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lobectomy&#44; bilobectomy&#44; or pneumonectomy&#41; for any cause between October 1994 and February 2018 at our center&#46; All patients with at least one major postoperative complication&#44; defined as grade IIIa or higher according to the standardized Clavien-Dindo morbidity classification&#44; were included in the study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Patients with missing data at discharge were excluded from the analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient selection criteria were consistent throughout the study period and were based on the preoperative functional assessment guidelines in place at the time of the intervention<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;15</span></a>&#46; The patients were operated on by 5 expert surgeons&#46; The surgical approach was via axillary thoracotomy without muscle section or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery &#40;VATS&#41; in all cases&#46; The patients were extubated in the operating room&#44; and after 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in the reanimation unit were transferred to the hospital ward&#46; Postoperative analgesia consisted of an epidural catheter with bupivacaine and fentanyl in patients undergoing thoracotomy or a paravertebral catheter with the same medication in cases of VATS approach for 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs thereafter&#46; Postoperative physiotherapy was initiated the day before surgery and continued after patient discharge&#46; During the first 2 years of the study&#44; patients were supervised by nursing staff during physiotherapy&#46; However&#44; in November 2002&#44; the current intensive physiotherapy protocol based on physical exercise on a static bike was implemented&#46; These sessions are supervised by an expert physiotherapist who also assists patients with breathing maneuvers using an incentive spirometer and helps them achieve effective coughing&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient data were prospectively collected in an institutional database&#46; To improve the quality of the data included in the registry&#44; the completeness and accuracy of the data entries was monitored by a data manager at 2 different timepoints&#58; first&#44; upon discharge from the hospital&#44; and then at the time the last histological result was included in the final medical reports&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The outcome variable was FTR&#44; defined as mortality &#40;in-hospital or 30-day&#41; among patients who experienced a major postoperative complication&#46; In the event of death after hospital discharge&#44; patient records were re-evaluated to determine if the patient died as a result of an in-hospital complication&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postoperative complication was defined as any adverse event that occurred during admission or within 30 days of surgery&#44; including&#58; respiratory failure &#40;need for mechanical ventilation for more than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h or need for re-intubation at any time&#41;&#44; acute respiratory distress syndrome&#44; atrial arrhythmia&#44; ventricular arrhythmia&#44; atelectasis requiring bronchoscopy&#44; pneumonia&#44; pulmonary embolism&#44; acute myocardial infarction&#44; renal failure&#44; cerebrovascular accident &#40;CVA&#41;&#44; prolonged air leak &#40;defined as persistent air leak through the pleural tube for more than 5 days after surgery&#41;&#44; hemothorax&#44; pneumothorax with or without air leak requiring drainage&#44; bronchial fistula&#44; wound dehiscence&#44; wound hematoma&#44; empyema&#44; chylothorax&#44; recurrent paralysis&#44; and phrenic nerve paralysis&#46; These complications were defined in advance according to the definition of variables published jointly by the American &#40;STS&#41; and European &#40;ESTS&#41; Societies of Thoracic Surgeons<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and subsequently reclassified retrospectively according to the standardized Clavien-Dindo classification of postoperative morbidity as major &#40;grade III&#58; complications requiring endoscopic or radiological reintervention with or without general anesthesia&#59; grade IV&#58; life-threatening complications requiring treatment in intensive or intermediate care&#59; grade V&#58; complications leading to patient death&#41; or minor &#40;grade I&#58; any deviation from the normal postoperative period that does not require reintervention&#44; while allowing the administration of electrolytes&#44; antiemetics&#44; antipyretics&#44; analgesics&#44; and physiotherapy&#59; grade II&#58; complications requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than those allowed for grade I complications&#44; including blood products and parenteral nutrition&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variables considered as risk factors for postoperative morbidity and mortality&#44; mostly specified in the Eurolung 1 and 2 risk models<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; were used as independent predictors in multivariate binary logistic regression analysis&#58; age&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#44; cardiac&#44; renal&#44; cerebrovascular comorbidity &#40;CVA&#41;&#44; expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s predicted postoperatively &#40;ppoFEV1&#37;&#41;&#44; video-assisted thoracoscopy &#40;VATS&#41; approach&#44; extensive resection&#44; pneumonectomy&#44; and reintervention&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A logistic regression model was created for the occurrence of FTR&#46; A backward stepwise logistic regression test was used to select the variables&#46; Only variables with p value &#60;0&#46;05 remained in the final model&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To estimate the predictive capacity of the model&#44; a non-parametric ROC curve was constructed and the area under the curve &#40;AUC&#41; and its 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37; CI&#41; were calculated&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was carried out using the STATA&#47;IC 15&#46;1 statistical software package&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period&#44; 2569 cases underwent lung resection&#46; In total&#44; 53 patients &#40;2&#46;1&#37;&#41; were excluded due to incomplete data&#46; The demographic and clinical variables of the series are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; 223 &#40;8&#46;9&#37;&#41; had major complications and&#44; of these&#44; 49 &#40;22&#37;&#41; could not be rescued&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the results of the stepwise logistic regression analysis &#40;dependent variable&#58; failure to rescue&#41;&#46; In the final model&#44; the variables associated with FTR were&#58; age&#44; history of stroke&#44; pneumonectomy&#44; and reintervention&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ROC curve obtained&#44; that estimates the predictive capacity of the model&#44; can be seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; The AUC was 0&#46;82 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;77&#8211;0&#46;88&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reproducible indicators that accurately reflect the quality of medical care are essential for health systems&#46; However&#44; traditional parameters&#44; such as complication rate&#44; appear to have a poor correlation with in-hospital mortality due&#44; mainly to differences in the characteristics and risk factors for death after complications among the different patient populations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#46; Moreover&#44; the occurrence of postoperative complications is more strongly related to patient-related factors than to hospital characteristics and quality of care<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;18</span></a>&#46; These circumstances mean that the complication rate is a suboptimal indicator of quality of care&#46; A more precise parameter is the measure of the effectiveness of the response to a complication in preventing mortality&#46; Therefore&#44; the use of the FTR index as a measure of the quality of healthcare&#44; understood as the number of deaths among patients experiencing an adverse event such as a postoperative complication&#44; is increasing significantly&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the latest report of the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons &#40;ESTS&#41;&#44; the rate of mortality and cardiorespiratory morbidity after anatomical lung resection is estimated to be 2&#46;3&#37; and 14&#46;9&#37;&#44; respectively<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; according to our results&#44; the prevalence of major complications after anatomical lung resection is 8&#46;9&#37;&#44; with the FTR index reaching 22&#37;&#46; This is similar to the data recorded by Ahmed et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> after cardiac surgery &#40;RTF&#58; 19&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; although greater than the 6&#37; published by Liou et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> after esophagectomy&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we identified several patient- and surgery-related factors that predict FTR after anatomical lung resection&#46; To date&#44; studies that have evaluated FTR have focused only on hospital characteristics such as size&#44; patient volume&#44; technological facilities&#44; educational level&#44; and nurse-patient ratios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;22</span></a>&#46; In thoracic surgery literature&#44; FTR has been studied in lung and esophageal cancer&#44; and findings regarding hospital qualities have been similar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;23&#44;24</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although modifying certain hospital characteristics may help improve outcomes&#44; our aim was to assess whether any specific patient- or surgery-related factors were associated with a higher probability of mortality after a major postoperative complication&#44; so that by identifying patients at high risk for FTR&#44; we could focus efforts on how to prevent complications in these patients or how to rescue them after a complication does occur&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our data show that age&#44; history of cerebrovascular disease&#44; pneumonectomy&#44; and need for reintervention increase the risk of failure to rescue after lung resection&#46; The logistic regression model based on these variables accurately predicts FTR &#40;AUC&#58; 0&#46;82&#41;&#46; All the variables listed by the risk models of cardiorespiratory morbidity and postoperative mortality &#40;Eurolung 1 and 2&#41; were included as independent variables in multivariate binary logistic regression analysis but&#44; of the patient-related factors&#44; only age and history of stroke emerged as predictors of FTR&#44; while for the surgical procedure&#44; pneumonectomy and the need for reintervention increased the risk of FTR&#46; The effect of the latter&#44; furthermore&#44; is very significant&#44; to the extent that a pneumonectomized patient with a major complication is 6&#46;6 times more likely to die than a patient with a smaller resection&#46; Similarly&#44; a patient who needs a reintervention is 12 times more likely to die than a patient who does not need a reintervention&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These findings are consistent with previous studies&#46; Elderly patients have higher FTR rates after urgent surgical interventions than younger patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Liou et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and Varley et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> found that older age was a predictor of FTR after esophagectomy and duodenopancreatectomy&#44; respectively&#46; Our findings of a high risk after complex surgery such as pulmonary resection are therefore not unexpected&#44; as the patient is subjected to extreme physiological stress in all 4 situations&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Numerous studies have shown that pneumonectomy is associated with significant postoperative mortality that can be as high as 8&#46;4&#37; at 30 days and reach 18&#46;5&#37; within 6 months of the intervention<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; The factors that determine these results include patient age&#44; the laterality of the procedure&#44; and the occurrence of postoperative cardiorespiratory complications&#44; so it stands to reason that pneumonectomy is a predictor