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"cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Scientific Letter</span>" "titulo" => "Is a mobile application useful for patients with moderate-severe asthma?" 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Antón, Juan Cabasés, Ruth García Rey, Pilar Cebollero Rivas" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Sonia" "apellidos" => "Herrero Martín" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "hm_sonia_2@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Hueto Pérez de Heredia" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Alberto" "apellidos" => "Cuesta Remón" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Marisol" "apellidos" => "Gómez Fernández" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "María M." "apellidos" => "Antón" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juan" "apellidos" => "Cabasés" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ruth" "apellidos" => "García Rey" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Pilar" "apellidos" => "Cebollero Rivas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Navarrabiomed, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "¿Es útil una aplicación móvil para los pacientes con asma moderada-grave?" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Spain, up to 3.9% of patients with severe asthma have uncontrolled disease,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> partly due to poor adherence to self-management plans or treatment (50 %–67%),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> a situation that generates higher costs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Telemedicine has been proposed as a potentially useful tool in asthma management,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> although some associated difficulties could impact on its usefulness in daily clinical practice. The current Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for telemonitoring of patients who, given the situation, cannot attend face-to-face consultations. This approach is convenient, avoids travel, increases healthcare efficiency, and in certain situations is the only solution for patient care.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–11</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We aimed to assess the degree of acceptance and use of a mobile application designed for the follow-up of moderate-severe, uncontrolled asthmatic patients.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2015, in conjunction with the Department of Computer Science of the Universidad Pública de Navarra, we developed an app with two user profiles. The patient’s profile gives access to 3 different tabs:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">□</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Control:</span> recorded daily by the patient using 4 dichotomous questions about symptoms, peak flow value of that day, last reported value of the Asthma Control Test (ACT), and 2 dichotomous questions about treatment administration and the need for rescue medication.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">□</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ACT:</span> completed monthly. Contains the 5 ACT questions.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">□</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Synchronization:</span> an additional, complementary tab for updating and refreshing data, for use only in the case of connection problems.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The doctor’s profile includes another 2 tabs:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">□</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnosis:</span> severity, control, spirometry, personal peak flow, comorbidities, and various questionnaire results recorded at inclusion:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">□</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ACT: self-administered questionnaire to determine degree of asthma control. Consists of 5 questions stratified from 0 to 5 points: poor control is a score ≤ 19 points.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">□</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anxiety and depression: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Self-administered 14-item questionnaire with subscales of 7 items each (anxiety in odd-numbered questions and depression in even-numbered questions). The score in each subscale ranges from 0 to 21. The higher the score, the higher the anxiety and depression. For both subscales, scores above 10 would indicate a “case”, and scores above 7 would be considered a “probable case”.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">□</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Degree of functional dyspnea or hyperventilation (Nijmegen questionnaire): self-administered questionnaire consisting of 16 items scored on a scale from 0 to 4. A score of ≥ 23 suggests a diagnosis of hyperventilation syndrome.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">□</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adherence to asthma treatment: Test of Adherence to Inhalers. Evaluates the degree of therapeutic adherence and identifies patterns of poor adherence (erratic, deliberate, and unconscious). A total of 54 points can be obtained; a score ≤ 45 points is considered poor adherence.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">□</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health-related quality of life: quality of life questionnaire for patients with asthma, short version (Mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire) and EuroQol-5D. In the first, an average modification of 0.5 in the score obtained in each question, each dimension, or in the overall questionnaire is equivalent to “minimally important clinical change”. Differences of about 1.0 represent moderate change and differences > 1.5 represent large changes.</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">□</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Incidence:</span> record of exacerbations and need for additional treatment every 3 months.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every day, the app automatically generates a color-coded control level (green, yellow, and red), and provides personalized instructions for treatment adjustment (at the discretion of the physician). In case of inadequate control (yellow and red), the physician receives an automatic alert and can respond immediately via the app.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between December 2015 and December 2017, we successively enrolled 34 outpatients, aged between 18 and 75 years with a proven diagnosis of uncontrolled moderate or severe asthma (according to GINA-GEMA criteria),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> defined as: ACT ≤ 19 in 2 evaluations performed over a 6-month period and/or ≥ 2 exacerbations during the previous year requiring systemic corticosteroids. The study was approved by the clinical research ethics committee of the hospital. Exclusion criteria were patient with no smartphone, a primary diagnosis other than asthma, and/or the existence of debilitating mental illness. Of the total number of preselected patients, only 5.7% were excluded because they did not have a smartphone. Overall, 73% were women, mean age was 54.9 years, and mean baseline ACT was 16.5 points. The socioeconomic status of patients was not specifically assessed, but residence in rural areas was considered when assessing potential problems with the app or network connectivity, although no significant differences were identified.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty patients (91%) completed the follow-up period of 1 calendar year. They attended face-to-face visits in the Severe Asthma Unit every 3 months and had access to the day hospital. The 4 lost-to-follow-up cases were patients who repeatedly failed to attend the face-to-face visits. Patients with low adherence to app use were not excluded from the analysis.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We measured the degree of satisfaction by means of a specifically designed questionnaire consisting of 6 questions scored from 1 (“strongly disagree”) to 5 (“strongly agree”) points. The mean score was 25.7 out of 30 possible points at 3 months, and was almost 1 point higher (26.5) at the end of the follow-up period. The lowest score was for app/network connectivity (mean 4.07 vs. 3.9 points at 12 months).