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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia &#40;BPD&#41; is the most frequent severe respiratory disorder during the neonatal period among premature children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In Europe&#44; the incidence is approximately 20&#37; among new born with low birth weight &#40;BW&#41; &#40;&#60;2500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; and 30&#37; in extremely preterm &#40;&#60;28 week&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> BPD incidence is related to gestational age &#40;GA&#41; and low BW&#46; Indeed&#44; in Spain&#44; it affects 53&#37; of children who were born before 28 weeks of GA compared to only 0&#46;3&#37; of children with a GA greater than 30 weeks&#44; and 67&#37; of children with a BW lower than 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g compared to 1&#37; of children with a BW around 1250&#8211;1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Extremely preterm infants and&#44; particularly those with BPD&#44; have frequently impaired lung function in infancy&#44; childhood and adulthood&#46; It increases the risk of respiratory disease&#46; Reduced functional capacity was also demonstrated in BPD preterm children and adolescents compared to children born full-term&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#8211;6</span></a> These children have an important risk of limited ventilatory reserve and&#47;or a need for adaptation during exercise&#44; both resulting in limitations in daily life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exercises programme are highly recommended in many lung diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> Indeed&#44; in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44; pulmonary rehabilitation including a physical exercise program is highly effective &#40;Evidence 1A&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; In paediatric chronic diseases such as congenital heart diseases or cystic fibrosis&#44; exercise training was also recommended as an important part of the treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However&#44; the effects of such programme have never been documented in BPD preterm children&#44; despite similar physical limitations&#46; We hypothesized that BPD preterm children would benefit from a physical activity programme&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a physical activity programme on functional capacity &#40;exercise tolerance and exercise capacity&#41; &#40;main outcome&#41;&#44; flexibility and lung function in BPD extremely preterm children&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Material and Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Patients</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BPD preterm children were recruited from database of the paediatric pulmonology unit of Hospital Vall d&#8217;Hebron in Barcelona &#40;Spain&#41; between August and November 2015&#46; Inclusion criteria were to be aged between 4 and 6 years with a gestational age lower than 37 weeks&#44; moderate BPD according to National Institute of Child Health and Human Development &#40;NICHD&#41; &#40;&#60;30&#37; oxygen at 36 weeks&#44; at postmenstrual age or at discharge&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and free of participation in sports or another exercise programme at school or in a specific club&#46; Children with congenital malformations&#44; neuromuscular disorders&#44; gait dysfunction&#44; severe visual or hearing impairment&#44; difficulties in communication or in understanding orders&#44; wheezing or acute pulmonary disease in the 4 weeks preceding the study&#44; haemodynamic changes at rest defined by heart rate higher than 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#44; systolic blood pressure higher than 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg or diastolic blood pressure higher than 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and lung and&#47;or heart transplantation were excluded&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was previously approved by the institutional medical ethics committee &#40;PIC-140-15&#41; and was registered in ClinicalTrial&#46;gov &#40;<a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/NCT02523521">NCT02523521</a>&#41;&#46; All parents signed a written informed consent&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Design and Programme</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a randomized controlled trial&#46; Allocation was concealed&#46; Subjects were randomized in intervention &#40;IG&#41; or control group &#40;CG&#41;&#46; Randomization was performed by a computer-generated a random number list &#40;<a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.randomizer.org/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;randomizer&#46;org&#47;</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">IG performed a twice-a-week specific and supervised outpatient group exercise programme at the hospital during 4 weeks&#46; Each session was divided in 3 blocks&#58; &#40;1&#41; interval training &#40;duration from 30 to 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41; by running exercises&#44; &#40;2&#41; peripheral muscle strength exercises &#40;biceps&#44; triceps&#44; deltoids&#44; hamstrings&#44; quadriceps and triceps surae&#41; with medicine ball from 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg &#40;during 5&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41; and &#40;3&#41; peripheral muscles stretching &#40;hamstrings&#44; quadriceps&#44; triceps surae&#44; deltoids&#44; biceps&#44; pectoral and dorsal&#41; and chest flexibility &#40;side inclinations&#41; &#40;during 5&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;&#46; The intensity of the interval training was determined by modified Borg scale &#40;from 5 to 8 for moderate to vigorous intensity&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The duration of the sessions increased every week from 30 to 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; CG was evaluated but they did not participate to any specific physical activity during the study period&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Evaluation and Outcomes</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The same qualified investigator &#40;NM&#41; performed all the evaluations and sessions and was blinded to the allocated treatment at the time of the initial evaluation&#46; Lung function test was performed by a blinded pulmonologist&#46; All the subjects were evaluated before and after the period of the study&#46; The analysis was blinded&#46;</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Functional Exercise Capacity</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the recent American Thoracic Society &#40;ATS&#41;&#47;European Respiratory Society &#40;ERS&#41; statement&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> functional exercise capacity &#40;exercise tolerance and exercise capacity&#41; was considered as the main outcome and assessed by two different tests&#58; six minute walking test &#40;6MWT&#41; and incremental shuttle walk test &#40;ISWT&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exercise tolerance was evaluated by the 6MWT&#44; according to the standardized protocol validated by Li et al&#46; in children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and derived from ATS&#47;ERS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> No training test was carried out due to the high reproducibility of this test in children and the absence of learning effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;15</span></a> Children took a 10-min rest on a chair before the test&#46; They were instructed to walk as far as possible for 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The test was self-paced and the child was allowed to rest if desired&#44; although the clock continued to run&#46; The encouragement during the test was standardized &#40;&#8220;keep going&#8221;&#44; &#8220;you are doing fine&#8221;&#44; &#8220;everything is going well&#8221;&#41; and given by the same person at fixed times&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Walked distance was expressed as absolute and percentage of predicted value based on Geiger&#39;s equation &#40;6MWD &#40;m&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>196&#46;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#46;816<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>age &#40;years&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>age<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;years&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>138&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height &#40;m&#41;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exercise capacity was measured by the ISWT&#44; recently validated by Lanza et al&#46; in children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and based on Singh&#39;s protocol&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> No training test was performed due to it is high reproducibility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The test was performed in a 10-m hallway with 2 cones at the endpoints&#46; Children were asked to walk &#40;or ran&#41; around the course at an incrementing pace directed by an audio signal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The initial walking speed was 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#47;s and increased by 0&#46;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#47;s each minute&#46; The speed increment was indicated by a triple bleep&#46; The test was composed of 15 levels&#46; Walked distance was calculated and expressed as absolute and percent of predicted value following Lanza&#39;s equation &#40;ISWT &#40;m&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>845&#46;559<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;sex<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>193&#46;265&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#46;850&#41; &#40;body mass index<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#46;179&#41;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> &#40;Sex&#58; 0 for female&#44; 1 for male&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The child took a rest for 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min between 6MWT and ISWT&#46; Pulsed oxygen saturation and heart rate were recorded before&#44; after and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after each test &#40;Nonin&#44; Onyx&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The test was interrupted on request by the child due to exhaustion or in case of oxygen saturation lower than 80&#37; or heart rate higher than 85&#37; of the maximum heart rate for age &#91;predicted maximum HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>210<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>age&#41;&#93;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Flexibility</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Flexibility was assessed by the Modified Sit and Reach test &#40;MSRT&#41;&#46; Children were seated on the floor with both legs fully extended&#44; shoulder width apart&#44; and feet placed flat against a box with a slide ruler attached to the top&#46; The height of the box was 33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; With one hand on top of the other and the knees fully extended&#44; they slowly reached forward &#40;without jerking&#41; as far away as possible&#44; sliding the hands across the top of the ruler&#44; and held the final position at least 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; The score &#40;in centimetres&#41; was registered as the final position of the fingertips on or towards the ruler&#46; MSRT score was calculated using the following equation&#58; finger-to-box distance &#40;cm&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;Sit and Reach Test &#40;SRT&#41; score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Higher scores indicated better performance&#46; The reached distance of 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm corresponded with the position of the feet against the box&#46; The score was negative if the participant was not able to touch the front of the box with his fingertips&#46; The MSRT was performed twice and the average value was retained&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> MSRT distance was calculated and expressed in absolute value&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Lung Function</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lung function test was performed according to ATS&#47;ERS recommendations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Forced expiratory volume in the first second &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&#44; forced vital capacity &#40;FVC&#41;&#44; ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s to forced vital capacity &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC&#41; and forced expiratory flow &#40;FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#37;&#8211;75&#37;</span>&#41; were evaluated&#46; The results were expressed by Global Lung Initiative predicted value equation &#40;GLI 2012&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Statistical Analyses</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample size corresponding to a difference of 10&#37; in the walking distance &#40;main outcome&#41;&#44; between the pre- and post-intervention at a 5&#37; significance level for a 2-sided test with a power of 80&#37; was determined &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 