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The current Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for telemonitoring of patients who&#44; given the situation&#44; cannot attend face-to-face consultations&#46; This approach is convenient&#44; avoids travel&#44; increases healthcare efficiency&#44; and in certain situations is the only solution for patient care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We aimed to assess the degree of acceptance and use of a mobile application designed for the follow-up of moderate-severe&#44; uncontrolled asthmatic patients&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2015&#44; in conjunction with the Department of Computer Science of the Universidad P&#250;blica de Navarra&#44; we developed an app with two user profiles&#46; The patient&#8217;s profile gives access to 3 different tabs&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Control&#58;</span> recorded daily by the patient using 4 dichotomous questions about symptoms&#44; peak flow value of that day&#44; last reported value of the Asthma Control Test &#40;ACT&#41;&#44; and 2 dichotomous questions about treatment administration and the need for rescue medication&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ACT&#58;</span> completed monthly&#46; Contains the 5 ACT questions&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Synchronization&#58;</span> an additional&#44; complementary tab for updating and refreshing data&#44; for use only in the case of connection problems&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The doctor&#8217;s profile includes another 2 tabs&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnosis&#58;</span> severity&#44; control&#44; spirometry&#44; personal peak flow&#44; comorbidities&#44; and various questionnaire results recorded at inclusion&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ACT&#58; self-administered questionnaire to determine degree of asthma control&#46; Consists of 5 questions stratified from 0 to 5 points&#58; poor control is a score &#8804; 19 points&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anxiety and depression&#58; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale&#46; Self-administered 14-item questionnaire with subscales of 7 items each &#40;anxiety in odd-numbered questions and depression in even-numbered questions&#41;&#46; The score in each subscale ranges from 0 to 21&#46; The higher the score&#44; the higher the anxiety and depression&#46; For both subscales&#44; scores above 10 would indicate a &#8220;case&#8221;&#44; and scores above 7 would be considered a &#8220;probable case&#8221;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Degree of functional dyspnea or hyperventilation &#40;Nijmegen questionnaire&#41;&#58; self-administered questionnaire consisting of 16 items scored on a scale from 0 to 4&#46; A score of &#8805; 23 suggests a diagnosis of hyperventilation syndrome&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adherence to asthma treatment&#58; Test of Adherence to Inhalers&#46; Evaluates the degree of therapeutic adherence and identifies patterns of poor adherence &#40;erratic&#44; deliberate&#44; and unconscious&#41;&#46; A total of 54 points can be obtained&#59; a score &#8804; 45 points is considered poor adherence&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health-related quality of life&#58; quality of life questionnaire for patients with asthma&#44; short version &#40;Mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire&#41; and EuroQol-5D&#46; In the first&#44; an average modification of 0&#46;5 in the score obtained in each question&#44; each dimension&#44; or in the overall questionnaire is equivalent to &#8220;minimally important clinical change&#8221;&#46; Differences of about 1&#46;0 represent moderate change and differences &#62; 1&#46;5 represent large changes&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Incidence&#58;</span> record of exacerbations and need for additional treatment every 3 months&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every day&#44; the app automatically generates a color-coded control level &#40;green&#44; yellow&#44; and red&#41;&#44; and provides personalized instructions for treatment adjustment &#40;at the discretion of the physician&#41;&#46; In case of inadequate control &#40;yellow and red&#41;&#44; the physician receives an automatic alert and can respond immediately via the app&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between December 2015 and December 2017&#44; we successively enrolled 34 outpatients&#44; aged between 18 and 75 years with a proven diagnosis of uncontrolled moderate or severe asthma &#40;according to GINA-GEMA criteria&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> defined as&#58; ACT&#8239;&#8804;&#8239;19 in 2 evaluations performed over a 6-month period and&#47;or &#8805; 2 exacerbations during the previous year requiring systemic corticosteroids&#46; The study was approved by the clinical research ethics committee of the hospital&#46; Exclusion criteria were patient with no smartphone&#44; a primary diagnosis other than asthma&#44; and&#47;or the existence of debilitating mental illness&#46; Of the total number of preselected patients&#44; only 5&#46;7&#37; were excluded because they did not have a smartphone&#46; Overall&#44; 73&#37; were women&#44; mean age was 54&#46;9 years&#44; and mean baseline ACT was 16&#46;5 points&#46; The socioeconomic status of patients was not specifically assessed&#44; but residence in rural areas was considered when assessing potential problems with the app or network connectivity&#44; although no significant differences were identified&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty patients &#40;91&#37;&#41; completed the follow-up period of 1 calendar year&#46; They attended face-to-face visits in the Severe Asthma Unit every 3 months and had access