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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Montgomery T-tube &#40;hereinafter referred to as &#8220;T-tube&#8221;&#41; is a treatment option for tracheal stenosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The indications for T-tube placement are typically temporary preoperative airway support&#44; postoperative surgical reconstruction&#44; or as an alternative method in case of surgical failure &#40;restenosis or nonunion of anastomosis after surgery&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However&#44; this approach has become an option for patients with benign airway stenosis who are unsuitable or unwilling to undergo surgery&#44; as T-tube placement involves less trauma&#44; is lower risk&#44; is well-tolerated&#44; and allows surgical intervention in cases of failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> During T-tube insertion&#44; the airway must be shared by a respiratory interventional physician and anesthesiologist&#44; and the use of various modes of mechanical ventilation can complicate anesthetic management&#46; There are few reports regarding anesthetic management during T-tube insertion in patients with complete tracheal stenosis &#40;Myer-Cotton grade 4&#58; occlusion&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> We describe 5 cases of T-tube insertion via rigid bronchoscopy &#40;RB&#41; under general anesthesia with subglottic complete stenosis &#40;Myer-Cotton grade 4&#41; and discuss their anesthetic management&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients provided written informed consent and the use of clinical data was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University &#40;JS2013-007-02&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the characteristics of the patients&#46; All five patients refused to undergo surgery and chose T-tube placement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After intravenous administration of midazolam 0&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg and sufentanil 0&#46;1&#8211;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#44; the metal tracheotomy tube was replaced with a 7&#35; disposable plastic cuffed tube connected to a Bain&#39;s circuit and attached to a capnometer sampler&#46; Anesthesia was induced with sufentanil 0&#46;1&#8211;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#44; etomidate 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#44; and cisatracurium 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg IV&#44; maintained with propofol 4&#46;5&#8211;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;h&#44; remifentanil 0&#46;10&#8211;0&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;min&#44; sufentanil and cisatracurium as required&#46; BIS was maintained 40&#8211;60 during operation&#46; After induction of anesthesia&#44; an RB was placed&#46; In cases 2&#8211;5&#44; the guide wire passed through the stenosis via RB&#46; Balloon dilators were inserted along the wire to the stenosis segment&#44; and then dilatations were performed&#46; In Case 1&#44; the guide wire was unable to pass through the stenosis via RB because of occlusion&#46; After removal of the tracheotomy tube&#44; the jugular vein needle was passed retrograde from the tracheotomy hole through the stenosis toward the cephalad direction&#46; The guide wire was then placed through the needle&#46; During this process&#44; if SPO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> fell to 85&#37;&#44; the needle was removed and the tracheotomy tube was applied for ventilation until SPO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> returned to 100&#37;&#46; After the guide wire could be observed via RB&#44; the needle was removed&#59; then&#44; the balloon dilator&#44; electro cauterizer&#44; and forceps were inserted via RB along the wire to relieve stenosis&#46; The balloon dilator &#40;No&#46; 5842&#44; Boston Scientific&#44; diameter 12&#8211;13&#46;5&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; was selected&#44; and the corresponding pressure was 3&#8211;5&#46;5&#8211;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>atm&#46; The times and duration of expansions generally depended on each patient&#39;s circumstances&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After relieving stenosis&#44; the tracheotomy tube was removed&#59; the RB&#44; which was connected to a high-frequency ventilator &#40;HFV&#41;&#44; was then pushed to the tracheotomy hole&#46; The T-tube was inserted through the tracheotomy hole and placed with the assistance of forceps passing through the RB&#46; The horizontal extraluminal limb of the T-tube was connected to a Bain&#39;s circuit through a 7&#35; tracheal tube connector for mechanical ventilation&#46; The RB was removed&#44; and a laryngeal mask &#40;LMA&#41; was placed for mechanical ventilation after closure of the horizontal limb of the T-tube&#46; When EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> reached &#60;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and the patient had attained consciousness with spontaneous breathing&#44; the LMA was removed&#46; During surgery&#44; dexamethasone 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg was used to prevent airway edema&#59; in the recovery room&#44; neither intravenous corticosteroids nor other inhaled therapies were used&#59; in the ward&#44; intravenous antibiotics were administered to prevent infection&#44; and neither corticosteroids nor mitomycin were routinely used postoperatively to prevent recurrence&#46; All patients&#8217; procedures were successful&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are many challenges associated with anesthesia during T-tube implantation&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respiratory management&#58; The primary concern is the selection of a respiratory management method that can both facilitate operation and ensure patient safety&#46; Different teams have reported different methods&#46; Chonchubhair et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> reported