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(B) Diaphragm in zone of apposition with linear transducer and measurement of thickness in maximum expiration. (C) Diaphragm in zone of apposition with linear transducer and measurement of thickness in minimum expiration. (B and C) For calculation of preoperative shortening fraction.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Samuel Pecho-Silva, Ana Claudia Navarro-Solsol" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Samuel" "apellidos" => "Pecho-Silva" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Claudia" "apellidos" => "Navarro-Solsol" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S030028962030168X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2020.05.014" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S030028962030168X?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212920302664?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/15792129/0000005600000011/v1_202011120627/S1579212920302664/v1_202011120627/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "Dual Antibiotic Therapy for Outpatient Management of Community-acquired Pneumonia?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Editor:" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "765" "paginaFinal" => "766" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Carles Llor, Ana Moragas, Kristin Vevatne" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Carles" "apellidos" => "Llor" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "carles.llor@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Moragas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Kristin" "apellidos" => "Vevatne" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University Institute in Primary Care Research Jordi Gol, Via Roma Health Centre, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Family doctor and associate professor, University Rovira i Virgili, Jaume I Health Centre, Tarragona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "¿Tratamiento antibiótico dual en el manejo ambulatorio de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad?" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the updated 2020 guideline on community-acquired pneumonia, Menéndez et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> still consider dual antibiotic therapy in all patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and also for outpatients. Recommendations for CAP therapy should be different, depending on whether patients require hospitalisation, are admitted to intensive units or are treated as outpatients. In line with the different recommendations published in other European countries, Spanish guidelines in primary care recommend beta-lactam therapy in monotherapy as empirical treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite citing articles highlighting the little beneficial effect of macrolides in the treatment of outpatients with CAP, Menéndez et al. conclude that in the absence of randomised clinical trials and based on clinical evidence from observational studies, the combination of a macrolide and a beta-lactam should constitute the empirical outpatient treatment regimen in patients with CAP or consider the administration of a quinolone in monotherapy. However, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis published by Horita et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> showed based on mostly observational studies that, compared with beta-lactam monotherapy, combination therapy with a beta-lactam plus macrolide may decrease all-cause mortality only in severe CAP, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.75 (95% CI, 0.65–0.86), but not in mild to moderate CAP (OR 1.12, 95% CI, 0.87–1.45). However, this pooled OR for mild to moderate CAP comes from only three studies: two randomised clinical trials with patients with a median pneumonia severity index of 3 and one observational study (outpatients with a low severity, with a median CRB65 of 1). No randomised clinical trials comparing beta-lactam with a combination of beta-lactam and macrolides have been published in primary care. Extrapolation of the results of the group of mild to moderate CAP from this meta-analysis to patients managed in primary care might, therefore, not be straightforward. However, this is currently the only information available from patients with lower CAP severity. The authors of this meta-analysis also found significantly more adverse events in the group receiving a combination of antibiotics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between two-thirds and 80% of patients with CAP are treated as outpatients, with a low therapeutic failure and a mortality rate of less than 1%, both in patients discharged from the emergency department or directly assessed in the primary care setting.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> There is compelling evidence that increasing consumption of antibiotics is associated with the development of antibiotic resistance, both at the individual and the community level, and increases the likelihood of adverse events, as shown in the previous meta-analysis. Therefore, prudent antibiotic stewardship strategies, aiming to ensure the judicious use of antimicrobials by preventing their unnecessary use, should be encouraged. In addition, in the absence of a superiority of broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens, narrowing the spectrum of coverage of empirical treatments as well as shortening the duration of therapies are preferable to reduce the emergence of resistance and adverse effects.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We agree with the authors that more high quality randomised clinical trials comparing beta-lactam monotherapy with dual antibiotic regimens should be carried out in primary care. However, recommendations should be based on high quality clinical studies, not on observational analyses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The few randomised clinical trials published so far do not show a clear benefit of adding macrolides to beta-lactams for the treatment of mild to moderate CAP. Therefore, we propose further studies in ambulatory CAP that allow us to reaffirm our idea that beta-lactam monotherapy should be the first line in outpatients and reserve respiratory fluoroquinolone or the combination of a macrolide and a beta-lactam if there is a documented allergy to β lactams (in this case use of fluoroquinolone), presence of significant comorbidities, therapeutic failure, or in areas with high suspicion of prevalence of highly resistant pneumococci. All this in order to reduce the antibiotic spectrum and therefore the risk of generating resistance.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Normativa de la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR). Actualización 2020 de las normativas de la SEPAR sobre las neumonías" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Menéndez" 1 => "C. Cilloniz" 2 => "P.P. España" 3 => "J. Almirall" 4 => "A. Uranga" 5 => "R. Méndez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2020.05.017" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "56" "numero" => "Suppl. 1" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "10" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32586707" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Guía de Terapéutica Antimicrobiana del Área Aljarafe. 3ª edición, Sevilla" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Fernández Urrusuno" 1 => "Grupo de Trabajo de la Guía" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2018" "editorial" => "Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte y Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Beta-lactam plus macrolides or beta-lactam alone for community acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N. Horita" 1 => "T. Otska" 2 => "S. Haranaga" 3 => "H. Namkoong" 4 => "M. Miki" 5 => "N. Miyashita" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/resp.12835" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respirology" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "1193" "paginaFinal" => "1200" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27338144" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0732889316302607" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "07328893" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Outpatient management of community-acquired pneumonia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "F. Froes" 1 => "J.G. Pereira" 2 => "P. Póvoa" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/MCP.0000000000000558" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Pulm Med" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "249" "paginaFinal" => "256" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30585861" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "What is “quality of evidence” and why is it important to clinicians?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "G.H. Guyatt" 1 => "A.D. Oxman" 2 => "R. Kunz" 3 => "G.E. Vist" 4 => "Y. Falck-Ytter" 5 => "H.J. Schunemann" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.39490.551019.BE" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMJ" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "336" "paginaInicial" => "995" "paginaFinal" => "998" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18456631" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/15792129/0000005600000011/v1_202011120627/S1579212920302949/v1_202011120627/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "45358" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15792129/0000005600000011/v1_202011120627/S1579212920302949/v1_202011120627/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212920302949?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ]
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