to the day hospital&#46; The 4 lost-to-follow-up cases were patients who repeatedly failed to attend the face-to-face visits&#46; Patients with low adherence to app use were not excluded from the analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We measured the degree of satisfaction by means of a specifically designed questionnaire consisting of 6 questions scored from 1 &#40;&#8220;strongly disagree&#8221;&#41; to 5 &#40;&#8220;strongly agree&#8221;&#41; points&#46; The mean score was 25&#46;7 out of 30 possible points at 3 months&#44; and was almost 1 point higher &#40;26&#46;5&#41; at the end of the follow-up period&#46; The lowest score was for app&#47;network connectivity &#40;mean 4&#46;07 vs&#46; 3&#46;9 points at 12 months&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the use of the app&#44; each patient&#8217;s input was summarized and the percentage was calculated from the theoretical annual value &#40;365 inputs&#41;&#46; Taking into account existing studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;12&#8211;14</span></a> 65&#37; or higher was considered good adherence&#46; The overall mean was 70&#37;&#44; sustained over time &#40;76&#37; at 3 months and 68&#37; at 6&#44; 9&#44; and 12 months&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An association was revealed between adherence &#40;&#60;65&#37; and &#8805;65&#37;&#41; and age&#44; Nijmegen questionnaire&#44; and anxiety profile on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 805 alerts were generated for poor disease control&#44; 87&#37; of which were automatically resolved via the app itself&#44; while remote medical intervention was necessary in 13&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the number of visits to the primary care physician&#44; to the emergency department&#44; hospital and ICU admissions&#44; exacerbations&#44; and need for rescue medication were not the primary aim of this study&#44; data from the preceding year were compared with those from the study year&#46; We also collected data for an economic study of both direct and indirect costs&#44; which will improve the quality of the study&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Access to the health system tailored for typical asthma variability is often difficult or impossible to achieve&#46; Results on the effectiveness of telemedicine are inconclusive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adherence to the app was reliably evaluated over a sufficiently long period&#44; since recording was automatically performed on a daily basis&#44; and changes in use over time could be determined &#40;it only decreased by 8 percentage points between months 3 and 6&#41;&#46; The number of patients lost-to-follow-up &#40;11&#46;7&#37;&#41; was acceptable and not due to problems with the app&#46; Satisfaction improved 1 point at completion of follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found that less adherent patients scored higher on the anxiety &#40;Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale&#41; and hyperventilation &#40;Nijmegen&#41; questionnaires&#44; a finding that might aid the identification of individuals who need additional support to improve their use&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 13&#37; of alerts generated during the entire follow-up period required medical intervention&#46; This means that the app can be used in daily clinical practice and public health systems without overburdening resources&#46; In addition&#44; it would restrict face-to-face visits to those patients who really need them&#44; while the remaining patients could be monitored in a daily virtual follow-up&#44; essential in situations such as those experienced in the Covid-19 pandemic&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Grants and grants received&#58; 2015 call for grants from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Fundaci&#243;n Bancaria Caja Navarra</span>&#44; project no&#46; 70504&#59; institutional support from Teva Pharma&#44; S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;&#44; and Research Project Grant from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">Basque-Navarre Society of Respiratory Pathology</span> &#40;SVNPAR&#41; 2018&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACT&#58; Asthma Control Test&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; GERD&#58; gastroesophageal reflux disease&#59; HAD&#58; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale&#59; Mini-AQLQ&#58; Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire&#59; TAI&#58; Test of Adherence to Inhalers&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The data are expressed as mean&#8239;&#177;&#8239;standard deviation or n &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherence &#60; 65&#37; &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherence &#8805; 65&#37; &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">48&#46;1&#8239;&#177;&#8239;4&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">57&#46;8&#8239;&#177;&#8239;8&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Women&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;5&#8239;&#177;&#8239;4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;3&#8239;&#177;&#8239;5&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;9&#8239;&#177;&#8239;1&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HAD even numbers</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;1&#8239;&#177;&#8239;4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;5&#8239;&#177;&#8239;3&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HAD odd numbers</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;8&#8239;&#177;&#8239;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Scientific Letter
Is a mobile application useful for patients with moderate-severe asthma?
¿Es útil una aplicación móvil para los pacientes con asma moderada-grave?
