Montelukast, Leukotriene Inhibitor, Reduces LPS-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation and Human Neutrophil Activation

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=> "Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology (LIM 59), São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Post-graduation Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Osvaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Osvaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Brasil, Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Post-graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Santos, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Anhembi Morumbi University, School of Medicine, Avenida Deputado Benedito Matarazzo 4050, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El montelukast, un inhibidor de leucotrienos, reduce la inflamación pulmonar aguda inducida por LPS y la activación de neutrófilos humanos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 1 "multimedia" => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1085 "Ancho" => 1151 "Tamanyo" => 100134 ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by hypoxemic respiratory failure associated with acute pulmonary inflammation and edema presenting high mortality rates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">1</a> Different etiologies, such as head, chest and other major injuries, as well as sepsis, inhalation of harmful substances and severe pneumonia may result in the development of ARDS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">1–3</a> Although the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of ARDS are not completely understood, in all cases; especially in bacterial infections, an exacerbated inflammatory response plays a central role.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">1–3</a>While several animal models have been established to study ARDS, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the most widely used as it reproduces several important ARDS features, such as the accrual of neutrophils in alveolar and in interstitial space and in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), the accumulation of proteinaceous debris in alveolar spaces, thickening of the alveolar wall, and increased concentration of total proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines in BAL.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">2–5</a>LPS signals via toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a key regulator of the inflammatory process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">3–6</a> NF-κB is a transcription factor regulating several aspects of ARDS pathophysiology, such as production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8/CXCL-1 and TNF-α), and also the lung fibroproliferative response in murine models of ARDS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">7–10</a> NF-κB also regulates human and mouse fibroblast differentiation,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">11</a> a key event that occurs during fibroproliferation, an important process following lung injury. Therefore, pharmacological approaches that inhibit NF-κB expression and activation may attenuate lung inflammatory and fibrotic responses following injury.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">3–5,10–12</a>Cys leukotrienes receptor-1 (cysLTR1) antagonists montelukast, pranlukast and zafirlukast are small molecules that have demonstrated secondary, off-target, anti-inflammatory effects including the inhibition of cyclic nucleotides phosphodiesterases and 5′-lypoxygenase as well as NF-κB downregulation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">13</a>Taken together, this study tested the hypothesis that montelukast inhibits both acute lung injury induced by LPS in mice and LPS-induced human neutrophil activation.ResultsMontelukast Reduces Leukocyte Number in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)Similarly to the leukocyte response during ARDS, oral-tracheal administration of LPS results in a significant increase in the number of lung leukocytes. At 24h, BAL leukocytes were significantly increased in mice injured with LPS (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). To mimic an ARDS therapeutic scenario, mice received oral-tracheal administration of montelukast 24h post-LPS injury and were sacrificed 24h later. At 48h, total number of BAL cells remained significantly increased, however, montelukast significantly reduced the number of cells in the BAL (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B). At 24h post-LPS treatment, differential cell counts of BAL fluid revealed a significant increase in the number of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes compared to PBS treated controls (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>C, E, G). Montelukast treatment at 24h, significantly attenuated the accumulation of macrophages (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>D), neutrophils (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>F), and lymphocytes at 48h (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>H).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Montelukast Reduces Vascular Permeability and Cytokines in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)Compared to PBS treated mice, increased vascular permeability was evident by increased protein concentration in BAL fluid at 24h post-LPS treatment (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A) and remained at 48h (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B), while Montelukast treatment at 24h post-LPS reduced the total amount of BAL proteins (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B). At 24h post-LPS treatment, ELISA detected increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>C), CXCL1/KC (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>E), TNF-α (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>G) and IL-17 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>I). At 48h post-LPS treatment, cytokines remained high: IL-6 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>D), CXCL1/KC (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>F), TNF-α (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>H) and IL-17 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>J), but were effectively reduced by therapeutic administration of Montelukast.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Montelukast Reduces Neutrophils, Lymphocytes and Macrophages Accumulation in the Lung ParenchymaIndeed, at 24 and 48h post-LPS treatment, morphometric analysis revealed increased numbers of parenchymal neutrophils (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A, B), lymphocytes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>C, D), and macrophages (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>E, F). Treatment with Montelukast significantly reduced the number of immune cells in the lung parenchyma (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>B, D, F). Representative images of PBS (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>G), LPS+24h (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>I), LPS+48h (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>H), and 96 LPS+Montelukast (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>J).