that before T-tube implantation&#44; they allowed restoration of spontaneous breathing and then planted a piece of elastic colloid bougie along the endotracheal tube and protruded it through the tracheotomy orifice&#46; The bougie was then dragged forcibly to bring the T-tube into the trachea&#46; A tracheal tube for mechanical ventilation was then inserted into the T-tube&#46; The disadvantage of this method was that it did not guarantee safety of the airway during T-tube placement&#59; it increased airway resistance induced by a lesser endotracheal tube&#46; Other studies have proposed several improvements&#46; Sichel et al&#46; used nasogastric tubes inserted into the T-tube for ventilation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#59; Guha et al&#46; placed an LMA before placement of the T-tube&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Uchiyama et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> used an extension corrugated tube and a carlens &#40;Y&#41; adapter connected to the LMA with one terminal and the horizontal limb of T-tube with the other for ventilation alternately during T-tube implantation&#46; However&#44; these approaches did not involve patients with complete or almost complete closure&#46; To facilitate the use of electrocauterization&#44; balloon dilators or forceps&#44; the interventional physician chose RB for our patients&#46; During elimination of subglottic stenosis&#44; a tracheotomy tube was used for ventilation&#46; During T-tube implantation&#44; the HFV attached to the RB was used to guarantee oxygen supply&#46; When the T-tube was placed&#44; its extraluminal limb was connected to a Bain&#39;s circuit through 7&#35; tracheal tube connector for ventilation&#46; After the RB was removed&#44; the extraluminal limb of the T-tube was closed and an LMA was placed for ventilation&#46; The LMA was removed after patients attained spontaneous breathing and conditions for tracheal extubation were satisfied&#46; No hypoxia or airway obstruction occurred&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anesthetic method&#58; In previous reports&#44; T-tube implantation was performed with spontaneous breathing or mechanical ventilation under different anesthetic methods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10</span></a> Although there are a few studies describing successful T-tube insertion while retaining spontaneous breathing&#44; the obvious cough reflex and vigorous involuntary movements may complicate T-tube insertion and necessitate administration of muscle relaxants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> We chose RB because of its advantages&#44; such as airway control and provision for HFV&#44; which can help avoid hypoxemia&#44; and availability of operation channels convenient for using forceps to assist placement of T-tube&#46; During this period&#44; the stimulation caused by RB is sufficiently serious that it cannot be suppressed by sedation with topical anesthesia&#44; and the patients&#8217; obvious cough reflex and vigorous involuntary movements must be avoided&#44; as they may complicate T-tube insertion&#46; As the airway was open&#44; we chose total intravenous anesthesia &#40;TIVA&#41;&#44; including muscle relaxants&#44; instead of sedation and topical anesthesia&#46; Based on observations from clinical practice&#44; during T-tube insertion for tracheotomy patients with severe or complete subglottic stenosis&#44; TIVA can help maintain an appropriate depth of anesthesia while avoiding intraoperative awareness and severe fluctuations of vital parameters&#44; facilitate RB for HFV&#44; and provide good operative conditions and avoid coughing&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The five patients all had stable vital parameters&#44; depth of anesthesia&#44; and no hypoxemia&#46; This proves that during T-tube insertion for subglottic complete stenosis&#44; TIVA can ensure anesthesia depth&#44; and controlled ventilation or HFV by the tracheotomy tube&#44; RB&#44; T-tube&#44; and LMA on demand can ensure oxygen supply&#46; Thus&#44; this approach is safe and effective&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by a grant from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Basic-Clinical Medicine &#40;Tiantan project&#41; Cooperation Fund of Capital Medical University</span> &#91;Grant number&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">17JL&#40;TTZX&#41;06</span>&#93;&#44; Beijing&#44; China&#46; The funding agency had no role in the study design&#44; the collection&#44; analysis&#44; or interpretation of data&#44; the writing of the report&#44; or the decision to submit the article for publication&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age &#40;y&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Weight &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cause&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Traffic accident&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pancreatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neck injury&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bilateral thyroidectomy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Traffic accident&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duration of endotracheal tube &#40;d&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duration of tracheotomy &#40;d&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">150&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">535&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prior airway surgeries&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Electrocoagulation and balloon dilation three times&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T tube implantation was attempted and failed twice&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Electrocoagulation three times&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Electrocoagulation and balloon dilation two times&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Able to pronounce&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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