Sonia Herrero Martína,
Corresponding author
hm_sonia_2@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Javier Hueto Pérez de Herediaa, Alberto Cuesta Remónb, Marisol Gómez Fernándezb, María M. Antónb, Juan Cabasésb, Ruth García Reyc, Pilar Cebollero Rivasa
a Servicio de Neumología, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
b Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
c Navarrabiomed, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Spain&#44; up to 3&#46;9&#37; of patients with severe asthma have uncontrolled disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> partly due to poor adherence to self-management plans or treatment &#40;50 &#37;&#8211;67&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> a situation that generates higher costs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Telemedicine has been proposed as a potentially useful tool in asthma management&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> although some associated difficulties could impact on its usefulness in daily clinical practice&#46; The current Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for telemonitoring of patients who&#44; given the situation&#44; cannot attend face-to-face consultations&#46; This approach is convenient&#44; avoids travel&#44; increases healthcare efficiency&#44; and in certain situations is the only solution for patient care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We aimed to assess the degree of acceptance and use of a mobile application designed for the follow-up of moderate-severe&#44; uncontrolled asthmatic patients&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2015&#44; in conjunction with the Department of Computer Science of the Universidad P&#250;blica de Navarra&#44; we developed an app with two user profiles&#46; The patient&#8217;s profile gives access to 3 different tabs&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Control&#58;</span> recorded daily by the patient using 4 dichotomous questions about symptoms&#44; peak flow value of that day&#44; last reported value of the Asthma Control Test &#40;ACT&#41;&#44; and 2 dichotomous questions about treatment administration and the need for rescue medication&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ACT&#58;</span> completed monthly&#46; Contains the 5 ACT questions&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Synchronization&#58;</span> an additional&#44; complementary tab for updating and refreshing data&#44; for use only in the case of connection problems&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The doctor&#8217;s profile includes another 2 tabs&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnosis&#58;</span> severity&#44; control&#44; spirometry&#44; personal peak flow&#44; comorbidities&#44; and various questionnaire results recorded at inclusion&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ACT&#58; self-administered questionnaire to determine degree of asthma control&#46; Consists of 5 questions stratified from 0 to 5 points&#58; poor control is a score &#8804; 19 points&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anxiety and depression&#58; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale&#46; Self-administered 14-item questionnaire with subscales of 7 items each &#40;anxiety in odd-numbered questions and depression in even-numbered questions&#41;&#46; The score in each subscale ranges from 0 to 21&#46; The higher the score&#44; the higher the anxiety and depression&#46; For both subscales&#44; scores above 10 would indicate a &#8220;case&#8221;&#44; and scores above 7 would be considered a &#8220;probable case&#8221;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Degree of functional dyspnea or hyperventilation &#40;Nijmegen questionnaire&#41;&#58; self-administered questionnaire consisting of 16 items scored on a scale from 0 to 4&#46; A score of &#8805; 23 suggests a diagnosis of hyperventilation syndrome&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adherence to asthma treatment&#58; Test of Adherence to Inhalers&#46; Evaluates the degree of therapeutic adherence and identifies patterns of poor adherence &#40;erratic&#44; deliberate&#44; and unconscious&#41;&#46; A total of 54 points can be obtained&#59; a score &#8804; 45 points is considered poor adherence&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health-related quality of life&#58; quality of life questionnaire for patients with asthma&#44; short version &#40;Mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire&#41; and EuroQol-5D&#46; In the first&#44; an average modification of 0&#46;5 in the score obtained in each question&#44; each dimension&#44; or in the overall questionnaire is equivalent to &#8220;minimally important clinical change&#8221;&#46; Differences of about 1&#46;0 represent moderate change and differences &#62; 1&#46;5 represent large changes&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9633;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Incidence&#58;</span> record of exacerbations and need for additional treatment every 3 months&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every day&#44; the app automatically generates a color-coded control level &#40;green&#44; yellow&#44; and red&#41;&#44; and provides personalized instructions for treatment adjustment &#40;at the discretion of the physician&#41;&#46; In case of inadequate control &#40;yellow and red&#41;&#44; the physician receives an automatic alert and can respond immediately via the app&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between December 2015 and December 2017&#44; we successively enrolled 34 outpatients&#44; aged between 18 and 75 years with a proven diagnosis of uncontrolled moderate or severe asthma &#40;according to GINA-GEMA criteria&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> defined as&#58; ACT&#8239;&#8804;&#8239;19 in 2 evaluations performed over a 6-month period and&#47;or &#8805; 2 exacerbations during the previous year requiring systemic corticosteroids&#46; The study was approved by the clinical research ethics committee of the