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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary sequestration &#40;PS&#41; represents a rare congenital malformation &#40;0&#46;15&#8211;6&#46;45&#37; of all pulmonary malformations&#41; usually supplied by a systemic artery&#44; frequently merging from the aorta or one of its branches&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Vascularization originating from the coronary circulation is extremely rare with less than 20 cases reported &#8211; mostly intralobar sequestrations &#40;presence of independent visceral pleural encasing&#41; supplied either by the right coronary or circumflex artery&#46; Diagnosis can be incidental &#40;e&#46;g&#46; abnormal density on chest radiograph&#41; or in the context of ischemic heart disease due to a coronary steal effect&#44; although arrhythmia has also been described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 68-year-old male with exertion-related chest pain and a recent cardiac stress test suggestive of ischemia &#40;but no confirmation on myocardial scintigraphy&#41;&#44; presented in the Emergency Department with a 3-day epigastric pain irradiating to the left hemithorax associated with nausea and dizziness&#46; No remarkable alterations were found on physical examination&#46; The electrocardiogram revealed a sinus rhythm with a slight ST segment depression &#40;&#60;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm V3&#8211;V5&#41;&#59; serial measurements of high-sensitivity troponin I were elevated &#40;until T12 with a maximum 2825<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;L&#41;&#46; Considering the severe thoracic pain and the difference in blood pressure readings between both arms a thoracic CT-angiography was performed to exclude aortic dissection or pulmonary embolism &#91;despite the stronger possibility of a myocardial infarction &#40;MI&#41;&#93; &#8211; a left paracardiac fusiform opacity with non-enhancing areas inside&#44; in the plane of the aortic valve was revealed after contrast administration&#44; with surrounding millimetric vessels in the inferior margin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#59; no changes were observed in the adjacent lung parenchyma&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was hospitalized with the diagnosis of MI &#40;Killip class I&#41; and had no recurrence of symptoms nor rhythm changes on monitorization&#46; Echocardiogram revealed septal and lower wall hypokinesis with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction &#40;62&#37;&#41;&#46; Heart catheterization showed an aberrant branch arising from the left circumflex artery &#40;LCA&#41; supplying an extra-cardiac structure on the left lung &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41; without other significant hemodynamic stenoses&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The possibility of ischemic heart events due to a steal phenomenon by an anomalous coronary artery arose&#46; A MR angiography &#40;MRA&#41; revealed a 41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm mass in the left lower lobe in close contact with the left oblique fissure and with the mediastinum&#44; with arterial vascularization from the LCA&#44; raising the suspicion of an intralobar PS with coronary irrigation&#46; Despite the possibility of occluding the supplying artery through a transcatheter procedure&#44; considering the risk of infection&#47;necrosis &#40;and eventually malignancy&#41;&#44; the patient underwent left lateral thoracotomy &#8211; an intralobar PS with supply from an aberrant branch from the left circumflex artery was identified and the lesion was excised&#46; Macroscopic examination showed cystic areas surrounded by fibrosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; Histology revealed cystic bronchial-like structures surrounded by respiratory epithelium with fibrosis and chronic inflammation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41;&#46; Myocardial scintigraphy after surgery showed no signs of myocardial ischemia&#46; The patient remained asymptomatic ever since&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A PS supplied by a coronary artery &#40;PSsCA&#41; can theoretically cause symptoms of ischemic heart disease &#40;IHD&#41; through a mechanism of blood steal &#40;even in the absence of significant stenotic coronary vessels&#41; as reported by Nakayama et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In the few cases published&#44; most patients presented with symptoms of IHD on exertion or even while resting&#44; which prompted a cardiac catheterization&#46; In two cases manifestations included frequent episodes of ventricular tachycardia and of bradycardia &#40;due to sick sinus syndrome&#41; &#8211; the former treated with radio-frequency ablation and angioplasty&#44; the latter received a pacemaker&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> A history of recurrent respiratory infections is not uncommon&#44; usually beginning at a very young age &#40;more often with intralobar sequestrations&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Hemoptysis as a PS manifestation has been reported &#40;with massive hemoptysis being uncommon but a potentially serious event&#41; and can result from structural changes &#40;like bronchiectasis&#41; or even pulmonary hypertension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chest CT provides the best display of the airways and parenchymal abnormalities in PS &#8211; they most commonly appear as a homogeneous or inhomogeneous mass&#44; with or without cystic changes and less frequently as multiple small cystic lesions or a large cavitary lesions with air-fluid level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Identification of the aberrant artery is crucial&#44; either for diagnosis &#40;as PS can mimick a malignant tumor&#41; and for preoperative assessment considering the risk of accidental incision and hemorrhage&#59; lack of visualization may happen with smaller size vessels &#40;&#60;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; or with an unfavorable orientation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> Multidetector CT angiography usually reveals both the arterial supply and the venous drainage&#44; making this a diagnostic procedure of choice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a> MRI also has the hability to demonstrate the