for FTR&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; a recent British study comparing high-mortality hospitals versus low-mortality hospitals after esophagectomy showed that low-mortality hospitals performed more reinterventions for complications but had lower rates of FTR&#46; Our results contradict these findings&#44; and can be explained by the fact that reinterventions after lung resection are usually the consequence of a serious initial complication &#40;hemorrhagic or infectious&#41; from which additional complications arise &#40;prolonged intubation&#44; pneumonia&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; It is&#44; therefore&#44; the accumulation of complications associated with the intervention that leads to FTR&#44; as occurs in other similar scenarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has some limitations&#58; as in any retrospective analysis&#44; causality cannot be determined from the different variables analyzed&#59; mortality was only determined in-hospital and at 30 days after discharge&#59; deaths related to postoperative complications that occurred beyond 30 days were not included in the analysis&#59; finally&#44; in terms of the type of anatomical resection performed&#44; although the study included all patients undergoing standard segmentectomy&#44; lobectomy&#44; bilobectomy&#44; or pneumonectomy&#44; only procedures that were found in previous studies to constitute a potential risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality &#40;extended resection and pneumonectomy&#41; were taken into account and included in the multivariate analysis as independent risk variables&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; our results show that 22&#37; of patients with a major complication did not survive discharge&#46; Factors that predict mortality after major complications include age&#44; history of stroke&#44; pneumonectomy&#44; and reintervention&#46; Although failed rescue efforts may be the result of certain hospital deficiencies&#44; our results confirm the hypothesis that some patients are more likely to die after a major postoperative complication&#46; Further studies are needed to determine how complications could be detected earlier and treated more effectively in this group of high-risk patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Source of funding</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has not received specific grants from public sector agencies&#44; the commercial sector&#44; or non-profit organizations&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that they have no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Rescue failure"
            1 => "Surgical risk"
            2 => "Postoperative mortality"
            3 => "Lung resection"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Fallo en el rescate"
            1 => "Riesgo quir&#250;rgico"
            2 => "Mortalidad postoperatoria"
            3 => "Resecci&#243;n pulmonar"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Failure to rescue &#40;FTR&#41;&#44; defined as the mortality rate among patients suffering from postoperative complications&#44; is considered an indicator of the quality of surgical care&#46; The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors associated with FTR after anatomical lung resections&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients undergoing anatomical lung resection at our center between 1994 and 2018 were included in the study&#46; Postoperative complications were classified as minor &#40;grade I and II&#41; and major &#40;grade IIIA to V&#41;&#44; according to the standardized classification of postoperative morbidity&#46; Patients who died after a major complication were considered FTR&#46; A stepwise logistic regression model was created to identify FTR predictors&#46; Independent variables included in the multivariate analysis were age&#44; body mass index&#44; cardiac&#44; renal&#44; and cerebrovascular comorbidity&#44; ppoFEV1&#37;&#44; VATS approach&#44; extended resection&#44; pneumonectomy&#44; and reintervention&#46; A non-parametric ROC curve was constructed to estimate the predictive capacity of the model&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 2&#46;569 patients were included&#44; of which 223 &#40;8&#46;9&#37;&#41; had major complications and 49 &#40;22&#37;&#41; could not be rescued&#46; Variables associated with FTR were&#58; age &#40;OR&#58; 1&#46;07&#41;&#44; history of cerebrovascular accident &#40;OR&#58; 3&#46;53&#41;&#44; pneumonectomy &#40;OR&#58; 6&#46;67&#41;&#44; and reintervention &#40;OR&#58; 12&#46;26&#41;&#46; The area under the ROC curve was 0&#46;82 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;77&#8211;0&#46;88&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; 22&#37; of patients with major complications following anatomical lung resection in this series did not survive until discharge&#46; Pneumonectomy and reintervention are the most significant risk factors for FTR&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Method"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El fallo en el rescate &#40;FTR&#41; definido como la tasa de fallecimientos entre los pacientes que sufren una complicaci&#243;n postoperatoria&#44; es considerado un indicador de la calidad de los cuidados quir&#250;rgicos&#46; El objetivo de este estudio es investigar los factores de riesgo asociados al FTR despu&#233;s de resecciones pulmonares anat&#243;micas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes sometidos a resecci&#243;n pulmonar anat&#243;mica en nuestro centro entre 1994 y 2018&#46; Las complicaciones postoperatorias se clasificaron en menores &#40;grados I y II&#41; y mayores &#40;grados IIIa a V&#41; seg&#250;n la clasificaci&#243;n estandarizada de morbilidad postoperatoria&#46; Los casos que fallecieron tras una complicaci&#243;n mayor fueron considerados FTR&#46; Se cre&#243; un modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica por pasos para identificar los factores predictores de FTR&#46; Se consideraron variables independientes en el an&#225;lisis multivariante la edad&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; comorbilidad cardiaca&#44; renal&#44; cerebrovascular&#44; VEF1ppo&#37;&#44; abordaje VATS&#44; resecci&#243;n extendida&#44; neumonectom&#237;a y reintervenci&#243;n&#46; Se construy&#243; una curva ROC no param&#233;trica