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Montelukast Inhibits NF-κB and Leukotriene B4 Receptor (LTB4R) Expression in the Lung ParenchymaIn the present study, increased expression of NF-κB by parenchymal leukocytes for both periods studied (24h and 48h) post-LPS stimulation compared with PBS groups (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>A and B) was observed. The results also revealed that Montelukast efficiently reduced the NF-κB expression (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>B). LTB4 signals mainly via LTB4R, which results in the recruitment of neutrophils. The present study demonstrated that LPS stimulation at 24h and 48h resulted in increased expression of LTB4R by parenchymal leukocytes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>C and D) while Montelukast significantly reduced the LTB4R expression (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>D). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>E–H shows representative photomicrographs of NF-kB for PBS48h, LPS24h, LPS48h and LPS48h+montelukast groups, respectively.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Montelukast Restores VEGF Expression in LPS-injured LungsTreatment with LPS decreased VEGF expression at 24h (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>A) and furthermore at 48h while Montelukast administration at 24h resulted in a recovery of VEGF expression in BAL compared to control (PBS) treated animals (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>B).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>Montelukast Reduces IL-8 Release by Human NeutrophilsHuman neutrophils were stimulated with LPS (1.5μg/mL) for 1h and then incubated with Montelukast (10μM in PBS) for an additional 5h. ELISA for IL-8 was performed on the supernatant. Montelukast treatment significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated production of IL-8 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>A).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe present study demonstrates for the first time that leukotriene inhibitor Montelukast reduces both acute LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice as well as LPS-induced human neutrophils activation. Exacerbated inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ARDS; therefore in the quest to develop effective ARDS therapies, reducing inflammation has been a main goal. The off-target effects of Montelukast on LTB4 receptors present on neutrophils could have beneficial implications in ARDS therapy. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is synthesized primarily by activated basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages and acts in both an autocrine and paracrine manner by signaling to structural cells, neutrophils and TH2 lymphocytes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">14</a> Though neutrophils express a low level of LTB4 receptor, LTB4 acts as a strong chemoattractant of neutrophils, a cell centrally involved in ARDS.While the recognition of the involvement of leukotriene pathways in asthma prompted the development of leukotriene receptor inhibitors, drugs such as Montelukast, a leukotriene inhibitor, have not yet been tested in the context of ARDS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">15</a> Twenty-five years ago, a swine LPS model of acute lung injury (ALI) demonstrated that the LTBR1 competitive receptor antagonist LY255283 reduced ALI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">16</a> However, unlike Montelukast, this agent did not exhibit potent off target anti-inflammatory effects such as the inhibition of cyclooxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase enzymes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">17</a> Therefore, in the case of ARDS, Montelukast may be an effective inhibitor of inflammation not only because of its ability to inhibit leukotriene signaling, but also via off-target effects which result in a net increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">18</a> and the suppression of NF-kB<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">19</a> which leads to the attenuation of cytokine production and a dispersal of lung immune cells.This study used the LPS-induced acute lung injury model in mice to test the hypothesis that the Montelukast would attenuate lung inflammation. Our results indicated that Montelukast reduced the LPS-induced increase in total immune cells both in the BAL, suggesting decreased vascular permeability, and in the lung parenchyma. In addition, Montelukast treated mice displayed significantly reduced levels of cytokines IL-6, CXCL1/KC, IL-17 and TNF-α suggesting attenuation of inflammatory processes due to LPS. LPS-induced pulmonary dysfunction was associated with increased neutrophil count, leukotriene (LT) B4, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in BALF. These results suggest that treatment with Montelukast can be useful in chronic airway inflammatory diseases including COPD poorly responsive to glucocorticoids.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">20</a> In addition, Montelukast treated mice also displayed reduced LTB4R and NF-κB expression in the lung parenchyma, which correlates to decreased leukotriene signaling and decreased inflammation and Montelukast was able to block LTD(4)-induced stimulation. Allergen challenge leads to a significant increase in sCD14 concentrations in BAL and might modulate the allergen-induced inflammation. In addition, LTD(4) might play a role in the release of sCD14, and it could be speculated that sCD14 reduction by LTRA might contribute to the mechanisms of LTRA in the treatment of allergic asthma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">21</a> Moreover, LTB(4)- and LTD(4)-induced eosinophil activation was attenuated by CP-105,696 and the Cys-LT(1) receptor antagonist montelukast, respectively, highlighting specific receptor dependency.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">6</a> Thus, mediator-triggered granulocyte activation and antiapoptotic pathways are distinct events that can be differentially regulated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">22</a> Lastly, our results presented herein indicates that Montelukast treatment resulted in a recovery of VEGF expression in the BAL, a measurement which is associated with recovery in ARDS patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">23–25</a>While neutrophils themselves do not produce LTB4, and LTB4 receptors are expressed only at low levels, exposure to LTB4 primes neutrophils to produce copious amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and other cytokines upon stimulation by additional cytokines. Human neutrophils activated with the chemoattractant N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (fMLP) in combination with cytochalasin B resulted in abrupt and sustained increases in cytosolic Ca2(+), as well as release of elastase and production of superoxide and LTB4, and expression of macrophage complement receptor 3 (CR3). These effects were attenuated with Montelukast treatment and the literature point out its association with significant increases in cyclic AMP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">26</a> In this study, human neutrophils were stimulated with LPS which signals via TLR4 and activates NF-kB-signaling resulting in the production of cytokines, particularly IL-8.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">27</a> Stimulation with LPS for 1h, followed by one treatment of Montelukast resulted in a significant reduction of IL-8 in the cell supernatant. Given the low level of LTBR4 receptor expression by neutrophils, this study also suggests that an important off-target effect of Montelukast is the ability to attenuate NF-kB signaling, likely through upstream mechanisms that increase intracellular cAMP.An interesting point that should be highlighted is the fact that our results showed herein a reduction of circulating levels of IL-17 in Montelukast-treated mice with acute lung inflammation. Therefore, from our results, is possible suggest that the Th17 cells could be a bystander mediator of Montelukast effect in vivo, since that IL-17 is produced by Th17 cells, and this subset expresses high levels of LTB4R1 and CysTLR1, being attracted by leukotrienes (especially LTD4).