precise anatomic localization as well as the arterial and venous course&#46; However cystic or emphysematous changes close to the sequestration may not be well delineated and respiratory artifacts can cause low spatial resolution &#8211; breath-hold contrast-enhanced MRA can overcome the last one and be as adequate as a CT angiography for vascular characterization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Chest radiography has not the diagnostic value of the previous image techniques but abnormal findings can motivate further investigation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In the case described &#40;as in most cases with PSsCA&#41; the patient presented with signs and symptoms suggestive of ischemic heart disease and the abnormal irrigation was firstly revealed during heart catheterization&#46; The MRA&#44; together with the CT and the cardiac catheterization findings&#44; supported the possibility of an artery originating from the LCA area&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Imaging differential diagnosis generally includes lung cancer&#44; pulmonary cysts or mediastinal tumors&#46; Regarding PSsCA in particular coronary-bronchial artery fistulas &#40;CBF&#41; are another differential diagnosis to consider&#46; These are congenital anastomoses usually found incidentally during invasive coronary angiography and are often associated with bronchiectasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Most CBF are clinically silent but can become hemodynamically significant in association with a variety of cardiovascular diseases such as cardiomyopathies or supravalvular aortic stenosis&#46; Chest pain and dyspnea related to steal-phenomenon and hemoptysis are the most common symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Diagnosis can be achieved using the same image modalities as for PSsCA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Surgical resection is recommended in symptomatic patients although coil embolization of the feeder artery &#40;during angioplasty&#41; is also an option&#46; In the case presented&#44; surgery was preferred considering the symptoms&#44; the risk of infection and also of cancer &#8211; a few cases of malignant neoplasms being involved in or near sequestered segments have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></span>"
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Scientific Letter
Ischaemic Heart Disease Induced by Intralobar Pulmonary Sequestration
Isquemia miocárdica inducida por secuestro pulmonar intralobar
Maria Antónia Galegoa,
Corresponding author
antoniagalego@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Nídia Pereirab, Susana Guimarãesc, Joana Amadoa, Ana Catarina Silvad
a Department of Pulmonology, Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos E.P.E., Matosinhos, Portugal
b Department of Internal Medicine, Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos E.P.E., Matosinhos, Portugal
c Department of Anatomical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de São João E.P.E., Porto, Portugal
d Department of Radiology, Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos E.P.E., Matosinhos, Portugal
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Axial CT in the plane of the aortic valve after contrast revealing a left paracardiac fusiform opacity with non-enhancing areas inside&#44; compatible with bronchial impactions and millimetric vessels surrounding the lesion on the peripheric inferior margin&#46; &#40;B&#41; Coronary catheterization revealing a branch of the left circumflex artery supplying an extracardiac structure in the left lung &#40;arrow&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; Macroscopy of the surgical resection showing cystic areas surrounded by fibrosis&#59; a systemic artery is present near the base &#40;arrow&#41;&#46; &#40;D&#41; &#40;H&#38;E&#44; 25&#215;&#41; Cystic bronchial-like structures&#44; with a respiratory tract epithelial lining&#44; with multifocal erosions and a marked chronic inflammation and fibrosis&#59; intimal and medial hyperplasia in muscular pulmonary arteries&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary sequestration &#40;PS&#41; represents a rare congenital malformation &#40;0&#46;15&#8211;6&#46;45&#37; of all pulmonary malformations&#41; usually supplied by a systemic artery&#44; frequently merging from the aorta or one of its branches&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Vascularization originating from the coronary circulation is extremely rare with less than 20 cases reported &#8211; mostly intralobar sequestrations &#40;presence of independent visceral pleural encasing&#41; supplied either by the right coronary or circumflex artery&#46; Diagnosis can be incidental &#40;e&#46;g&#46; abnormal density on chest radiograph&#41; or in the context of ischemic heart disease due to a coronary steal effect&#44; although arrhythmia has also been described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 68-year-old male with exertion-related chest pain and a recent cardiac stress test suggestive of ischemia &#40;but no confirmation on myocardial scintigraphy&#41;&#44; presented in the Emergency Department with a 3-day epigastric pain irradiating to the left hemithorax associated with nausea and dizziness&#46; No remarkable alterations were found on physical examination&#46; The electrocardiogram revealed a sinus rhythm with a slight ST segment depression &#40;&#60;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm V3&#8211;V5&#41;&#59; serial measurements of high-sensitivity troponin I were elevated &#40;until T12 with a maximum 2825<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;L&#41;&#46; Considering the severe thoracic pain and the difference in blood pressure readings between both arms a thoracic CT-angiography was performed to exclude aortic dissection or pulmonary embolism &#91;despite the stronger possibility of a myocardial infarction &#40;MI&#41;&#93; &#8211; a left paracardiac fusiform opacity with non-enhancing areas inside&#44; in the plane of the aortic valve was revealed after contrast administration&#44; with surrounding millimetric vessels in the inferior margin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#59; no changes were observed in the adjacent lung parenchyma&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was hospitalized with the diagnosis of MI &#40;Killip class I&#41; and had no recurrence