per group&#41; based on Geiger et al&#46; results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Clinical data were analyzed by SPSS Statistics 24&#46;0 &#40;IBM Corp&#46;&#44; Armonk&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Descriptive results were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; and confidence interval&#44; or by median and minimum&#8211;maximum depending on the normality of the distribution&#46; Normality of the distributions was verified by Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; The means of pre- and post-intervention values were compared by Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> test&#46; Paired or unpaired Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> test were used for intra- or intergroup comparisons&#44; respectively&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value less than &#46;05 were considered statistically significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifty-eight subjects &#40;27 females&#44; 31 males&#41; were eligible&#46; Twenty-six subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria &#40;gestational age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;2 week&#44; birth weight<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>747&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>131&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41;&#46; Six children were excluded due to lack of interest &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&#44; travel &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; and language difficulties &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&#46; Twenty children were randomized &#40;6 females&#44; 4 males in IG&#59; 4 females&#44; 6 males in CG&#41; and completed the study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; No adverse events were observed neither during the evaluations nor during the programme&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the subjects are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Lung function was assessed in 10 and only 6 children in CG and IG respectively&#44; due to the impossibility to obtain valid manoeuvres&#46; Both groups were similar at inclusion for all analyzed outcomes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Effects of the intervention are illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; After the 4-week programme&#44; exercise tolerance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41;&#44; exercise capacity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;013&#41;&#44; flexibility &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41; and airways obstruction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;004&#41; were significantly improved in the IG&#46; No significant difference was observed for all outcomes between pre- and post-intervention in CG&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiorespiratory response &#40;pulsed oxygen saturation &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; and heart rate &#40;HR&#41;&#41; during 6MWT and ISWT are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> did not show clinically relevant changes&#46; HR at the end of ISWT was higher after the programme in IG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;016&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lung function was similar at baseline in both groups&#46; No changes in lung function were observed in CG&#46; However&#44; airways obstruction was significantly improved in IG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;004&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The improvement in 6MWT &#40;gain in metres&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;017&#41;&#44; ISWT &#40;gain in metres&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;013&#41; and MSRT &#40;gain in centimetres&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41; were significantly higher in IG than in CG and clinically relevant only in IG at the end of the programme &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; It means that the improvement was higher than minimal clinically important difference &#40;MCID&#41; for these outcomes &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m for 6MWT&#44; 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m for ISWT&#44; 2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm for MSRT&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a physical activity programme on functional exercise capacity &#40;exercise tolerance and exercise capacity&#41; &#40;main outcome&#41;&#44; flexibility and lung function in BPD extremely premature children &#40;from 4 to 6 years old&#41;&#46; After a 4-week exercise programme&#44; we highlighted a clinically relevant and statistically significant improvement in functional exercise capacity and flexibility&#46; Airway obstruction level was also improved even if it was not clinically relevant&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Functional exercise capacity was considered as the main outcome&#46; The ATS&#47;ERS propose assessing this endpoint by two different validated&#44; inexpensive and safe tests &#40;6MWT and ISWT&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> 6MWT has been shown to reflect daily life activities limitation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> to measure the response to therapeutic interventions and to be strongly correlated to cardiopulmonary exercise test&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> ISWT is incremental and progressive test&#44; stressing the individual symptom limiting maximal performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In adults&#44; it is well know that a learning effect exists in field tests &#40;6MWT and ISWT&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Then&#44; to decrease this effect a training test has to be performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However&#44; Martins et al&#46; evaluated the repeatability of the 6MWT in children with 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min between both tests and they observed no significant difference in the walked distance between both tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> They suggested that there is no learning effect in children&#46; Li demonstrated also a good reproducibility in children with no significant difference in the walked distance when 6MWT was repeated after 18 days&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> This study concerned non-Caucasian children but we postulated that the learning effect &#40;or reproducibility&#41; on walking distance is not related to the ethnic origin&#46; For these reasons&#44; we did not perform a training test&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our programme improved functional exercise capacity