para estimar la capacidad predictiva del modelo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron 2&#46;569 pacientes&#46; En total&#44; 223 casos &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41; tuvieron complicaciones mayores y 49 &#40;22&#37;&#41; no pudieron ser rescatados&#46; Las variables asociadas con FTR fueron&#58; edad &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;07&#41;&#44; antecedente de ACV &#40;OR&#58; 3&#44;53&#41;&#44; neumonectom&#237;a &#40;OR&#58; 6&#44;67&#41; y reintervenci&#243;n &#40;OR&#58; 12&#44;26&#41;&#46; El &#225;rea bajo la curva de la curva ROC fue 0&#44;82 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;77&#8211;0&#44;88&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">22&#37; de los pacientes que presentan complicaciones mayores tras la resecci&#243;n pulmonar anat&#243;mica en esta serie no sobreviven al alta&#46; La neumonectom&#237;a y la reintervenci&#243;n son los factores de riesgo m&#225;s potentes para FTR&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; G&#243;mez Hern&#225;ndez MT&#44; Novoa Valent&#237;n N&#44; Fuentes Gago M&#44; Aranda Alcaide JL&#44; Varela Sim&#243; G&#44; Jim&#233;nez L&#243;pez MF&#46; Variables predictivas de muerte en pacientes complicados tras resecci&#243;n pulmonar anat&#243;mica&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2021&#59;57&#58;625&#8211;629&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; ppoFEV1&#37;&#58; predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; VATS&#58; video-assisted thoracoscopy&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sex &#40;male&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2058 &#40;81&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Vascular disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;1&#46;83&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Renal failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;2&#46;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Coronary artery disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">380 &#40;15&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Approach &#40;VATS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">480 &#40;19&#46;08&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extended resection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">367 &#40;14&#46;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pneumonectomy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">307 &#40;12&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reintervention&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81 &#40;3&#46;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BMI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ppoFEV1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;076&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;040&#8211;1&#46;113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Coronary artery disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;531&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;440&#8211;8&#46;662&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pneumonectomy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;668&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;638&#8211;12&#46;222&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Reintervention&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;706&#8211;26&#46;332&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hospital and patient characteristics associated with death after surgery&#46; A study of adverse occurrence and failure to rescue"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;H&#46; Silber"
                            1 => "S&#46;V&#46; Williams"
                            2 => "H&#46; Krakauer"
                            3 => "J&#46;S&#46; Schwartz"
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                      "doi" => "10.1097/00005650-199207000-00004"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Care&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "615"
                        "paginaFinal" => "629"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614231"
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                      "titulo" => "Impact of hospital characteristics on failure to rescue following major surgery"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "K&#46;H&#46; Sheetz"
                            1 => "J&#46;B&#46; Dimick"
                            2 => "A&#46;A&#46; Ghaferi"
                          ]
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                      ]
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                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/SLA.0000000000001414"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Surg&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "263"
                        "paginaInicial" => "692"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26501706"
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                      "titulo" => "Understanding the volume-outcome effect in cardiovascular surgery&#58; the role of failure to rescue"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
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                            2 => "J&#46;D&#46; Birkmeyer"
                            3 => "A&#46;A&#46; Ghaferi"
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                      "doi" => "10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3649"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA Surg&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "149"
                        "paginaInicial" => "119"
                        "paginaFinal" => "123"
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                      "doi" => "10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182329b97"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Care&#46;"
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Original Article
Mortality predictors in complicated patients after anatomical lung resection
Variables predictivas de muerte en pacientes complicados tras resección pulmonar anatómica
M. Teresa Gómez Hernándeza,b,
Corresponding author
, Nuria Novoa Valentína,b, Marta Fuentes Gagoa,b, José Luis Aranda Alcaidea,b, Gonzalo Varela Simób, Marcelo F. Jiménez Lópeza,b
a Departamento de Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
b Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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        "titulo" => "Variables predictivas de muerte en pacientes complicados tras resecci&#243;n pulmonar anat&#243;mica"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ROC curve for FTR according to the study model&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term &#8220;failure to rescue&#8221; &#40;FTR&#41; was first coined in 1992 by Silber et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and refers to patient mortality after major postoperative complication&#46; The FTR of complicated patients has been proposed as an alternative parameter to postoperative morbidity and mortality rates to measure quality of care and assess the functioning of a surgical or hospital facility&#46; According to Silber et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; while patient characteristics determine the occurrence of postoperative complications&#44; hospital characteristics are associated with FTR&#46; Thus&#44; several studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> have linked high rates of FTR with hospital factors&#44; such as low volume of surgeries or low nurse-patient ratios&#46; Furthermore&#44; according to Farjah et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; the variation in mortality rates between different hospitals is more strongly related to the ability to rescue complicated patients than to the occurrence of complications&#46; The FTR parameter&#44; then&#44; offers a perspective that complements the conventional postoperative morbidity and mortality outcomes used to assess the quality of surgical units<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; For this reason&#44; some hospitals and departments have already introduced FTR as an additional indicator of quality&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although FTR is closely related to the ability to promptly detect and treat complications&#44; and is based mainly on hospital characteristics&#44; some studies have investigated whether there are intrinsic patient factors that could increase the risk of FTR after complex surgeries with high complication rates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a>&#44; although none of these analyses included patients undergoing lung resection surgeries&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our hypothesis was that certain high-risk patients are more likely to die of a major postoperative complication after lung resection&#44; compared to the general population&#46; The aim of the study was to investigate FTR among patients undergoing anatomical lung resection and to determine whether certain patient or surgical characteristics are predictors of FTR&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study population</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We retrospectively analyzed the records of all patients consecutively undergoing scheduled anatomical lung resection &#40;standard segmentectomy&#44; lobectomy&#44; bilobectomy&#44; or pneumonectomy&#41; for any cause between October 1994 and February 2018 at our center&#46; All patients with at least one major postoperative complication&#44; defined as grade IIIa or higher according to the standardized Clavien-Dindo morbidity classification&#44; were included in the study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Patients with missing data at discharge were excluded from the analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient selection criteria were consistent throughout the study period and were based on the preoperative functional assessment guidelines in place at the time of the intervention<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;15</span></a>&#46; The patients were operated on by 5 expert surgeons&#46; The surgical approach was via axillary thoracotomy without muscle section or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery &#40;VATS&#41; in all cases&#46; The patients were extubated in the operating room&#44; and after 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in the reanimation unit were transferred to the hospital ward&#46; Postoperative analgesia consisted of an epidural catheter with bupivacaine and fentanyl in patients undergoing thoracotomy or a paravertebral catheter with the same medication in cases of VATS approach for 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs thereafter&#46; Postoperative physiotherapy was initiated the day before surgery and continued after patient discharge&#46; During the first 2 years of the study&#44; patients were supervised by nursing staff during physiotherapy&#46; However&#44; in November 2002&#44; the current intensive physiotherapy protocol based on physical exercise on a static bike was implemented&#46; These sessions are supervised by an expert physiotherapist who also assists patients with breathing maneuvers using an incentive spirometer and helps them achieve effective coughing&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient data were prospectively collected in an institutional database&#46; To improve the quality of the data included in the registry&#44; the completeness and accuracy of the data entries was monitored by a data manager at 2 different timepoints&#58; first&#44; upon discharge from the hospital&#44; and then at the time the last histological result was included in the final medical reports&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The outcome variable was FTR&#44; defined as mortality &#40;in-hospital or 30-day&#41; among patients who experienced a major postoperative complication&#46; In the event of death after hospital discharge&#44; patient records were re-evaluated to determine if the patient died as a result of an in-hospital complication&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postoperative complication was defined as any adverse event that occurred during admission or within 30 days of surgery&#44; including&#58; respiratory failure &#40;need for mechanical ventilation for more than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h or need for re-intubation at any time&#41;&#44; acute respiratory distress syndrome&#44; atrial arrhythmia&#44; ventricular arrhythmia&#44; atelectasis requiring bronchoscopy&#44; pneumonia&#44; pulmonary embolism&#44; acute myocardial infarction&#44; renal