of symptoms nor rhythm changes on monitorization&#46; Echocardiogram revealed septal and lower wall hypokinesis with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction &#40;62&#37;&#41;&#46; Heart catheterization showed an aberrant branch arising from the left circumflex artery &#40;LCA&#41; supplying an extra-cardiac structure on the left lung &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41; without other significant hemodynamic stenoses&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The possibility of ischemic heart events due to a steal phenomenon by an anomalous coronary artery arose&#46; A MR angiography &#40;MRA&#41; revealed a 41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm mass in the left lower lobe in close contact with the left oblique fissure and with the mediastinum&#44; with arterial vascularization from the LCA&#44; raising the suspicion of an intralobar PS with coronary irrigation&#46; Despite the possibility of occluding the supplying artery through a transcatheter procedure&#44; considering the risk of infection&#47;necrosis &#40;and eventually malignancy&#41;&#44; the patient underwent left lateral thoracotomy &#8211; an intralobar PS with supply from an aberrant branch from the left circumflex artery was identified and the lesion was excised&#46; Macroscopic examination showed cystic areas surrounded by fibrosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; Histology revealed cystic bronchial-like structures surrounded by respiratory epithelium with fibrosis and chronic inflammation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41;&#46; Myocardial scintigraphy after surgery showed no signs of myocardial ischemia&#46; The patient remained asymptomatic ever since&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A PS supplied by a coronary artery &#40;PSsCA&#41; can theoretically cause symptoms of ischemic heart disease &#40;IHD&#41; through a mechanism of blood steal &#40;even in the absence of significant stenotic coronary vessels&#41; as reported by Nakayama et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In the few cases published&#44; most patients presented with symptoms of IHD on exertion or even while resting&#44; which prompted a cardiac catheterization&#46; In two cases manifestations included frequent episodes of ventricular tachycardia and of bradycardia &#40;due to sick sinus syndrome&#41; &#8211; the former treated with radio-frequency ablation and angioplasty&#44; the latter received a pacemaker&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> A history of recurrent respiratory infections is not uncommon&#44; usually beginning at a very young age &#40;more often with intralobar sequestrations&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Hemoptysis as a PS manifestation has been reported &#40;with massive hemoptysis being uncommon but a potentially serious event&#41; and can result from structural changes &#40;like bronchiectasis&#41; or even pulmonary hypertension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chest CT provides the best display of the airways and parenchymal abnormalities in PS &#8211; they most commonly appear as a homogeneous or inhomogeneous mass&#44; with or without cystic changes and less frequently as multiple small cystic lesions or a large cavitary lesions with air-fluid level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Identification of the aberrant artery is crucial&#44; either for diagnosis &#40;as PS can mimick a malignant tumor&#41; and for preoperative assessment considering the risk of accidental incision and hemorrhage&#59; lack of visualization may happen with smaller size vessels &#40;&#60;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; or with an unfavorable orientation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> Multidetector CT angiography usually reveals both the arterial supply and the venous drainage&#44; making this a diagnostic procedure of choice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a> MRI also has the hability to demonstrate the precise anatomic localization as well as the arterial and venous course&#46; However cystic or emphysematous changes close to the sequestration may not be well delineated and respiratory artifacts can cause low spatial resolution &#8211; breath-hold contrast-enhanced MRA can overcome the last one and be as adequate as a CT angiography for vascular characterization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Chest radiography has not the diagnostic value of the previous image techniques but abnormal findings can motivate further investigation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In the case described &#40;as in most cases with PSsCA&#41; the patient presented with signs and symptoms suggestive of ischemic heart disease and the abnormal irrigation was firstly revealed during heart catheterization&#46; The MRA&#44; together with the CT and the cardiac catheterization findings&#44; supported the possibility of an artery originating from the LCA area&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Imaging differential diagnosis generally includes lung cancer&#44; pulmonary cysts or mediastinal tumors&#46; Regarding PSsCA in particular coronary-bronchial artery fistulas &#40;CBF&#41; are another differential diagnosis to consider&#46; These are congenital anastomoses usually found incidentally during invasive coronary angiography and are often associated with bronchiectasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Most CBF are clinically silent but can become hemodynamically significant in association with a variety of cardiovascular diseases such as cardiomyopathies or supravalvular aortic stenosis&#46; Chest pain and dyspnea related to steal-phenomenon and hemoptysis are the most common symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Diagnosis can be achieved using the same image modalities as for PSsCA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Surgical resection is recommended in symptomatic patients although coil embolization of the feeder artery &#40;during angioplasty&#41; is also an option&#46; In the case presented&#44; surgery was preferred considering the symptoms&#44; the risk of infection and also of cancer &#8211; a few cases of malignant neoplasms being involved in or near sequestered segments have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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