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Assess the global situation</span></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient had a prolonged stay in the ICU due to difficult-to-control focal epilepsy after surgery&#44; which led to prolonged connection to invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;IMV&#41;&#44; with surgical tracheostomy performed at 2 weeks&#46; Complications included IMV-related pneumonia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and severe critical illness polyneuromyopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> She required high positive end-expiratory pressures &#40;PEEP&#41; &#40;20&#8211;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41; to maintain adequate alveolar recruitment&#46; On arrival at the IRCU&#44; she was totally ventilator-dependent&#44; with pressure support &#40;PS&#41; ventilation &#40;PEEP&#58; 12&#44; PS&#58; 8&#44; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; 60&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phase 2&#46; Assess the feasibility of spontaneous ventilation</span></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spontaneous ventilation test failed&#44; due to a low respiratory drive&#44; severe malacia that made it impossible to decrease PEEP due to collapse&#44; a lack of cough effort&#44; and severe diaphragmatic dysfunction&#44; confirmed by chest ultrasound&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Mucociliary clearance techniques began with respiratory physiotherapy&#44; postural changes&#44; active humidification systems aimed at reducing the viscosity of secretions&#44; and regular aspiration of secretions 2&#8211;3 times every 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; using a 12 CH suction tube&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phase 3&#46; Choice of ventilation mode</span></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As mentioned above&#44; we decided to switch to pressure control mode until the respiratory drive improved&#44; requiring a fixed inspiratory time &#40;Ti&#41;&#44; adjusted to the patient&#39;s neural Ti&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> With the aim of avoiding asynchronies &#40;prolonged inspirations and double triggering&#41;&#44; the sweep procedure was performed&#44; consisting of increasing and&#47;or decreasing the Ti of the ventilator until the one that is best suited to the patient was determined &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#8211;C&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to motor and respiratory physiotherapy&#44; diaphragm muscle training sessions were conducted to address the problem of diaphragm dysfunction&#58; the patient was connected for short periods of time to incremental pressure triggering&#44; since this has been shown to increase the mechanical load more than flow triggering&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> After several sessions&#44; diaphragmatic excursion improved&#44; and respiratory drive and cough strength increased&#46; Given the patient&#39;s clinical and mechanical progress&#44; we decided to move forward and resume pressure support ventilation&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phase 4&#46; Assess tracheal integrity by performing a cuff leak test</span></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A cuff leak test<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> was performed&#44; which was positive&#44; with a difference in exhaled tidal volume of greater than 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phases 4&#8211;7&#46; Change of cannula and progressive closure</span></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cannula was initially substituted with a cannula with fenestra&#44; which was closed for periods of 1&#8211;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; High flow nasal prongs were used during closure periods&#44; given their benefits in controlling malacia and decreasing airway resistance&#46; In parallel with clinical improvement&#44; the need to aspirate secretions diminished until an effective cough was achieved&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phases 8&#8211;11&#46; Placement of hemi-cannula&#44; closure&#44; and withdrawal</span></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After checking tolerance to cannula closures for periods longer than 4&#8211;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and confirming adaptation to and effectiveness of non-invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;NIMV&#41;&#44; we proceeded to place a hemi-cannula with cap&#44; which was withdrawn 3&#8211;4 days later&#44; with no complications&#46; After successfully completing this protocol&#44; the patient was transferred to the Department of Neurosurgery&#44; where she continued to receive NIMV sessions without further incidents&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sweep method used in this case is not described in the scientific literature&#44; so a double-blind simulation of this procedure was performed&#46; This was done using a lung simulator&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> in which a first operator sets a neural Ti and a second operator ventilates the simulator in pressure control mode and uses the sweep method to determine neural Ti&#46; The procedure is repeated with different neural Ti values &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#61;12&#41;&#46; Correlation using simple linear regression between the two Tis was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#61;0&#46;9&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;0001 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41;&#46; In accordance with this result&#44; we believe that this procedure can offer new possibilities in the neural control of ventilation in controlled modes&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It also raises