failure&#44; cerebrovascular accident &#40;CVA&#41;&#44; prolonged air leak &#40;defined as persistent air leak through the pleural tube for more than 5 days after surgery&#41;&#44; hemothorax&#44; pneumothorax with or without air leak requiring drainage&#44; bronchial fistula&#44; wound dehiscence&#44; wound hematoma&#44; empyema&#44; chylothorax&#44; recurrent paralysis&#44; and phrenic nerve paralysis&#46; These complications were defined in advance according to the definition of variables published jointly by the American &#40;STS&#41; and European &#40;ESTS&#41; Societies of Thoracic Surgeons<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and subsequently reclassified retrospectively according to the standardized Clavien-Dindo classification of postoperative morbidity as major &#40;grade III&#58; complications requiring endoscopic or radiological reintervention with or without general anesthesia&#59; grade IV&#58; life-threatening complications requiring treatment in intensive or intermediate care&#59; grade V&#58; complications leading to patient death&#41; or minor &#40;grade I&#58; any deviation from the normal postoperative period that does not require reintervention&#44; while allowing the administration of electrolytes&#44; antiemetics&#44; antipyretics&#44; analgesics&#44; and physiotherapy&#59; grade II&#58; complications requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than those allowed for grade I complications&#44; including blood products and parenteral nutrition&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variables considered as risk factors for postoperative morbidity and mortality&#44; mostly specified in the Eurolung 1 and 2 risk models<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; were used as independent predictors in multivariate binary logistic regression analysis&#58; age&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#44; cardiac&#44; renal&#44; cerebrovascular comorbidity &#40;CVA&#41;&#44; expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s predicted postoperatively &#40;ppoFEV1&#37;&#41;&#44; video-assisted thoracoscopy &#40;VATS&#41; approach&#44; extensive resection&#44; pneumonectomy&#44; and reintervention&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A logistic regression model was created for the occurrence of FTR&#46; A backward stepwise logistic regression test was used to select the variables&#46; Only variables with p value &#60;0&#46;05 remained in the final model&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To estimate the predictive capacity of the model&#44; a non-parametric ROC curve was constructed and the area under the curve &#40;AUC&#41; and its 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37; CI&#41; were calculated&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was carried out using the STATA&#47;IC 15&#46;1 statistical software package&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period&#44; 2569 cases underwent lung resection&#46; In total&#44; 53 patients &#40;2&#46;1&#37;&#41; were excluded due to incomplete data&#46; The demographic and clinical variables of the series are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; 223 &#40;8&#46;9&#37;&#41; had major complications and&#44; of these&#44; 49 &#40;22&#37;&#41; could not be rescued&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the results of the stepwise logistic regression analysis &#40;dependent variable&#58; failure to rescue&#41;&#46; In the final model&#44; the variables associated with FTR were&#58; age&#44; history of stroke&#44; pneumonectomy&#44; and reintervention&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ROC curve obtained&#44; that estimates the predictive capacity of the model&#44; can be seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; The AUC was 0&#46;82 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;77&#8211;0&#46;88&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reproducible indicators that accurately reflect the quality of medical care are essential for health systems&#46; However&#44; traditional parameters&#44; such as complication rate&#44; appear to have a poor correlation with in-hospital mortality due&#44; mainly to differences in the characteristics and risk factors for death after complications among the different patient populations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#46; Moreover&#44; the occurrence of postoperative complications is more strongly related to patient-related factors than to hospital characteristics and quality of care<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;18</span></a>&#46; These circumstances mean that the complication rate is a suboptimal indicator of quality of care&#46; A more precise parameter is the measure of the effectiveness of the response to a complication in preventing mortality&#46; Therefore&#44; the use of the FTR index as a measure of the quality of healthcare&#44; understood as the number of deaths among patients experiencing an adverse event such as a postoperative complication&#44; is increasing significantly&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the latest report of the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons &#40;ESTS&#41;&#44; the rate of mortality and cardiorespiratory morbidity after anatomical lung resection is estimated to be 2&#46;3&#37; and 14&#46;9&#37;&#44; respectively<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; according to our results&#44; the prevalence of major complications after anatomical lung resection is 8&#46;9&#37;&#44; with the FTR index reaching 22&#37;&#46; This is similar to the data recorded by Ahmed et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> after cardiac surgery &#40;RTF&#58; 19&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; although greater than the 6&#37; published by Liou et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> after esophagectomy&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we identified several patient- and surgery-related factors that predict FTR after anatomical lung resection&#46; To date&#44; studies that have evaluated FTR have focused only on hospital characteristics such as size&#44; patient volume&#44; technological facilities&#44; educational level&#44; and nurse-patient ratios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;22</span></a>&#46; In thoracic surgery literature&#44; FTR has been studied in lung