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">28</a>In conclusion, this is the first study to report the effects of Montelukast in an LPS mouse model of ARDS and in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils activation. These results concur not only the potent anti-inflammatory nature of Montelukast but also its ability to signal via LTB4R independent pathways. Future studies should further explore the nature of these mechanisms especially in the context of human neutrophils, a central inflammation mediator of ARDS.Material and methodsExperimental Design of Animal ExperimentsThis study was approved by the ethical committee of Nove de Julho University (AN0002/2015) and were carried out in accordance to Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, published by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH publication no. 85-23, revised 1996). Thirty-eight C57Bl/6 male mice weighing between 20 and 25g were distributed in Control 24h (PBS24h; n=7), LPS 24h (LPS24h; n=7), Control 48h (PBS48h; n=8), LPS 48h (LPS48h; n=8) and LPS 48h+montelukast (LPS 48h+MK; n=8). For Montelukast administration, animals were anesthetized by intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine (100mg/kg) and xylazine (10mg/kg). The PBS24h and LPS24h groups were euthanized 24h after vehicle (PBS 50μl) or LPS (10μg/mouse/50μl PBS) administration. The PBS48h, LPS48h and LPS 48h+MK groups were euthanized 48h after vehicle (PBS; 50μl) or LPS (10μg/mouse/50μl PBS) administration. Montelukast (10μM/mouse/50μl PBS) was orotracheally administered 24h after LPS administration and animals were euthanized 24h later.Assessment of Lung InflammationLung inflammation was assessed through the collection and analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Quantitative analysis of parenchymal inflammation was performed using histomorphometrical technique.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315">29–31</a>The numbers of total and differential cells in BAL were evaluated in the material recovered from 3 gentle washes of 0.5mL of sterile PBS, by using a Neubauer chamber (total cells) and cytospin preparations (differential cell count).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315">29–31</a> The cytospins were stained with Diff Quick (Medion Diagnostics, Düdingen, Switzerland), as previously described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305">27–32</a> In summary, 300cells per slide per mouse were analyzed using an optical microscope and were counted according to the classical hematological criteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315">29–34</a>The density of neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages in the lung parenchyma was evaluated as previously described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315">29–31</a> Briefly, the lungs were excised in block, fixed in 10% formalin solution, at a constant pressure (20cmH2O) for 24h, and submitted to histological routine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">33</a>Five micrometer lung slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and 20 photomicrographs at 400× magnification of each animal of all groups were obtained using an Olympus BX43-L-FL microscope with a camera XM-10. The area of lung tissue in the lung parenchyma was obtained by subtracting the airspace area from the total photo area. Then, the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages were counted in each photo according to the morphological criteria. The results were expressed in number of cells/mm2 of lung tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320">30–33</a>Total Proteins in BALThe levels of total proteins in BAL was measured using the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Scientific, USA) and was used as an index of vascular permeability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">31</a>Cytokines in BAL, Serum and in Cell Culture SupernatantsThe levels of IL-6 (Biolegend, Code 431306; Detection limit 7.8pg/mL), CXCL1/KC (R&D Systems, Code DY453; Detection limit 15.6pg/mL), IL-8 (Biolegend, Code 431506; Detection limit 15.6pg/mL), IL-17 (R&D Systems, Code DY421; Detection limit 15.6pg/mL) and TNF-α (Biolegend, Code 430906; Detection limit 7.8pg/mL) in BAL and in cell culture supernatants were measured using ELISA kits from Biolegends (USA) and R&D Systems (USA) as indicated, according to the manufacturers’ recommendations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">33</a> The measurements were done in triplicates in all samples.Immunohistochemical StudyThe quantitative analysis of the expression of leukotriene B4 receptor (LTB4R) (sc-98841; Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and of NF-κB p65 (sc-109; Santa Cruz, CA, USA) by parenchymal leukocytes was performed using classical immunohistochemistry protocol, as previously described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320">30,33,34</a> Briefly, the area of lung tissue in the lung parenchyma was obtained by subtracting the airspace area from the total photo area. Then, the number of leukocytes positive to LTB4R and NF-kB p65 were counted in each photo. The results were expressed in number of positive cells/mm2 of lung tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315">29–32</a>Isolation and Culture of Human NeutrophilsEight milliliter of peripheral blood was diluted 1:1 in sterile PBS and added to a tube containing Ficoll Paque gradient and submitted to 20min centrifugation (1200×g). Red cells were lysed, polymorphonuclear cells collected and neutrophils were separated from eosinophils using EasySep™ Human Neutrophil Enrichment Kit (#19257; StemCell Technologies, USA). The purity was assessed through cytospin analysis and was higher than 98%. Neutrophils (1×106/2mL medium/well) were incubated in 48 well plates in RPMI 1640 medium and were stimulated with LPS (1.5μg/mL medium) for 1h and then incubated with montelukast (10μM in PBS) for an additional 5h. Supernatant was recovered for measurements of IL-8 by ELISA.Statistical AnalysisIf not stated otherwise, two-way analysis of variance (TWO-WAY ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test was used. Significance levels were considered for P<.05. Values were expressed as mean±SEM.AuthorshipJEDC, MCOJ, BM, AD, ARAO, JCJAJ, AAB, NCRO, NRDR, contributed performing the experiments and analysis. APLO, APS, FMCC, FA, HCCFN, and RPV have written the manuscript and critically revised the manuscript and performed the statistical analysis. RPV have designed the study. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript prior to submission." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1261429" "titulo" => "Graphical abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1261428" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1168183" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1261430" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1168184" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Montelukast Reduces Leukocyte Number in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Montelukast Reduces Vascular Permeability and Cytokines in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Montelukast Reduces Neutrophils, Lymphocytes and Macrophages Accumulation in the Lung Parenchyma" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Montelukast Inhibits NF-κB and Leukotriene B4 Receptor (LTB4R) Expression in the Lung Parenchyma" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Montelukast Restores VEGF Expression in LPS-injured Lungs" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Montelukast Reduces IL-8 Release by Human Neutrophils" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Experimental Design of Animal Experiments" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Assessment of Lung Inflammation" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Total Proteins in BAL" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Cytokines in BAL, Serum and in Cell Culture Supernatants" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Immunohistochemical Study" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Isolation and Culture of Human Neutrophils" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Authorship" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack432754" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-07-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-05-01" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1168183" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Inflammation" 1 => "Neutrophils" 2 => "Acute lung injury" 3 => "Leukotriene" 4 => "Cytokines" 5 => "Growth factors" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1168184" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Inflamación" 1 => "Neutrófilos" 2 => "Daño pulmonar agudo" 3 => "Leucotrieno" 4 => "Citoquinas" 5 => "Factores de crecimiento" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectivesSome pro-inflammatory lipids derived from 1 lipooxygenase enzyme are potent neutrophil chemoattractant, a cell centrally involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); a syndrome lacking effective treatment. Considering the beneficial effects of the leukotriene receptor inhibitor, montelukast, on other lung diseases, whether montelukast attenuates inflammation in a mouse model of ARDS, and whether it reduces LPS stimulated activation of human neutrophils was investigated. MethodsThirty-five C57Bl/6 mice were distributed into control (PBS)+24h, LPS+24h (10μg/mouse), control+48h, LPS+48h, and LPS 48h+Montelukast (10mg/kg). In addition, human neutrophils were incubated with LPS (1μg/mL) and treated with montelukast (10μM). ResultsOral-tracheal administration of montelukast significantly attenuated total cells (P<.05), macrophages (P<.05), neutrophils (P<.01), lymphocytes (P<.001) and total protein levels in BAL (P<.05), as well as IL-6 (P<.05), CXCL1/KC (P<.05), IL-17 (P<.05) and TNF-α (P<.05). Furthermore, montelukast reduced neutrophils (P<.001), lymphocytes (P<.01) and macrophages (P<.01) in the lung parenchyma. In addition, montelukast restored BAL VEGF levels (P<.05). LTB4 receptor expression (P<.001) as well as NF-κB (P<.001), a downstream target of LPS, were also reduced in lung parenchymal leukocytes. Furthermore, montelukast reduced IL-8 (P<.001) production by LPS-treated human neutrophils. ConclusionIn conclusion, montelukast efficiently attenuated both LPS-induced lung inflammation in a mouse model of ARDS and in LPS challenged human neutrophils." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivosAlgunos lípidos proinflamatorios derivados de la enzima lipooxigenasa 1 son potentes quimioatrayentes de neutrófilos, un tipo celular con una implicación principal en el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA), para el que no hay tratamiento efectivo. Considerando los efectos beneficiosos del inhibidor de los receptores de leucotrienos montelukast en otras enfermedades pulmonares, se investigó si este fármaco era capaz de atenuar la inflamación en un modelo de ratón de SDRA y de reducir la activación de los neutrófilos humanos inducida por LPS. MétodosSe utilizaron 35 ratones C57BL/6 distribuidos en los siguientes grupos: control (PBS)+24h, LPS+(24h [10μg/ratón]), control+48h y LPS 48h+montelukast (10mg/kg). Por otro lado, se incubaron neutrófilos humanos con LPS (1μg/ml) y se trataron con montelukast (10μM). ResultadosLa administración orotraqueal de montelukast redujo el número total de células (p<0,05), de macrófagos (p<0,05), de neutrófilos (p<0,01), de linfocitos (p<0,001) y los niveles totales de proteína en el lavado broncoalveolar (p<0,05), así como de IL-6 (p<0,05), CXCL1/KC (p<0,05), IL-17 (p<0,05) y TNF-α (p<0,05). Además, el montelukast redujo los neutrófilos (p<0,001), los linfocitos (p<0,01) y los macrófagos (p<0,01) en el parénquima pulmonar. Asimismo, restauró los niveles de VEGF en el lavado broncoalveolar (p<0,05) y disminuyó la expresión del receptor LTB4 (p<0,001) y de NF-κB (p<0,001), una diana downstream del LPS, en los leucocitos del parénquima pulmonar. Por último, redujo la producción de IL-8 por parte de los neutrófilos humanos tratados con LPS. ConclusiónEn conclusión, el montelukast atenuó de manera eficaz tanto la inflamación pulmonar inducida por LPS en un modelo de ratón de SDRA como en neutrófilos humanos estimulados con LPS." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "◊" "nota" => "These authors are equally contributed to this study." "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1907 "Ancho" => 2901 "Tamanyo" => 390834 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Therapeutic administration of montelukast reduced leukocyte number in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Results are expressed as mean±SEM. For (A and B) * P<.05 compared with PBS48h and PBS48h+MK group. For (C) **P<.01 compared with PBS48h and LPS48h+MK group. For (D) *** P<.001 compared with PBS48h group and LPS48h+MK group." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2803 "Ancho" => 2970 "Tamanyo" => 382150 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Therapeutic administration of montelukast reduced vascular permeability and cytokine production in BAL. The results are expressed as mean±SEM. For (A–E) * P<.05 compared with PBS48h and LPS48h+MK group." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2954 "Ancho" => 2935 "Tamanyo" => 744749 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Therapeutic administration of montelukast reduced neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes in the lung parenchyma. Results are expressed as mean±SEM. For (A and B) *** P<.001 compared with PBS48h and LPS48h+MK group. For (C) *** P<.001 compared with PBS48h and ** P<.01 compared with PBS48h+MK group. (D, E and F) are representative photomicrographs of HE lung stained slides in PBS48h, LPS48h and LPS48h+MK groups, respectively." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2933 "Ancho" => 2998 "Tamanyo" => 788440 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "NF-kB and LTB4R expression by leukocytes in lung parenchyma were reduced by therapeutic montelukast administration. Results are expressed as mean±SEM. For (A) *** P<.001 compared with PBS48h group and LPS48h+MK group. For (B) *** P<.001 compared with PBS48h and * P<.05 LPS48h+MK group. (C, D and E) are representative photomicrographs of immunohistochemistry for NF-kB in PBS48h, LPS48h, LPS48h and LPS48h+montelukast groups, respectively." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 693 "Ancho" => 1120 "Tamanyo" => 61278 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Therapeutic montelukast administration resulted in a recovery of VEGF levels in lung tissue homogenate. Results are expressed as mean±SEM. For this figure ** P<.01 compared with LPS48h group and * P<.05 compared with PBS48h+MK group." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 732 "Ancho" => 1083 "Tamanyo" => 68309 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Montelukast suppressed IL-8 levels production by human neutrophils stimulated with LPS. IL-8 levels in neutrophil supernatant were measured using ELISA. The results are expressed as mean±SEM. 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Original Article