</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the use of the app, each patient’s input was summarized and the percentage was calculated from the theoretical annual value (365 inputs). Taking into account existing studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,12–14</span></a> 65% or higher was considered good adherence. The overall mean was 70%, sustained over time (76% at 3 months and 68% at 6, 9, and 12 months).</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An association was revealed between adherence (<65% and ≥65%) and age, Nijmegen questionnaire, and anxiety profile on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 805 alerts were generated for poor disease control, 87% of which were automatically resolved via the app itself, while remote medical intervention was necessary in 13%.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the number of visits to the primary care physician, to the emergency department, hospital and ICU admissions, exacerbations, and need for rescue medication were not the primary aim of this study, data from the preceding year were compared with those from the study year. We also collected data for an economic study of both direct and indirect costs, which will improve the quality of the study.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Access to the health system tailored for typical asthma variability is often difficult or impossible to achieve. Results on the effectiveness of telemedicine are inconclusive.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adherence to the app was reliably evaluated over a sufficiently long period, since recording was automatically performed on a daily basis, and changes in use over time could be determined (it only decreased by 8 percentage points between months 3 and 6). The number of patients lost-to-follow-up (11.7%) was acceptable and not due to problems with the app. Satisfaction improved 1 point at completion of follow-up.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found that less adherent patients scored higher on the anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and hyperventilation (Nijmegen) questionnaires, a finding that might aid the identification of individuals who need additional support to improve their use.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 13% of alerts generated during the entire follow-up period required medical intervention. This means that the app can be used in daily clinical practice and public health systems without overburdening resources. In addition, it would restrict face-to-face visits to those patients who really need them, while the remaining patients could be monitored in a daily virtual follow-up, essential in situations such as those experienced in the Covid-19 pandemic.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Grants and grants received: 2015 call for grants from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Fundación Bancaria Caja Navarra</span>, project no. 70504; institutional support from Teva Pharma, S.L.U., and Research Project Grant from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">Basque-Navarre Society of Respiratory Pathology</span> (SVNPAR) 2018.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Herrero Martín S, Hueto Pérez de Heredia J, Cuesta Remón A, Gómez Fernández M, Antón MM, Cabasés J. et al. ¿Es útil una aplicación móvil para los pacientes con asma moderada-grave? Arch Bronconeumol. 2021;57:556–558.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACT: Asthma Control Test; BMI: body mass index; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; HAD: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Mini-AQLQ: Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire; TAI: Test of Adherence to Inhalers.</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or n (%).</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherence < 65% (n = 9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherence ≥ 65% (n = 21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48.1 ± 4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57.8 ± 8.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Women \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Men \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.6 ± 9.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.9 ± 7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ACT</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.5 ± 4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.3 ± 5.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TAI</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48 ± 2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48 ± 3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nijmegen</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.1 ± 11.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.7 ± 6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mini-AQLQ</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.1 ± 1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.9 ± 1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HAD even numbers</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.1 ± 4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.5 ± 3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HAD odd numbers</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.8 ± 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.1 ± 2.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Satisfaction 3 months</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.6 ± 3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.9 ± 2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Satisfaction 12 months</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.4 ± 4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.2 ± 2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GERD</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (55.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (47.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinitis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (78) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2667191.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of variables between groups by app adherence.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Global strategy for asthma management and prevention" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA)" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:2 [ "link" => "http://www.ginasthma.org/local/uploads/_les/GINA-Pocket-2014-Jun11" "fecha" => "2014" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "<a target="_blank" href="http://www.gemasma.com">www.gemasma.com</a>." ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence of uncontrolled severe persistent asthma in pneumology and allergy hospital units in Spain" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "S. 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Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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2024 November | 3 | 3 | 6 |
2024 October | 37 | 39 | 76 |
2024 September | 50 | 29 | 79 |
2024 August | 46 | 30 | 76 |
2024 July | 32 | 29 | 61 |
2024 June | 45 | 32 | 77 |
2024 May | 63 | 28 | 91 |
2024 April | 23 | 15 | 38 |
2024 March | 35 | 15 | 50 |
2024 February | 30 | 20 | 50 |
2024 January | 33 | 22 | 55 |
2023 December | 19 | 27 | 46 |
2023 November | 40 | 24 | 64 |
2023 October | 40 | 22 | 62 |
2023 September | 44 | 33 | 77 |
2023 August | 38 | 36 | 74 |
2023 July | 47 | 24 | 71 |
2023 June | 48 | 19 | 67 |
2023 May | 47 | 19 | 66 |
2023 April | 34 | 24 | 58 |
2023 March | 45 | 21 | 66 |
2023 February | 29 | 11 | 40 |
2023 January | 30 | 41 | 71 |
2022 December | 48 | 32 | 80 |
2022 November | 46 | 30 | 76 |
2022 October | 46 | 36 | 82 |
2022 September | 39 | 41 | 80 |
2022 August | 38 | 33 | 71 |
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2022 June | 31 | 35 | 66 |
2022 May | 32 | 30 | 62 |
2022 April | 34 | 24 | 58 |
2022 March | 57 | 43 | 100 |
2022 February | 21 | 26 | 47 |
2022 January | 1 | 0 | 1 |
2021 July | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2021 June | 2 | 0 | 2 |