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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inflammatory bowel disease &#40;IBD&#41; is a chronic disease of unknown etiology represented by 2 predominant forms&#58; ulcerative colitis and Crohn&#8217;s disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Extraintestinal manifestations occur in 21&#37;&#8211;47&#37; of patients with IBD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> some of which are well defined and parallel the course of the intestinal disease&#46; Pulmonary involvement&#44; however&#44; presents a heterogeneous time frame that makes it difficult to recognize as a symptom associated with bowel disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> IBD is associated with respiratory disease in up to 40&#37; of patients and bronchiectasis is the most common disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Although systemic corticosteroids tend to improve respiratory symptoms in these patients&#44; especially cough&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> response to this treatment is erratic in the case of bronchiectasis&#44; requiring additional therapeutic strategies to adequately control symptoms&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Here we report the case of a 52-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis and bronchiectasis who had resolution of her respiratory symptoms after control of the IBD with tofacitinib&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient&#44; an ex-smoker for 27 years&#44; had been diagnosed with extensive ulcerative colitis in 2011&#46; Her initial treatment history showed failure of thiopurines and 2 anti-tumor necrosis agents &#40;infliximab and golimumab&#41;&#44; and corticosteroid dependence&#46; In April 2016&#44; treatment was started with vedolizumab &#40;anti-integrin &#945;4&#946;7&#41; with initial partial response&#44; which gradually improved&#46; After 18 months &#40;October 2017&#41;&#44; vedolizumab treatment was intensified due to clinical worsening of the colitis&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was asymptomatic from a respiratory point of view until October 2017&#44; when she began to experience cough and expectoration&#46; High-resolution chest computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; revealed the presence of cylindrical bronchiectasis in the left lower lobe &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; No potentially pathogenic microorganisms were isolated in sputum cultures&#46; From a functional point of view&#44; spirometry showed a moderate-to-severe obstructive pattern &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> 1&#46;81&#8239;L &#91;59&#37;&#93;&#59; FVC 3&#46;09&#8239;L &#91;77&#37;&#93;&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC&#58; 0&#46;59&#41;&#46; In January 2018&#44; she was assessed at the bronchiectasis clinic&#58; the patient reported purulent expectoration of approximately 40 cc per day and had required 4 courses of antibiotics since October 2017&#46; Accordingly&#44; treatment was started with inhaled bronchodilators &#40;ipratropium bromide and salbutamol&#41; and hypertonic saline 6&#37; to facilitate expectoration of secretions&#46; One month after treatment initiation &#40;February 2018&#41;&#44; due to the persistence of purulent expectoration&#8212;albeit to a lesser extent than prior to the use of hypertonic saline&#8212;nebulized ampicillin was added in order to keep the patient free from exacerbations&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In April 2018&#44; following evidence of clinical deterioration and persistence of moderate endoscopic colitis activity&#44; compassionate use of tofacitinib was requested&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In July 2018 &#40;6 months after the start of nebulized treatment and after 3 months on tofacitinib&#41;&#44; the patient did not report expectoration or further exacerbations&#46; In view of this clinical improvement&#44; she decided to discontinue treatment of the respiratory disease&#44; remaining completely asymptomatic until her last check-up &#40;May 2019&#41;&#46; In terms of gastrointestinal symptoms&#44; the patient has been in clinical remission since commencing tofacitinib&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Extraintestinal manifestations of IBD can affect all organs of the human body and are most often associated with Crohn&#8217;s disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In turn&#44; they may be the result of the IBD inflammatory process or have a non-specific origin&#44; which means that they do not always respond to treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common respiratory manifestations are due to involvement of the central airways&#44; bronchi and interstitium&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and bronchiectasis is the most commonly associated respiratory disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Patients with IBD have been shown to develop more respiratory symptoms than the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Although the etiology of this association is unknown&#44; it could be due to the common embryonic origin of the respiratory and intestinal mucosa and their response to different antigens&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As evidenced in previous studies&#44; the onset of respiratory symptoms differs widely among patients&#58; it may occur prior to&#44; concomitant to&#44; or after the detection of IBD&#44; and even after it is inactivated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In our case&#44; the patient&#39;s lung disease started simultaneously with an intestinal flare-up&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; patients present symptoms such as cough with purulent expectoration that does not respond to antibiotic treatment&#46; Sputum cultures do not usually provide clinically relevant data&#44; as in our case&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no solid scientific evidence of the effectiveness of the pharmacological or surgical treatment of IBD in the progression of respiratory disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> There is one case report of a patient diagnosed with ulcerative colitis who developed bronchiectasis after surgical treatment of the underlying disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> which could support the theory of the aforementioned common embryonic origin&#46; The only drug with which improvement of the respiratory