Montelukast, Leukotriene Inhibitor, Reduces LPS-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation and Human Neutrophil Activation

El montelukast, un inhibidor de leucotrienos, reduce la inflamación pulmonar aguda inducida por LPS y la activación de neutrófilos humanos

Jaime Eduardo Davino-Chiovattoa,◊, Manoel Carneiro Oliveira-Juniorb,◊, BreAnne MacKenzieb,◊, Alana Santos-Diasb, Ana Roberta Almeida-Oliveirab, Jefferson Comin Jonco Aquino-Juniorb, Auriléia Aparecida Britoa, Nicole Cristine Rigonato-Oliveiraa, Nilsa Regina Damaceno-Rodriguesc, Ana Paula Ligeiro Oliveiraa, Alessandro Pereira Silvad, Fernanda Marciano Consolim-Colomboa, Flavio Aimbiree, Hugo Caire Castro-Faria-Netof, Rodolfo Paula Vieirab,g,h,i,

Corresponding author

rodrelena@yahoo.com.br

Corresponding author.

a Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

b Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil

c University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology (LIM 59), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

d Post-graduation Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil

e Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil

f Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Osvaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Osvaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

g Universidade Brasil, Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

h Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Post-graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Santos, SP, Brazil

i Anhembi Morumbi University, School of Medicine, Avenida Deputado Benedito Matarazzo 4050, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil

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off-target&#44; anti-inflammatory effects including the inhibition of cyclic nucleotides phosphodiesterases and 5&#8242;-lypoxygenase as well as NF-&#954;B downregulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taken together&#44; this study tested the hypothesis that montelukast inhibits both acute lung injury induced by LPS in mice and LPS-induced human neutrophil activation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Montelukast Reduces Leukocyte Number in Bronchoalveolar Lavage &#40;BAL&#41;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similarly to the leukocyte response during ARDS&#44; oral-tracheal administration of LPS results in a significant increase in the number of lung leukocytes&#46; At 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; BAL leukocytes were significantly increased in mice injured with LPS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; To mimic an ARDS therapeutic scenario&#44; mice received oral-tracheal administration of montelukast 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-LPS injury and were sacrificed 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h later&#46; At 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; total number of BAL cells remained significantly increased&#44; however&#44; montelukast significantly reduced the number of cells in the BAL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; At 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-LPS treatment&#44; differential cell counts of BAL fluid revealed a significant increase in the number of macrophages&#44; neutrophils and lymphocytes compared to PBS treated controls &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#44; E&#44; G&#41;&#46; Montelukast treatment at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; significantly attenuated the accumulation of macrophages &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41;&#44; neutrophils &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>F&#41;&#44; and lymphocytes at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>H&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Montelukast Reduces Vascular Permeability and Cytokines in Bronchoalveolar Lavage &#40;BAL&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compared to PBS treated mice&#44; increased vascular permeability was evident by increased protein concentration in BAL fluid at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-LPS treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41; and remained at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#44; while Montelukast treatment at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-LPS reduced the total amount of BAL proteins &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; At 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-LPS treatment&#44; ELISA detected increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#44; CXCL1&#47;KC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>E&#41;&#44; TNF-&#945; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>G&#41; and IL-17 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>I&#41;&#46; At 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-LPS treatment&#44; cytokines remained high&#58; IL-6 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>D&#41;&#44; CXCL1&#47;KC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>F&#41;&#44; TNF-&#945; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>H&#41; and IL-17 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>J&#41;&#44; but were effectively reduced by therapeutic administration of Montelukast&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Montelukast Reduces Neutrophils&#44; Lymphocytes and Macrophages Accumulation in the Lung Parenchyma</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indeed&#44; at 24 and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-LPS treatment&#44; morphometric analysis revealed increased numbers of parenchymal neutrophils &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#44; B&#41;&#44; lymphocytes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>C&#44; D&#41;&#44; and macrophages &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>E&#44; F&#41;&#46; Treatment with Montelukast significantly reduced the number of immune cells in the lung parenchyma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#44; D&#44; F&#41;&#46; Representative images of PBS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>G&#41;&#44; LPS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>I&#41;&#44; LPS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>H&#41;&#44; and 96 LPS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Montelukast &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>J&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Montelukast Inhibits NF-&#954;B and Leukotriene B4 Receptor &#40;LTB4R&#41; Expression in the Lung Parenchyma</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study&#44; increased expression of NF-&#954;B by parenchymal leukocytes for both periods studied &#40;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; post-LPS stimulation compared with PBS groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>A and B&#41; was observed&#46; The results also revealed that Montelukast efficiently reduced the NF-&#954;B expression &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>B&#41;&#46; LTB4 signals mainly via LTB4R&#44; which results in the recruitment of neutrophils&#46; The present study demonstrated that LPS stimulation at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h resulted in increased expression of LTB4R by parenchymal leukocytes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>C and D&#41; while Montelukast significantly reduced the LTB4R expression &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>D&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>E&#8211;H shows representative photomicrographs of NF-kB for PBS48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; LPS24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; LPS48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and LPS48h<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>montelukast groups&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Montelukast Restores VEGF Expression in LPS-injured Lungs</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment with LPS decreased VEGF expression at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>A&#41; and furthermore at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h while Montelukast administration at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h resulted in a recovery of VEGF expression in BAL compared to control &#40;PBS&#41; treated animals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Montelukast Reduces IL-8 Release by Human Neutrophils</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Human neutrophils were stimulated with LPS &#40;1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL&#41; for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and then incubated with Montelukast &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;M in PBS&#41; for an additional 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; ELISA for IL-8 was performed on the supernatant&#46; Montelukast treatment significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated production of IL-8 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study demonstrates for the first time that leukotriene inhibitor Montelukast reduces both acute LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice as well as LPS-induced human neutrophils activation&#46; Exacerbated inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ARDS&#59; therefore in the quest to develop effective ARDS therapies&#44; reducing inflammation has been a main goal&#46; The off-target effects of Montelukast on LTB4 receptors present on neutrophils could have beneficial implications in ARDS therapy&#46; Leukotriene B4 &#40;LTB4&#41; is synthesized primarily by activated basophils&#44; eosinophils&#44; monocytes and macrophages and acts in both an autocrine and paracrine manner by signaling to structural cells&#44; neutrophils and TH2 lymphocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Though neutrophils express a low level of LTB4 receptor&#44; LTB4 acts as a strong chemoattractant of neutrophils&#44; a cell centrally involved in ARDS&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While the recognition of the involvement of leukotriene pathways in asthma prompted the development of leukotriene receptor inhibitors&#44; drugs such as Montelukast&#44; a leukotriene inhibitor&#44; have not yet been tested in the context of ARDS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Twenty-five years ago&#44; a swine LPS model of acute lung injury &#40;ALI&#41; demonstrated that the LTBR1 competitive receptor antagonist LY255283 reduced ALI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> However&#44; unlike Montelukast&#44; this agent did not exhibit potent off target anti-inflammatory effects such as the inhibition of cyclooxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase enzymes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Therefore&#44; in the case of ARDS&#44; Montelukast may be an effective inhibitor of inflammation not only because of its ability to inhibit leukotriene signaling&#44; but also via off-target effects which result in a net increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate &#40;cAMP&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and the suppression of NF-kB<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> which leads to the attenuation of cytokine production and a dispersal of lung immune cells&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study used the LPS-induced acute lung injury model in mice to test the hypothesis that the Montelukast would attenuate lung inflammation&#46; Our results indicated that Montelukast reduced the LPS-induced increase in total immune cells both in the BAL&#44; suggesting decreased vascular permeability&#44; and in the lung parenchyma&#46; In addition&#44; Montelukast treated mice displayed significantly reduced levels of cytokines IL-6&#44; CXCL1&#47;KC&#44; IL-17 and TNF-&#945; suggesting attenuation of inflammatory processes due to LPS&#46; LPS-induced pulmonary dysfunction was associated with increased neutrophil count&#44; leukotriene &#40;LT&#41; B4&#44; and tumor necrosis factor &#40;TNF&#41;-&#945; in BALF&#46; These results suggest that treatment with Montelukast can be useful in chronic airway inflammatory diseases including COPD poorly responsive to glucocorticoids&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In addition&#44; Montelukast treated mice also displayed reduced LTB4R and NF-&#954;B expression in the lung parenchyma&#44; which correlates to decreased leukotriene signaling and decreased inflammation and Montelukast was able to block LTD&#40;4&#41;-induced stimulation&#46; Allergen challenge leads to a significant increase in sCD14 concentrations in BAL and might modulate the allergen-induced inflammation&#46; In addition&#44; LTD&#40;4&#41; might play a role in the release of sCD14&#44; and it could be speculated that sCD14 reduction by LTRA might contribute to the mechanisms of LTRA in the treatment of allergic asthma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Moreover&#44; LTB&#40;4&#41;- and LTD&#40;4&#41;-induced eosinophil activation was