the possibility of using high flow during closures with tracheotomy to manage tracheal malacia&#44; given the advantages of this approach in the pressurization of the upper airway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also describe a new modality of diaphragm training based on the use of pressure triggering&#44; a method that has been abandoned in routine practice due to the greater work of breathing than observed with flow triggering&#46; However&#44; in our patient we took advantage of this effect to train the diaphragmatic muscle&#44; monitor its activity by ultrasound&#44; and control the risk of muscle fatigue &#40;ineffective effort&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we highlight the relevance of the use of the sweep method in the neural control of ventilation and highlight the importance of having a highly specialized environment where a comprehensive protocol can be implemented for the management of patients with highly complex respiratory problems&#44; such as prolonged weaning&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Herrero Huertas J&#44; Laso del Hierro F&#44; Pel&#225;ez Castro F&#44; Plaza Moreno C&#44; Ampuero L&#243;pez A&#44; Carballosa de Miguel MP&#44; et al&#46; Importancia del manejo especializado en el destete prolongado&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2019&#59;55&#58;443&#8211;444&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sweep procedure to calculate neural inspiratory time &#40;Ti&#41;&#46; &#40;A&#41; Neural Ti greater than ventilator Ti&#44; demonstrating double-trigger asynchrony&#46; &#40;B&#41; Neural Ti less than ventilator Ti&#44; demonstrating prolonged inspiration asynchrony&#46; &#40;C&#41; Adjusted Ti with correct adjustment to ventilator&#46; &#40;D&#41; Linear correlation between neural Ti and adjusted Ti obtained with the sweep method&#46;</p>"
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Scientific Letter
The Importance of Highly Specific Management in Prolonged Weaning
Importancia del manejo especializado en el destete prolongado
Julia Herrero Huertasa,
Corresponding author
herrerohuertas@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Francisco Laso del Hierrob, Fernando Peláez Castroc, Cristina Plaza Morenod, Ana Ampuero Lópeze, María del Pilar Carballosa de Miguelf,g, Sarah Heili Fradesf,g, Germán Peces-Barba Romerof,g
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
b Servicio de Neumología, IIS-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz Quirón salud, Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
e Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
f Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios Respiratorios, Servicio de Neumología, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Quirón salud, UAM, Madrid, Spain
g Ciberes (Centro de investigaciones Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades respiratorias), REVA (Réseau Européen de Ventilation Artificielle)
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sweep procedure to calculate neural inspiratory time &#40;Ti&#41;&#46; &#40;A&#41; Neural Ti greater than ventilator Ti&#44; demonstrating double-trigger asynchrony&#46; &#40;B&#41; Neural Ti less than ventilator Ti&#44; demonstrating prolonged inspiration asynchrony&#46; &#40;C&#41; Adjusted Ti with correct adjustment to ventilator&#46; &#40;D&#41; Linear correlation between neural Ti and adjusted Ti obtained with the sweep method&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Difficulties associated with disconnecting patients from mechanical ventilation and decannulation after prolonged ventilation are well documented&#46; In most patients &#40;70&#37;&#41;&#44; weaning is simple&#44; but it is difficult in 15&#37;&#44; and prolonged in another 15&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> In this last group&#44; it is important to provide global&#44; specialized management&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a 50-year-old woman admitted to the intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41; for 1&#46;5 months after surgical resection of an occipital arteriovenous malformation&#46; Because of the weaning difficulties experienced by this unit&#44; the patient was transferred to an intermediate respiratory care unit &#40;IRCU&#41;&#44; where the following mechanical ventilation weaning and decannulation protocol was implemented<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#58;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phase 1&#46; Assess the global situation</span></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient had a prolonged stay in the ICU due to difficult-to-control focal epilepsy after surgery&#44; which led to prolonged connection to invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;IMV&#41;&#44; with surgical tracheostomy performed at 2 weeks&#46; Complications included IMV-related pneumonia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and severe critical illness polyneuromyopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> She required high positive end-expiratory pressures &#40;PEEP&#41; &#40;20&#8211;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41; to maintain adequate alveolar recruitment&#46; On arrival at the IRCU&#44; she was totally ventilator-dependent&#44; with pressure support &#40;PS&#41; ventilation &#40;PEEP&#58; 12&#44; PS&#58; 8&#44; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; 60&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phase 2&#46; Assess the feasibility of spontaneous ventilation</span></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spontaneous ventilation test failed&#44; due to a low respiratory drive&#44; severe malacia that made it impossible to decrease PEEP due to collapse&#44; a lack of cough effort&#44; and severe diaphragmatic dysfunction&#44; confirmed by chest ultrasound&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Mucociliary clearance