in the recruited children&#46; As previously demonstrated&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;5&#44;25&#44;26</span></a> BPD children showed lower functional exercise capacity compared to healthy children&#46; Indeed&#44; in our study&#44; walked distance in 6MWT was only 61&#37; and 64&#37; of the predicted values at baseline in IG and CG&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Spanish children have one of the most sedentary behaviour in Europe<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> and it can contribute to the reduced walked distance&#46; We hypothesize that such a programme could reduce the risk of sedentary and inactivity associated with being born extremely prematurely&#46; After the exercise programme&#44; the distance improved only in IG &#40;&#43;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41;&#46; It reinforces this hypothesis&#46; Despite MCID has never been determined for 6MWT in children&#44; this improvement can be considered as clinically relevant&#46; Indeed&#44; it was largely higher than the error related to the repeatability &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41; of this test in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The distance walked during ISWT was also dramatically lower in both groups than in healthy children &#40;45&#37; and 31&#37; of predicted value in CG and IG respectively&#41;&#46; IG improved significantly the walked distance &#40;217<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41; at the end of the programme&#46; This improvement was clinically relevant&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Flexibility is a health-related fitness quality included in several fitness batteries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> The most used evaluation tools are the SRT and the MSRT&#46; SRT is validated for estimating hamstring extensibility in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> However&#44; MSRT protocol decreases the limb length bias establishing a relative zero point for each person&#46; Even if Hoeger et al&#46; demonstrated no significant differences between SRT and MSRT&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> it can be particularly important in paediatric population to perform MSRT due to anthropometric characteristics of children&#46; After our 4-week programme&#44; we observed a significant improvement &#40;&#43;8&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41; in flexibility in IG &#40;14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;7 vs 22&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41;&#46; De Miguel-Etayo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> proposed European reference values of pre-pubertal children of fitness measures &#40;6&#8211;11 years-old&#41;&#46; Comparing their 6-years age group &#40;19&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in boys and 21&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in girls&#41; with our baseline values&#44; we found a reduced flexibility among BPD children in CG &#40;14&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in boys and 12&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in girls&#41; and IG &#40;12&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in boys and 16&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in girls&#41;&#46; Mayorga-Vega et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> considered 2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm as a minimal detectable change value of the SRT&#46; In our study&#44; we found a greater improvement in IG &#40;&#43;6&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#46; As previously demonstrated&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> our results corroborated that extremely low birth weight &#40;ELBW&#41; BPD children have less flexibility compared to term-born children &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiorespiratory response during exercise are similar between preterm and full-term children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;34</span></a> and between preterm children with and without BPD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> As expected&#44; in our study&#44; this response at exercise &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and HR&#41; was normal in all included children&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; lung function tends to be reduced in BPD children&#46; Contrary to previous publications&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;26&#44;35</span></a> it was normal in both groups at inclusion&#46; It can be explained by the impairment in lung function related to different BPD definitions&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> the BPD severity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> and the choice of Global Lung Function Initiative equation as reference values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> BPD children tend to present airway obstruction&#44; especially in adolescence and adulthood<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;35&#44;38&#44;39</span></a> and their lung function may deteriorate at a more rapid rate compared to healthy children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> For this reason&#44; Rosenfeld<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> suggested that spirometry provides a useful longitudinal measurement in young children with BPD&#46; Despite that&#44; there is a paucity of data on preschool spirometry in children with BPD&#46; Spirometric tests can be performed in children from 3 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Despite the difficulty to perform lung function test in preschool children &#40;4&#8211;6 years old&#41;&#44; only four children from our sample failed to perform successful spirometry manoeuvres in our study&#46; A similar success rate was classically observed in children under 6 years old&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#44;42</span></a> Surprisingly to what it is classically expected after exercises programme&#44; we observed a significant difference in FEV1 in IG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;004&#41;&#46; However&#44; this improvement is clinically non-relevant &#40;lower than 8&#37; predicted value or 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> It can be explained by the gain in peripheral and respiratory muscle strength associated to exercise training<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> even if we did not evaluate them&#46; Indeed&#44; a relationship between FEV1 and peripheral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> and respiratory<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> muscles strength was previously found in cystic fibrosis children&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; no