; CT Angiogram&#46; 3D Volume rendering showing the Abernethy malformation&#46; &#40;D&#41; CT Angiogram&#58; Axial plane illustrating the Abernethy shunt &#40;red arrow&#41;&#46; &#40;E&#41; Fluoroscopy&#46; Left oblique projection&#46; The centimetered catheter reaches the portal vein from the inferior vena cava&#44; through Abernethy shunt &#40;asterisk&#41;&#46; &#40;F&#41; Fluoroscopy&#46; Antero-posterior projection&#46; Balloon shunt occlusion test&#46; Abbreviations&#58; Abd Ao&#58; abdominal aorta&#46; IMS&#58; inferior mesenteric vein&#46; IVC&#58; inferior vena cava&#46; LA&#58; left atrium&#46; PV&#58; portal vein&#46; RA&#58; right atrium&#46; SMV&#58; superior mesenteric vein&#46; SP&#58; splenic vein&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Hypoventilation disorder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Respiratory depression due to dysfunction of the respiratory center &#40;meningitis&#44; head trauma&#44; congenital hypoventilation&#44; sedative drugs&#41;&#8226; Neuromuscular disease &#40;muscular atrophy or dystrophy&#44; Guillain Barre sind&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Hepato-pulmonar syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Liver disease &#40;cirrhosis&#44; fibrosis&#44;etc&#46;&#41;&#8226; Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt &#40;Abernethy&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Airway obstruction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Congenital &#40;tracheal atresia&#44; laringomalacia&#44; quist&#44; mass&#41;&#8226; Acquired &#40;laryngitis&#44; epiglottitis&#44; abscess&#44; strange body&#41;&#8226; Both&#58; paralyzed cord&#44; tracheal stenosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Blood disorder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Cyanide&#8226; Carbon monoxide&#8226; Meta-hemoglobinemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Living at high altitude&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts &#40;abernethy malformation&#41;&#58; an international observational study"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Baiges"
                            1 => "F&#46; Turon"
                            2 => "M&#46; Sim&#243;n-Talero"
                            3 => "S&#46; Tasayco"
                            4 => "J&#46; Bueno"
                            5 => "K&#46; Zekrini"
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                      "doi" => "10.1002/hep.30817"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Hepatology"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "71"
                        "paginaInicial" => "658"
                        "paginaFinal" => "669"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31211875"
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                      "titulo" => "Confusion for fifteen years&#58; a case of abernethy malformation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Soota"
                            1 => "J&#46;S&#46; Klair"
                            2 => "D&#46; LaBrecque"
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.cgh.2018.01.003"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "A50"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29330099"
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ISSN: 15792129
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