and esophageal cancer&#44; and findings regarding hospital qualities have been similar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;23&#44;24</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although modifying certain hospital characteristics may help improve outcomes&#44; our aim was to assess whether any specific patient- or surgery-related factors were associated with a higher probability of mortality after a major postoperative complication&#44; so that by identifying patients at high risk for FTR&#44; we could focus efforts on how to prevent complications in these patients or how to rescue them after a complication does occur&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our data show that age&#44; history of cerebrovascular disease&#44; pneumonectomy&#44; and need for reintervention increase the risk of failure to rescue after lung resection&#46; The logistic regression model based on these variables accurately predicts FTR &#40;AUC&#58; 0&#46;82&#41;&#46; All the variables listed by the risk models of cardiorespiratory morbidity and postoperative mortality &#40;Eurolung 1 and 2&#41; were included as independent variables in multivariate binary logistic regression analysis but&#44; of the patient-related factors&#44; only age and history of stroke emerged as predictors of FTR&#44; while for the surgical procedure&#44; pneumonectomy and the need for reintervention increased the risk of FTR&#46; The effect of the latter&#44; furthermore&#44; is very significant&#44; to the extent that a pneumonectomized patient with a major complication is 6&#46;6 times more likely to die than a patient with a smaller resection&#46; Similarly&#44; a patient who needs a reintervention is 12 times more likely to die than a patient who does not need a reintervention&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These findings are consistent with previous studies&#46; Elderly patients have higher FTR rates after urgent surgical interventions than younger patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Liou et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and Varley et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> found that older age was a predictor of FTR after esophagectomy and duodenopancreatectomy&#44; respectively&#46; Our findings of a high risk after complex surgery such as pulmonary resection are therefore not unexpected&#44; as the patient is subjected to extreme physiological stress in all 4 situations&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Numerous studies have shown that pneumonectomy is associated with significant postoperative mortality that can be as high as 8&#46;4&#37; at 30 days and reach 18&#46;5&#37; within 6 months of the intervention<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; The factors that determine these results include patient age&#44; the laterality of the procedure&#44; and the occurrence of postoperative cardiorespiratory complications&#44; so it stands to reason that pneumonectomy is a predictor for FTR&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; a recent British study comparing high-mortality hospitals versus low-mortality hospitals after esophagectomy showed that low-mortality hospitals performed more reinterventions for complications but had lower rates of FTR&#46; Our results contradict these findings&#44; and can be explained by the fact that reinterventions after lung resection are usually the consequence of a serious initial complication &#40;hemorrhagic or infectious&#41; from which additional complications arise &#40;prolonged intubation&#44; pneumonia&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; It is&#44; therefore&#44; the accumulation of complications associated with the intervention that leads to FTR&#44; as occurs in other similar scenarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has some limitations&#58; as in any retrospective analysis&#44; causality cannot be determined from the different variables analyzed&#59; mortality was only determined in-hospital and at 30 days after discharge&#59; deaths related to postoperative complications that occurred beyond 30 days were not included in the analysis&#59; finally&#44; in terms of the type of anatomical resection performed&#44; although the study included all patients undergoing standard segmentectomy&#44; lobectomy&#44; bilobectomy&#44; or pneumonectomy&#44; only procedures that were found in previous studies to constitute a potential risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality &#40;extended resection and pneumonectomy&#41; were taken into account and included in the multivariate analysis as independent risk variables&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; our results show that 22&#37; of patients with a major complication did not survive discharge&#46; Factors that predict mortality after major complications include age&#44; history of stroke&#44; pneumonectomy&#44; and reintervention&#46; Although failed rescue efforts may be the result of certain hospital deficiencies&#44; our results confirm the hypothesis that some patients are more likely to die after a major postoperative complication&#46; Further studies are needed to determine how complications could be detected earlier and treated more effectively in this group of high-risk patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Source of funding</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has not received specific grants from public sector agencies&#44; the commercial sector&#44; or non-profit organizations&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that they have no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            1 => "Surgical risk"
            2 => "Postoperative mortality"