hospital&#46; Exclusion criteria were patient with no smartphone&#44; a primary diagnosis other than asthma&#44; and&#47;or the existence of debilitating mental illness&#46; Of the total number of preselected patients&#44; only 5&#46;7&#37; were excluded because they did not have a smartphone&#46; Overall&#44; 73&#37; were women&#44; mean age was 54&#46;9 years&#44; and mean baseline ACT was 16&#46;5 points&#46; The socioeconomic status of patients was not specifically assessed&#44; but residence in rural areas was considered when assessing potential problems with the app or network connectivity&#44; although no significant differences were identified&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty patients &#40;91&#37;&#41; completed the follow-up period of 1 calendar year&#46; They attended face-to-face visits in the Severe Asthma Unit every 3 months and had access to the day hospital&#46; The 4 lost-to-follow-up cases were patients who repeatedly failed to attend the face-to-face visits&#46; Patients with low adherence to app use were not excluded from the analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We measured the degree of satisfaction by means of a specifically designed questionnaire consisting of 6 questions scored from 1 &#40;&#8220;strongly disagree&#8221;&#41; to 5 &#40;&#8220;strongly agree&#8221;&#41; points&#46; The mean score was 25&#46;7 out of 30 possible points at 3 months&#44; and was almost 1 point higher &#40;26&#46;5&#41; at the end of the follow-up period&#46; The lowest score was for app&#47;network connectivity &#40;mean 4&#46;07 vs&#46; 3&#46;9 points at 12 months&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the use of the app&#44; each patient&#8217;s input was summarized and the percentage was calculated from the theoretical annual value &#40;365 inputs&#41;&#46; Taking into account existing studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;12&#8211;14</span></a> 65&#37; or higher was considered good adherence&#46; The overall mean was 70&#37;&#44; sustained over time &#40;76&#37; at 3 months and 68&#37; at 6&#44; 9&#44; and 12 months&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An association was revealed between adherence &#40;&#60;65&#37; and &#8805;65&#37;&#41; and age&#44; Nijmegen questionnaire&#44; and anxiety profile on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 805 alerts were generated for poor disease control&#44; 87&#37; of which were automatically resolved via the app itself&#44; while remote medical intervention was necessary in 13&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the number of visits to the primary care physician&#44; to the emergency department&#44; hospital and ICU admissions&#44; exacerbations&#44; and need for rescue medication were not the primary aim of this study&#44; data from the preceding year were compared with those from the study year&#46; We also collected data for an economic study of both direct and indirect costs&#44; which will improve the quality of the study&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Access to the health system tailored for typical asthma variability is often difficult or impossible to achieve&#46; Results on the effectiveness of telemedicine are inconclusive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adherence to the app was reliably evaluated over a sufficiently long period&#44; since recording was automatically performed on a daily basis&#44; and changes in use over time could be determined &#40;it only decreased by 8 percentage points between months 3 and 6&#41;&#46; The number of patients lost-to-follow-up &#40;11&#46;7&#37;&#41; was acceptable and not due to problems with the app&#46; Satisfaction improved 1 point at completion of follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found that less adherent patients scored higher on the anxiety &#40;Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale&#41; and hyperventilation &#40;Nijmegen&#41; questionnaires&#44; a finding that might aid the identification of individuals who need additional support to improve their use&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 13&#37; of alerts generated during the entire follow-up period required medical intervention&#46; This means that the app can be used in daily clinical practice and public health systems without overburdening resources&#46; In addition&#44; it would restrict face-to-face visits to those patients who really need them&#44; while the remaining patients could be monitored in a daily virtual follow-up&#44; essential in situations such as those experienced in the Covid-19 pandemic&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Grants and grants received&#58; 2015 call for grants from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Fundaci&#243;n Bancaria Caja Navarra</span>&#44; project no&#46; 70504&#59; institutional support from Teva Pharma&#44; S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;&#44; and Research Project Grant from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">Basque-Navarre Society of Respiratory Pathology</span> &#40;SVNPAR&#41; 2018&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Herrero Mart&#237;n S&#44; Hueto P&#233;rez de Heredia J&#44; Cuesta Rem&#243;n A&#44; G&#243;mez Fern&#225;ndez M&#44; Ant&#243;n MM&#44; Cabas&#233;s J&#46; et al&#46; &#191;Es &#250;til una aplicaci&#243;n m&#243;vil para los pacientes con asma moderada-grave&#63; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2021&#59;57&#58;556&#8211;558&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACT&#58; Asthma Control Test&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; GERD&#58; gastroesophageal reflux disease&#59; HAD&#58; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale&#59; Mini-AQLQ&#58; Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire&#59; TAI&#58; Test of Adherence to Inhalers&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The data are expressed as mean&#8239;&#177;&#8239;standard deviation or n &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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