disease has been described &#40;in clinical cases only&#41; is infliximab&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tofacitinib&#44; an oral JAK 1&#8211;3 inhibitor&#44; was approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis in adults in 2018&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> so in our case &#40;2017&#41;&#44; we had to apply for compassionate use&#46; Its major advantage with respect to infliximab is its posology&#44; since the latter requires intravenous administration&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of treatment&#44; disease-modifying anti-IBD drugs &#40;DMAID&#41; are not recommended for the specific management of respiratory involvement&#46; Oral and inhaled corticosteroids remain the treatment of choice for respiratory manifestations&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and should be maintained until symptomatic and functional improvement&#46; In our case&#44; since the patient presented simultaneous onset to the intestinal flare-up&#44; coupled with the need for several courses of antibiotics due to superimposed infection of the bronchiectasis&#44; we decided to initiate treatment with hypertonic saline instead of corticosteroids&#44; hoping for good control&#44; after stabilization of the intestinal flare-up&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As we can see&#44; there is no evidence that the use of DMAIDs improves respiratory symptoms&#46; We present the first case in which the use of tofacitinib resulted in complete resolution of respiratory symptoms in a patient with a history of ulcerative colitis&#46; In view of the clear improvement&#44; the patient decided to discontinue inhaled therapy and remained with adequate control of both the respiratory and intestinal disease&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; studies with greater scientific evidence are needed to identify the relationship between the treatment of IBD with tofacitinib and the improvement in respiratory manifestations such as bronchiectasis&#44; which greatly affects quality of life in these patients&#46; It is important to raise awareness of the association of these diseases to improve their detection and enable early and appropriate multidisciplinary management&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Le&#243;n-Rom&#225;n FX&#44; et al&#46; Colitis ulcerosa y bronquiectasias&#58; &#191;el tratamiento con tofacitinib podr&#237;a repercutir en los s&#237;ntomas respiratorios&#63; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2020&#59;56&#58;176&#8211;178&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Axial CT slice in pulmonary window showing micronodular opacities with tree-in-bud distribution in the lateral segment of the middle lobe&#44; consistent with infectious airway involvement&#46; &#40;b&#41; Sagittal CT reconstruction in pulmonary window showing peripheral opacity of infectious appearance in the left lower lung associated with bronchiectasis&#46; &#40;c&#41; Axial contrast-enhanced CT scan of the pelvis in soft tissue window&#44; showing sigmoid colon wall thickening and submucosal edema of chronic appearance&#44; related with the patient&#8217;s inflammatory bowel manifestation&#46;</p>"
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Scientific Letter
Ulcerative Colitis and Bronchiectasis: Can Treatment with Tofacitinib Have an Impact on Respiratory Symptoms?
Colitis ulcerosa y bronquiectasias: ¿el tratamiento con tofacitinib podría repercutir en los síntomas respiratorios?
Francisco Xavier León-Romána,
Corresponding author
pancholeonr@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Francisco Mesonero-Gismerob, Beatriz Pintado-Corta, Alfonso López-Frías López-Juradoc, Luis Máiz-Carroa, Luis Gorospe-Sarasúac, Edwin Mercedes-Noboaa, Joaquín Asensio-Sánchezd, Antonio López-San Románb, Rosa Nieto-Royoa
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Medicina de Familia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inflammatory bowel disease &#40;IBD&#41; is a chronic disease of unknown etiology represented by 2 predominant forms&#58; ulcerative colitis and Crohn&#8217;s disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Extraintestinal manifestations occur in 21&#37;&#8211;47&#37; of patients with IBD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> some of which are well defined and parallel the course of the intestinal disease&#46; Pulmonary involvement&#44; however&#44; presents a heterogeneous time frame that makes it difficult to recognize as a symptom associated with bowel disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> IBD is associated with respiratory disease in up to 40&#37; of patients and bronchiectasis is the most common disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Although systemic corticosteroids tend to improve respiratory symptoms in these patients&#44; especially cough&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> response to this treatment is erratic in the case of bronchiectasis&#44; requiring additional therapeutic strategies to adequately control symptoms&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Here we report the case of a 52-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis and bronchiectasis who had resolution of her respiratory symptoms after control of the IBD with tofacitinib&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient&#44; an ex-smoker for 27 years&#44; had been diagnosed with extensive ulcerative colitis in 2011&#46; Her initial treatment history showed failure of thiopurines and 2 anti-tumor necrosis agents &#40;infliximab and golimumab&#41;&#44; and corticosteroid dependence&#46; In April 2016&#44; treatment was started with vedolizumab &#40;anti-integrin &#945;4&#946;7&#41; with initial partial response&#44; which gradually improved&#46; After 18 months &#40;October 2017&#41;&#44; vedolizumab treatment was intensified due to clinical worsening of the colitis&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was asymptomatic from a respiratory point of view until October 2017&#44; when she began to experience cough and expectoration&#46; High-resolution chest computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; revealed the presence of cylindrical bronchiectasis in the left lower lobe &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; No potentially pathogenic microorganisms were isolated in sputum cultures&#46; From a functional point of view&#44; spirometry showed a moderate-to-severe obstructive pattern &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> 