attenuated by CP-105&#44;696 and the Cys-LT&#40;1&#41; receptor antagonist montelukast&#44; respectively&#44; highlighting specific receptor dependency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Thus&#44; mediator-triggered granulocyte activation and antiapoptotic pathways are distinct events that can be differentially regulated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Lastly&#44; our results presented herein indicates that Montelukast treatment resulted in a recovery of VEGF expression in the BAL&#44; a measurement which is associated with recovery in ARDS patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;25</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While neutrophils themselves do not produce LTB4&#44; and LTB4 receptors are expressed only at low levels&#44; exposure to LTB4 primes neutrophils to produce copious amounts of reactive oxygen species &#40;ROS&#41;&#44; matrix metalloproteinases &#40;MMPs&#41; and other cytokines upon stimulation by additional cytokines&#46; Human neutrophils activated with the chemoattractant N-formyl-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">l</span>-methionyl-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">l</span>-leucyl-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">l</span>-phenylalanine &#40;fMLP&#41; in combination with cytochalasin B resulted in abrupt and sustained increases in cytosolic Ca<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#40;&#43;&#41;&#44; as well as release of elastase and production of superoxide and LTB4&#44; and expression of macrophage complement receptor 3 &#40;CR3&#41;&#46; These effects were attenuated with Montelukast treatment and the literature point out its association with significant increases in cyclic AMP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> In this study&#44; human neutrophils were stimulated with LPS which signals via TLR4 and activates NF-kB-signaling resulting in the production of cytokines&#44; particularly IL-8&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Stimulation with LPS for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; followed by one treatment of Montelukast resulted in a significant reduction of IL-8 in the cell supernatant&#46; Given the low level of LTBR4 receptor expression by neutrophils&#44; this study also suggests that an important off-target effect of Montelukast is the ability to attenuate NF-kB signaling&#44; likely through upstream mechanisms that increase intracellular cAMP&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An interesting point that should be highlighted is the fact that our results showed herein a reduction of circulating levels of IL-17 in Montelukast-treated mice with acute lung inflammation&#46; Therefore&#44; from our results&#44; is possible suggest that the Th17 cells could be a bystander mediator of Montelukast effect in vivo&#44; since that IL-17 is produced by Th17 cells&#44; and this subset expresses high levels of LTB4R1 and CysTLR1&#44; being attracted by leukotrienes &#40;especially LTD4&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this is the first study to report the effects of Montelukast in an LPS mouse model of ARDS and in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils activation&#46; These results concur not only the potent anti-inflammatory nature of Montelukast but also its ability to signal via LTB4R independent pathways&#46; Future studies should further explore the nature of these mechanisms especially in the context of human neutrophils&#44; a central inflammation mediator of ARDS&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Experimental Design of Animal Experiments</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was approved by the ethical committee of Nove de Julho University &#40;AN0002&#47;2015&#41; and were carried out in accordance to Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals&#44; published by the U&#46;S&#46; National Institutes of Health &#40;NIH publication no&#46; 85-23&#44; revised 1996&#41;&#46; Thirty-eight C57Bl&#47;6 male mice weighing between 20 and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g were distributed in Control 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;PBS24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#41;&#44; LPS 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;LPS24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#41;&#44; Control 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;PBS48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41;&#44; LPS 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;LPS48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41; and LPS 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>montelukast &#40;LPS 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MK&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41;&#46; For Montelukast administration&#44; animals were anesthetized by intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine &#40;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41; and xylazine &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41;&#46; The PBS24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and LPS24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h groups were euthanized 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after vehicle &#40;PBS 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l&#41; or LPS &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mouse&#47;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l PBS&#41; administration&#46; The PBS48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; LPS48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and LPS 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MK groups were euthanized 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after vehicle &#40;PBS&#59; 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l&#41; or LPS &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mouse&#47;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l PBS&#41; administration&#46; Montelukast &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;M&#47;mouse&#47;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l PBS&#41; was orotracheally administered 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after LPS administration and animals were euthanized 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h later&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Assessment of Lung Inflammation</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lung inflammation was assessed through the collection and analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage &#40;BAL&#41;&#46; Quantitative analysis of parenchymal inflammation was performed using histomorphometrical technique&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;31</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The numbers of total and differential cells in BAL were evaluated in the material recovered from 3 gentle washes of 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of sterile PBS&#44; by using a Neubauer chamber &#40;total cells&#41; and cytospin preparations &#40;differential cell count&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;31</span></a> The cytospins were stained with Diff Quick &#40;Medion Diagnostics&#44; D&#252;dingen&#44; Switzerland&#41;&#44; as previously described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#8211;32</span></a> In summary&#44; 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells per slide per mouse were analyzed using an optical microscope and were counted according to the classical hematological criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;34</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The density of neutrophils&#44; lymphocytes and macrophages in the lung parenchyma was evaluated as previously described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;31</span></a> Briefly&#44; the lungs were excised in block&#44; fixed in 10&#37; formalin solution&#44; at a constant pressure &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41; for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; and submitted to histological routine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five micrometer lung slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and 20 photomicrographs at 400&#215; magnification of each animal of all groups were obtained using an Olympus BX43-L-FL microscope with a camera XM-10&#46; The area of lung tissue in the lung parenchyma was obtained by subtracting the airspace area from the total photo area&#46; Then&#44; the number of neutrophils&#44; lymphocytes and macrophages were counted in each photo according to the morphological criteria&#46; The results were expressed in number of cells&#47;mm2 of lung tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#8211;33</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Total Proteins in BAL</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The levels of total proteins in BAL was measured using the BCA Protein Assay Kit &#40;Thermo Scientific&#44; USA&#41; and was used as an index of vascular permeability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Cytokines in BAL&#44; Serum and in Cell Culture Supernatants</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The levels of IL-6 &#40;Biolegend&#44; Code 431306&#59; Detection limit 7&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#41;&#44; CXCL1&#47;KC &#40;R&#38;D Systems&#44; Code DY453&#59; Detection limit 15&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#41;&#44; IL-8 &#40;Biolegend&#44; Code 431506&#59; Detection limit 15&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#41;&#44; IL-17 &#40;R&#38;D Systems&#44; Code DY421&#59; Detection limit 15&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#41; and TNF-&#945; &#40;Biolegend&#44; Code 430906&#59; Detection limit 7&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#41; in BAL and in cell culture supernatants were measured using ELISA kits from Biolegends &#40;USA&#41; and R&#38;D Systems &#40;USA&#41; as indicated&#44; according to the manufacturers&#8217; recommendations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> The measurements were done in triplicates in all samples&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Immunohistochemical Study</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The quantitative analysis of the expression of leukotriene B4 receptor &#40;LTB4R&#41; &#40;sc-98841&#59; Santa Cruz&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41; and of NF-&#954;B p65 &#40;sc-109&#59; Santa Cruz&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41; by parenchymal leukocytes was performed using classical immunohistochemistry protocol&#44; as previously described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;33&#44;34</span></a> Briefly&#44; the area of lung tissue in the lung parenchyma was obtained by subtracting the airspace area from the total photo area&#46; Then&#44; the number of leukocytes positive to LTB4R and NF-kB p65 were counted in each photo&#46; The results were expressed in number of positive cells&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> of lung tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;32</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Isolation and Culture of Human Neutrophils</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eight milliliter of peripheral blood was diluted 1&#58;1 in sterile PBS and added to a tube containing Ficoll Paque gradient