techniques began with respiratory physiotherapy&#44; postural changes&#44; active humidification systems aimed at reducing the viscosity of secretions&#44; and regular aspiration of secretions 2&#8211;3 times every 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; using a 12 CH suction tube&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phase 3&#46; Choice of ventilation mode</span></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As mentioned above&#44; we decided to switch to pressure control mode until the respiratory drive improved&#44; requiring a fixed inspiratory time &#40;Ti&#41;&#44; adjusted to the patient&#39;s neural Ti&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> With the aim of avoiding asynchronies &#40;prolonged inspirations and double triggering&#41;&#44; the sweep procedure was performed&#44; consisting of increasing and&#47;or decreasing the Ti of the ventilator until the one that is best suited to the patient was determined &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#8211;C&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to motor and respiratory physiotherapy&#44; diaphragm muscle training sessions were conducted to address the problem of diaphragm dysfunction&#58; the patient was connected for short periods of time to incremental pressure triggering&#44; since this has been shown to increase the mechanical load more than flow triggering&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> After several sessions&#44; diaphragmatic excursion improved&#44; and respiratory drive and cough strength increased&#46; Given the patient&#39;s clinical and mechanical progress&#44; we decided to move forward and resume pressure support ventilation&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phase 4&#46; Assess tracheal integrity by performing a cuff leak test</span></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A cuff leak test<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> was performed&#44; which was positive&#44; with a difference in exhaled tidal volume of greater than 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phases 4&#8211;7&#46; Change of cannula and progressive closure</span></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cannula was initially substituted with a cannula with fenestra&#44; which was closed for periods of 1&#8211;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; High flow nasal prongs were used during closure periods&#44; given their benefits in controlling malacia and decreasing airway resistance&#46; In parallel with clinical improvement&#44; the need to aspirate secretions diminished until an effective cough was achieved&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phases 8&#8211;11&#46; Placement of hemi-cannula&#44; closure&#44; and withdrawal</span></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After checking tolerance to cannula closures for periods longer than 4&#8211;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and confirming adaptation to and effectiveness of non-invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;NIMV&#41;&#44; we proceeded to place a hemi-cannula with cap&#44; which was withdrawn 3&#8211;4 days later&#44; with no complications&#46; After successfully completing this protocol&#44; the patient was transferred to the Department of Neurosurgery&#44; where she continued to receive NIMV sessions without further incidents&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sweep method used in this case is not described in the scientific literature&#44; so a double-blind simulation of this procedure was performed&#46; This was done using a lung simulator&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> in which a first operator sets a neural Ti and a second operator ventilates the simulator in pressure control mode and uses the sweep method to determine neural Ti&#46; The procedure is repeated with different neural Ti values &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#61;12&#41;&#46; Correlation using simple linear regression between the two Tis was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#61;0&#46;9&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;0001 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41;&#46; In accordance with this result&#44; we believe that this procedure can offer new possibilities in the neural control of ventilation in controlled modes&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It also raises the possibility of using high flow during closures with tracheotomy to manage tracheal malacia&#44; given the advantages of this approach in the pressurization of the upper airway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also describe a new modality of diaphragm training based on the use of pressure triggering&#44; a method that has been abandoned in routine practice due to the greater work of breathing than observed with flow triggering&#46; However&#44; in our patient we took advantage of this effect to train the diaphragmatic muscle&#44; monitor its activity by ultrasound&#44; and control the risk of muscle fatigue &#40;ineffective effort&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we highlight the relevance of the use of the sweep method in the neural control of ventilation and highlight the importance of having a highly specialized environment where a comprehensive protocol can be implemented for the management of patients with highly complex respiratory problems&#44; such as prolonged weaning&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Herrero Huertas J&#44; Laso del Hierro F&#44; Pel&#225;ez Castro F&#44; Plaza Moreno C&#44; Ampuero L&#243;pez A&#44; Carballosa de Miguel MP&#44; et al&#46; Importancia del manejo especializado en el destete prolongado&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2019&#59;55&#58;443&#8211;444&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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