1&#46;81&#8239;L &#91;59&#37;&#93;&#59; FVC 3&#46;09&#8239;L &#91;77&#37;&#93;&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC&#58; 0&#46;59&#41;&#46; In January 2018&#44; she was assessed at the bronchiectasis clinic&#58; the patient reported purulent expectoration of approximately 40 cc per day and had required 4 courses of antibiotics since October 2017&#46; Accordingly&#44; treatment was started with inhaled bronchodilators &#40;ipratropium bromide and salbutamol&#41; and hypertonic saline 6&#37; to facilitate expectoration of secretions&#46; One month after treatment initiation &#40;February 2018&#41;&#44; due to the persistence of purulent expectoration&#8212;albeit to a lesser extent than prior to the use of hypertonic saline&#8212;nebulized ampicillin was added in order to keep the patient free from exacerbations&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In April 2018&#44; following evidence of clinical deterioration and persistence of moderate endoscopic colitis activity&#44; compassionate use of tofacitinib was requested&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In July 2018 &#40;6 months after the start of nebulized treatment and after 3 months on tofacitinib&#41;&#44; the patient did not report expectoration or further exacerbations&#46; In view of this clinical improvement&#44; she decided to discontinue treatment of the respiratory disease&#44; remaining completely asymptomatic until her last check-up &#40;May 2019&#41;&#46; In terms of gastrointestinal symptoms&#44; the patient has been in clinical remission since commencing tofacitinib&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Extraintestinal manifestations of IBD can affect all organs of the human body and are most often associated with Crohn&#8217;s disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In turn&#44; they may be the result of the IBD inflammatory process or have a non-specific origin&#44; which means that they do not always respond to treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common respiratory manifestations are due to involvement of the central airways&#44; bronchi and interstitium&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and bronchiectasis is the most commonly associated respiratory disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Patients with IBD have been shown to develop more respiratory symptoms than the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Although the etiology of this association is unknown&#44; it could be due to the common embryonic origin of the respiratory and intestinal mucosa and their response to different antigens&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As evidenced in previous studies&#44; the onset of respiratory symptoms differs widely among patients&#58; it may occur prior to&#44; concomitant to&#44; or after the detection of IBD&#44; and even after it is inactivated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In our case&#44; the patient&#39;s lung disease started simultaneously with an intestinal flare-up&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; patients present symptoms such as cough with purulent expectoration that does not respond to antibiotic treatment&#46; Sputum cultures do not usually provide clinically relevant data&#44; as in our case&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no solid scientific evidence of the effectiveness of the pharmacological or surgical treatment of IBD in the progression of respiratory disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> There is one case report of a patient diagnosed with ulcerative colitis who developed bronchiectasis after surgical treatment of the underlying disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> which could support the theory of the aforementioned common embryonic origin&#46; The only drug with which improvement of the respiratory disease has been described &#40;in clinical cases only&#41; is infliximab&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tofacitinib&#44; an oral JAK 1&#8211;3 inhibitor&#44; was approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis in adults in 2018&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> so in our case &#40;2017&#41;&#44; we had to apply for compassionate use&#46; Its major advantage with respect to infliximab is its posology&#44; since the latter requires intravenous administration&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of treatment&#44; disease-modifying anti-IBD drugs &#40;DMAID&#41; are not recommended for the specific management of respiratory involvement&#46; Oral and inhaled corticosteroids remain the treatment of choice for respiratory manifestations&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and should be maintained until symptomatic and functional improvement&#46; In our case&#44; since the patient presented simultaneous onset to the intestinal flare-up&#44; coupled with the need for several courses of antibiotics due to superimposed infection of the bronchiectasis&#44; we decided to initiate treatment with hypertonic saline instead of corticosteroids&#44; hoping for good control&#44; after stabilization of the intestinal flare-up&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As we can see&#44; there is no evidence that the use of DMAIDs improves respiratory symptoms&#46; We present the first case in which the use of tofacitinib resulted in complete resolution of respiratory symptoms in a patient with a history of ulcerative colitis&#46; In view of the clear improvement&#44; the patient decided to discontinue inhaled therapy and remained with adequate control of both the respiratory and intestinal disease&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; studies with greater scientific evidence are needed to identify the relationship between the treatment of IBD with tofacitinib and the improvement in respiratory manifestations such as bronchiectasis&#44; which greatly affects quality of life in these patients&#46; It is important to raise awareness of the association of these diseases to improve their detection and enable early and appropriate multidisciplinary management&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Le&#243;n-Rom&#225;n FX&#44; et al&#46; Colitis ulcerosa y bronquiectasias&#58; &#191;el tratamiento con tofacitinib podr&#237;a repercutir en los s&#237;ntomas respiratorios&#63; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2020&#59;56&#58;176&#8211;178&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.arbr.2019.08.006
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