and submitted to 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min centrifugation &#40;1200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g</span>&#41;&#46; Red cells were lysed&#44; polymorphonuclear cells collected and neutrophils were separated from eosinophils using EasySep&#8482; Human Neutrophil Enrichment Kit &#40;&#35;19257&#59; StemCell Technologies&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The purity was assessed through cytospin analysis and was higher than 98&#37;&#46; Neutrophils &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#47;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL medium&#47;well&#41; were incubated in 48 well plates in RPMI 1640 medium and were stimulated with LPS &#40;1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL medium&#41; for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and then incubated with montelukast &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;M in PBS&#41; for an additional 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; Supernatant was recovered for measurements of IL-8 by ELISA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If not stated otherwise&#44; two-way analysis of variance &#40;TWO-WAY ANOVA&#41; followed by Bonferroni post hoc test was used&#46; Significance levels were considered for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46; Values were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SEM&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Authorship</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">JEDC&#44; MCOJ&#44; BM&#44; AD&#44; ARAO&#44; JCJAJ&#44; AAB&#44; NCRO&#44; NRDR&#44; contributed performing the experiments and analysis&#46; APLO&#44; APS&#44; FMCC&#44; FA&#44; HCCFN&#44; and RPV have written the manuscript and critically revised the manuscript and performed the statistical analysis&#46; RPV have designed the study&#46; All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript prior to submission&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objectives</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Some pro-inflammatory lipids derived from 1 lipooxygenase enzyme are potent neutrophil chemoattractant&#44; a cell centrally involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41;&#59; a syndrome lacking effective treatment&#46; Considering the beneficial effects of the leukotriene receptor inhibitor&#44; montelukast&#44; on other lung diseases&#44; whether montelukast attenuates inflammation in a mouse model of ARDS&#44; and whether it reduces LPS stimulated activation of human neutrophils was investigated&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-five C57Bl&#47;6 mice were distributed into control &#40;PBS&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; LPS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mouse&#41;&#44; control<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; LPS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; and LPS 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Montelukast &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; human neutrophils were incubated with LPS &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;mL&#41; and treated with montelukast &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;M&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oral-tracheal administration of montelukast significantly attenuated total cells &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#44; macrophages &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#44; neutrophils &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#44; lymphocytes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and total protein levels in BAL &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#44; as well as IL-6 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#44; CXCL1&#47;KC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#44; IL-17 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; and TNF-&#945; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; montelukast reduced neutrophils &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; lymphocytes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41; and macrophages &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41; in the lung parenchyma&#46; In addition&#44; montelukast restored BAL VEGF levels &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; LTB4 receptor expression &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; as well as NF-&#954;B &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; a downstream target of LPS&#44; were also reduced in lung parenchymal leukocytes&#46; Furthermore&#44; montelukast reduced IL-8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; production by LPS-treated human neutrophils&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; montelukast efficiently attenuated both LPS-induced lung inflammation in a mouse model of ARDS and in LPS challenged human neutrophils&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algunos l&#237;pidos proinflamatorios derivados de la enzima lipooxigenasa 1 son potentes quimioatrayentes de neutr&#243;filos&#44; un tipo celular con una implicaci&#243;n principal en el s&#237;ndrome de distr&#233;s respiratorio agudo &#40;SDRA&#41;&#44; para el que no hay tratamiento efectivo&#46; Considerando los efectos beneficiosos del inhibidor de los receptores de leucotrienos montelukast en otras enfermedades pulmonares&#44; se investig&#243; si este f&#225;rmaco era capaz de atenuar la inflamaci&#243;n en un modelo de rat&#243;n de SDRA y de reducir la activaci&#243;n de los neutr&#243;filos humanos inducida por LPS&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se utilizaron 35 ratones C57BL&#47;6 distribuidos en los siguientes grupos&#58; control &#40;PBS&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; LPS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#91;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;rat&#243;n&#93;&#41;&#44; control<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h y LPS 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>montelukast &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41;&#46; Por otro lado&#44; se incubaron neutr&#243;filos humanos con LPS &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;ml&#41; y se trataron con montelukast &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;M&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La administraci&#243;n orotraqueal de montelukast redujo el n&#250;mero total de c&#233;lulas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; de macr&#243;fagos &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; de neutr&#243;filos &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; de linfocitos &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y los niveles totales de prote&#237;na en el lavado broncoalveolar &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; as&#237; como de IL-6 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; CXCL1&#47;KC &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; IL-17 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; y TNF-&#945; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el montelukast redujo los neutr&#243;filos &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; los linfocitos &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y los macr&#243;fagos &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; en el par&#233;nquima pulmonar&#46; Asimismo&#44; restaur&#243; los niveles de VEGF en el lavado broncoalveolar &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; y disminuy&#243; la expresi&#243;n del receptor LTB4 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y de NF-&#954;B &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; una diana <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">downstream</span> del LPS&#44; en los leucocitos del par&#233;nquima pulmonar&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; redujo la producci&#243;n de IL-8 por parte de los neutr&#243;filos humanos tratados con LPS&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; el montelukast atenu&#243; de manera eficaz tanto la inflamaci&#243;n pulmonar inducida por LPS en un modelo de rat&#243;n de SDRA como en neutr&#243;filos humanos estimulados con LPS&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Therapeutic administration of montelukast reduced leukocyte number in bronchoalveolar lavage &#40;BAL&#41;&#46; Results are expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SEM&#46; For &#40;A and B&#41; &#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 compared with PBS48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and PBS48h<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MK group&#46; For &#40;C&#41; &#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01 compared with PBS48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and LPS48h<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MK group&#46; For &#40;D&#41; &#42;&#42;&#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001 compared with PBS48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h group and LPS48h<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MK group&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Montelukast suppressed IL-8 levels production by human neutrophils stimulated with LPS&#46; IL-8 levels in neutrophil supernatant were measured using ELISA&#46; The results are expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SEM&#46; For this figure &#42;&#42;&#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001 compared with non-stimulated &#40;Medium&#41; and LPS-stimulated and treated with montelukast &#40;LPS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MK group&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Sao Paulo Research Foundation &#40;FAPESP&#41;</span>&#44; grant <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">2012&#47;15165-2</span>&#46; MCOJ holds a PhD fellowship from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">FAPESP</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs2">2014&#47;14604-8</span>&#41;&#46; BM holds a postdoctoral fellowship from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs3">FAPESP</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs3">2014&#47;23196-0</span>&#41;&#46; ARAO holds a MSc fellowship from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs4">FAPESP</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs4">2014&#47;07500-1</span>&#41;&#46; JCJAJ holds a MSc fellowship from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs5">FAPESP</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs5">2014&#47;12755-9</span>&#41;&#46; APB holds a MSc fellowship from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs6">CAPES</span>&#46; NCRO holds a PhD fellowship from CAPES&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.arbr.2019.10.002

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	3	2	5
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2024 June	59	35	94
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2024 March	45	25	70
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2023 June	1	0	1
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2022 December	59	37	96
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2021 December	41	33	74
2021 November	688	42	730
2021 April	1	0	1
2020 November	1	2	3
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2019 November	1	2	3

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