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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 24-year-old man with sickle cell disease was admitted to our emergency department due to high fever &#40;39&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; and bilateral pleuritic chest pain that had started 5 days previously&#46; He had been admitted two times in the previous month due to pain crisis and respiratory symptoms&#46; At that time&#44; a chest X-ray showed a consolidation in the left lower lobe&#44; and bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed&#46; Pulmonary auscultation revealed decreased breath sounds over the lower lung fields&#46; Laboratory tests showed mild leukocytosis &#40;white cell count&#44; 14&#44;100&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; with 64&#37; neutrophils&#44; anemia &#40;hemoglobin level&#44; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#41;&#44; thrombocytosis &#40;790&#44;000 platelets&#41;&#44; and elevated C-reactive protein &#40;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#41; and lactate dehydrogenase levels &#40;482<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#41;&#46; The patient underwent chest computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; angiography&#44; which demonstrated bilateral pulmonary opacities associated with ground-glass attenuation over the lower lung fields &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41; and mild pleural effusion on the right side&#46; Pulmonary thromboembolism was ruled out &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; Two blood culture sets were negative and bronchoscopy was performed&#59; cultures &#40;bacterial and fungal&#41; and GeneXpert results from bronchoalveolar lavage were negative&#46; The patient was diagnosed with acute chest syndrome &#40;ACS&#41; and was treated successfully with blood transfusion&#44; aggressive crystalloid hydration&#44; analgesia&#44; and antibiotic therapy with ampicillin plus sulbactam&#46; His laboratory test values improved to normal and he was discharged from the hospital 7 days after initial treatment with an oral hydroxyurea prescription&#46; One month after discharge&#44; the patient underwent chest CT&#44; which showed complete resolution of the pulmonary opacities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; CT also showed characteristic findings of sickle cell disease&#44; such as a small and calcified spleen and H-shaped vertebral bodies secondary to bone infarction of the central endplates &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41;&#46; The final diagnosis of the condition leading to the patient&#39;s hospitalization was ACS&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ACS in patients with sickle cell disease is defined as an acute illness characterized by fever and&#47;or respiratory symptoms &#40;chest pain&#44; dyspnea&#44; or tachypnea&#41;&#44; accompanied by the appearance of new pulmonary opacities on imaging examinations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> This condition is most commonly associated with homozygous sickle cell disease and rarely with heterozygous sickle cell disease<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> ACS is the leading cause of hospitalization and death among patients with sickle cell disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> An exceedingly rare&#44; yet often fatal&#44; complication of ACS is rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Three major underlying mechanisms of ACS have been proposed&#46; Infection with an excessive inflammatory response to lung injury is the most frequent cause&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> Infectious agents associated with ACS in children&#44; in decreasing order of frequency&#44; include viruses&#44; mycoplasma&#44; chlamydia&#44; and bacteria &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus&#44; Streptococcus pneumoniae</span>&#44; and others&#41;&#46; Fungal infections are uncommon&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Another proposed mechanism is that the sickled cells cause vascular occlusion and pulmonary infarction&#46; Lastly&#44; fat embolism syndrome may occur as a result of contents released during marrow necrosis&#44; which eventually lodge in the lung and cause pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The most frequent pulmonary imaging finding is consolidation&#44; frequently affecting the lower lobe &#40;right more often than left&#41; in adult patients and the middle lobe in pediatric patients&#46; In addition&#44; pleural effusion is equally common in both age groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Ground-glass opacities occur less frequently and can have a more homogeneous distribution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Extrapulmonary findings are more prominent in adult patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The differential diagnosis may be challenging because ACS may clinically and radiologically mimic other conditions&#44; such as pneumonia&#44; pulmonary edema&#44; transfusion-related acute lung injury&#44; pulmonary infarction&#44; and atelectasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> To diminish the vicious cycle of sickle cell hemoglobin polymerization and sickling of erythrocytes&#44; the standard treatment is based on hydration and blood transfusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;7</span></a> The other critical treatment component is antibiotic therapy&#44; as infection is a potential ACS trigger&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;8</span></a> The correct identification of ACS using clinical and radiological data and its proper treatment are very important&#44; as the rate of mortality due to this syndrome is estimated to be 10&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a></p></span>"
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Scientific letter
Acute Chest Syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease
Síndrome torácico agudo en la anemia de células falciformes
Gabriel Madeira Werberich, Miriam Menna Barreto, Edson Marchiori
Corresponding author
edmarchiori@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 24-year-old man with sickle cell disease was admitted to our emergency department due to high fever &#40;39&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; and bilateral pleuritic chest pain that had started 5 days previously&#46; He had been admitted two times in the previous month due to pain crisis and respiratory symptoms&#46; At that time&#44; a chest X-ray showed a consolidation in the left lower lobe&#44; and bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed&#46; Pulmonary auscultation revealed decreased breath sounds over the lower lung fields&#46; Laboratory tests showed mild leukocytosis &#40;white cell count&#44; 14&#44;100&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; with 64&#37; neutrophils&#44; anemia &#40;hemoglobin level&#44; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#41;&#44; thrombocytosis &#40;790&#44;000 platelets&#41;&#44; and elevated C-reactive protein &#40;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#41; and lactate dehydrogenase levels &#40;482<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#41;&#46; The patient underwent chest computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; angiography&#44; which demonstrated bilateral pulmonary opacities associated with ground-glass attenuation over the lower lung fields &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41; and mild pleural effusion on the right side&#46; Pulmonary thromboembolism was ruled out &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; Two blood culture sets were negative and bronchoscopy was performed&#59; cultures &#40;bacterial and fungal&#41; and GeneXpert results from bronchoalveolar lavage were negative&#46; The patient was diagnosed with acute chest syndrome &#40;ACS&#41; and was treated successfully with blood transfusion&#44; aggressive crystalloid hydration&#44; analgesia&#44; and antibiotic therapy with ampicillin plus sulbactam&#46; His laboratory test values improved to normal and he was discharged from the hospital 7 days after initial treatment with an oral hydroxyurea prescription&#46; One month after discharge&#44; the patient underwent chest CT&#44; which showed complete resolution of the pulmonary opacities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; CT also showed characteristic findings of sickle cell disease&#44; such as a small and calcified spleen and H-shaped vertebral bodies secondary to bone infarction of the central endplates &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41;&#46; The final diagnosis of the condition leading to the patient&#39;s hospitalization was ACS&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ACS in patients with sickle cell disease is defined as an acute illness characterized by fever and&#47;or respiratory symptoms &#40;chest pain&#44; dyspnea&#44; or tachypnea&#41;&#44; accompanied by the appearance of new pulmonary opacities on imaging examinations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> This condition is most commonly associated with homozygous sickle cell disease and rarely with heterozygous sickle cell disease<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> ACS is the leading cause of hospitalization and death among patients with sickle cell disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> An exceedingly rare&#44; yet often fatal&#44; complication of ACS is rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Three major underlying mechanisms of ACS have been proposed&#46; Infection with an excessive inflammatory response to lung injury is the most frequent cause&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> Infectious agents associated with ACS in children&#44; in decreasing order of frequency&#44; include viruses&#44; mycoplasma&#44; chlamydia&#44; and bacteria &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus&#44; Streptococcus pneumoniae</span>&#44; and others&#41;&#46; Fungal infections are uncommon&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Another proposed mechanism is that the sickled cells cause vascular occlusion and pulmonary infarction&#46; Lastly&#44; fat embolism syndrome may occur as a result of contents released during marrow necrosis&#44; which eventually lodge in the lung and cause pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The most frequent pulmonary imaging finding is consolidation&#44; frequently affecting the lower lobe &#40;right more often than left&#41; in adult patients and the middle lobe in pediatric patients&#46; In addition&#44; pleural effusion is equally common in both age groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Ground-glass opacities occur less frequently and can have a more homogeneous distribution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Extrapulmonary findings are more prominent in adult patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The differential diagnosis may be challenging because ACS may clinically and radiologically mimic other conditions&#44; such as pneumonia&#44; pulmonary edema&#44; transfusion-related acute lung injury&#44; pulmonary infarction&#44; and atelectasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> To diminish the vicious cycle of sickle cell hemoglobin polymerization and sickling of erythrocytes&#44; the standard treatment is based on hydration and blood transfusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;7</span></a> The other critical treatment component is antibiotic therapy&#44; as infection is a potential ACS trigger&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;8</span></a> The correct identification of ACS using clinical and radiological data and its proper treatment are very important&#44; as the rate of mortality due to this syndrome is estimated to be 10&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a></p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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