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            0 => "Fallo en el rescate"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Failure to rescue &#40;FTR&#41;&#44; defined as the mortality rate among patients suffering from postoperative complications&#44; is considered an indicator of the quality of surgical care&#46; The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors associated with FTR after anatomical lung resections&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients undergoing anatomical lung resection at our center between 1994 and 2018 were included in the study&#46; Postoperative complications were classified as minor &#40;grade I and II&#41; and major &#40;grade IIIA to V&#41;&#44; according to the standardized classification of postoperative morbidity&#46; Patients who died after a major complication were considered FTR&#46; A stepwise logistic regression model was created to identify FTR predictors&#46; Independent variables included in the multivariate analysis were age&#44; body mass index&#44; cardiac&#44; renal&#44; and cerebrovascular comorbidity&#44; ppoFEV1&#37;&#44; VATS approach&#44; extended resection&#44; pneumonectomy&#44; and reintervention&#46; A non-parametric ROC curve was constructed to estimate the predictive capacity of the model&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 2&#46;569 patients were included&#44; of which 223 &#40;8&#46;9&#37;&#41; had major complications and 49 &#40;22&#37;&#41; could not be rescued&#46; Variables associated with FTR were&#58; age &#40;OR&#58; 1&#46;07&#41;&#44; history of cerebrovascular accident &#40;OR&#58; 3&#46;53&#41;&#44; pneumonectomy &#40;OR&#58; 6&#46;67&#41;&#44; and reintervention &#40;OR&#58; 12&#46;26&#41;&#46; The area under the ROC curve was 0&#46;82 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;77&#8211;0&#46;88&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; 22&#37; of patients with major complications following anatomical lung resection in this series did not survive until discharge&#46; Pneumonectomy and reintervention are the most significant risk factors for FTR&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El fallo en el rescate &#40;FTR&#41; definido como la tasa de fallecimientos entre los pacientes que sufren una complicaci&#243;n postoperatoria&#44; es considerado un indicador de la calidad de los cuidados quir&#250;rgicos&#46; El objetivo de este estudio es investigar los factores de riesgo asociados al FTR despu&#233;s de resecciones pulmonares anat&#243;micas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes sometidos a resecci&#243;n pulmonar anat&#243;mica en nuestro centro entre 1994 y 2018&#46; Las complicaciones postoperatorias se clasificaron en menores &#40;grados I y II&#41; y mayores &#40;grados IIIa a V&#41; seg&#250;n la clasificaci&#243;n estandarizada de morbilidad postoperatoria&#46; Los casos que fallecieron tras una complicaci&#243;n mayor fueron considerados FTR&#46; Se cre&#243; un modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica por pasos para identificar los factores predictores de FTR&#46; Se consideraron variables independientes en el an&#225;lisis multivariante la edad&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; comorbilidad cardiaca&#44; renal&#44; cerebrovascular&#44; VEF1ppo&#37;&#44; abordaje VATS&#44; resecci&#243;n extendida&#44; neumonectom&#237;a y reintervenci&#243;n&#46; Se construy&#243; una curva ROC no param&#233;trica para estimar la capacidad predictiva del modelo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron 2&#46;569 pacientes&#46; En total&#44; 223 casos &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41; tuvieron complicaciones mayores y 49 &#40;22&#37;&#41; no pudieron ser rescatados&#46; Las variables asociadas con FTR fueron&#58; edad &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;07&#41;&#44; antecedente de ACV &#40;OR&#58; 3&#44;53&#41;&#44; neumonectom&#237;a &#40;OR&#58; 6&#44;67&#41; y reintervenci&#243;n &#40;OR&#58; 12&#44;26&#41;&#46; El &#225;rea bajo la curva de la curva ROC fue 0&#44;82 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;77&#8211;0&#44;88&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">22&#37; de los pacientes que presentan complicaciones mayores tras la resecci&#243;n pulmonar anat&#243;mica en esta serie no sobreviven al alta&#46; La neumonectom&#237;a y la reintervenci&#243;n son los factores de riesgo m&#225;s potentes para FTR&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0040"
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; G&#243;mez Hern&#225;ndez MT&#44; Novoa Valent&#237;n N&#44; Fuentes Gago M&#44; Aranda Alcaide JL&#44; Varela Sim&#243; G&#44; Jim&#233;nez L&#243;pez MF&#46; Variables predictivas de muerte en pacientes complicados tras resecci&#243;n pulmonar anat&#243;mica&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2021&#59;57&#58;625&#8211;629&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; ppoFEV1&#37;&#58; predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; VATS&#58; video-assisted thoracoscopy&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sex &#40;male&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2058 &#40;81&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vascular disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;1&#46;83&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Renal failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;2&#46;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Coronary artery disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">380 &#40;15&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Approach &#40;VATS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">480 &#40;19&#46;08&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extended resection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">367 &#40;14&#46;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pneumonectomy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">307 &#40;12&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reintervention&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81 &#40;3&#46;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BMI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ppoFEV1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;076&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;040&#8211;1&#46;113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Coronary artery disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;531&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;440&#8211;8&#46;662&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pneumonectomy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;668&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;638&#8211;12&#46;222&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reintervention&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;257&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;706&#8211;26&#46;332&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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