specific exercise programme has been proposed for BPD preterm children&#46; This is the first study evaluating the effects of a short and supervised outpatient exercise programme in these patients&#46; This programme included all the elements classically associated to exercise training programme in other diseases such as endurance &#40;aerobic training&#41;&#44; muscular strength training &#40;resistance&#41; and flexibility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Each week the intensity of the exercises and duration of the sessions were increased&#46; Programme duration&#44; structure&#44; sessions duration and frequency&#44; and training intensity were extrapolated and adapted from pulmonary rehabilitation programme for COPD and Cystic Fibrosis &#40;CF&#41; patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;47&#44;48</span></a> We performed 2 sessions per week and the duration of each session varied from 40 to 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min based on ATS&#47;ERS statement requiring a minimum of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Our study confirmed the feasibility and the efficacy of such a programme in BPD children&#46; Based on our results&#44; we postulate that this programme is sufficient to obtain a benefit even though longer programme should be also considered in the future&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some limitations need to be addressed&#46; Even if the sample size was previously determined&#44; extrapolation to larger population should be verified&#46; We investigated only ELBW children with moderate BPD and we cannot extrapolate our results to less premature children&#46; Children with neurocognitive sequels were excluded while they are usually associated with more severe BPD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> However&#44; it is the first time that a specific programme was proposed to BPD children&#46; The duration of our programme was short&#46; Indeed&#44; the general recommendations consider that exercise programmes should be proposed during 6&#8211;12 week and 2&#8211;3 times per week&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;48</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; similar 4-week programmes were already proposed with success in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;50&#44;51</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conclusions</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We highlighted for the first time that a 4-week exercise programme was beneficial for BPD preterm children&#46; This intervention at early age is feasible&#44; leads to an improved exercise capacity&#46; Indeed&#44; our supervised programme improves exercise tolerance&#44; exercise capacity and flexibility&#46; As for all rehabilitation programmes&#44; long-term benefit must be determined&#46; Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the maintenance of the observed benefits and if children change their behaviour&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Funding Statement</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public&#44; commercial&#44; or not-for-profit sectors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Authorship</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NM and GR conceptualized and designed the study&#44; drafted the initial manuscript&#44; and approved the final manuscript as submitted&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AP&#44; VM and GC carried out the initial analyses&#44; reviewed and revised the manuscript&#44; and approved the final manuscript as submitted&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia &#40;BPD&#41; is the most common complication of extreme preterm delivery&#44; and is associated with reduced exercise tolerance and exercise capacity&#46; The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a physical activity programme on exercise tolerance&#44; exercise capacity&#44; flexibility&#44; and lung function in prematurely born children with BPD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a randomized controlled trial&#46; Preterm children with BPD &#40;4&#8211;6 years&#41; were randomized to intervention &#40;IG&#41; and control &#40;CG&#41; groups&#46; The CG did not participate in any physical activity during the study period&#46; The IG performed a 4-week exercise programme based on aerobic interval and resistance training&#46; Outcomes were based on the 6-minute walk test &#40;6MWT&#41;&#44; incremental shuttle walk test &#40;ISWT&#41;&#44; modified sit and reach test &#40;MSRT&#41; and spirometry results&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Twenty individuals were recruited&#46; In the IG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#44; statistical and clinical improvement was observed in the 6MWT &#40;316&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m vs 376&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41;&#46; Significant improvements were also seen in the IG in the ISWT &#40;248&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m vs 465&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;013&#41;&#44; MSRT &#40;14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm vs 22&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41;&#44; and FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;102&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#37; pred vs 104&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#37; pred&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;004&#41;&#46; No significant differences between pre- and post-intervention were observed in the CG for all outcomes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This 4-week programme resulted in statistical and clinical improvements in exercise tolerance&#44; exercise capacity and flexibility in preterm children with BPD&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La displasia broncopulmonar &#40;DBP&#41; es una secuela frecuente entre los prematuros extremos&#44; asoci&#225;ndose a una reducci&#243;n en la tolerancia y en la capacidad al ejercicio&#46; El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento basado en la tolerancia y en la capacidad al ejercicio&#44; la flexibilidad y la funci&#243;n pulmonar en ni&#241;os prematuros con DBP&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El ensayo cl&#237;nico se hizo con ni&#241;os prematuros con DBP &#40;de 4 a 6 a&#241;os&#41;&#44; aleatorizados en 2 grupos&#44; control &#40;GC&#41; e intervenci&#243;n &#40;GI&#41;&#46; El GC no particip&#243; en ninguna actividad f&#237;sica durante el estudio&#46; El GI realiz&#243; un programa interv&#225;lico y de resistencia de 4 semanas&#46; Se evalu&#243; el Six Minute Walking test &#40;6MWT&#41;&#44; el Incremental Shuttle Walk test &#40;ISWT&#41;&#44; el Modified Sit and Reach test &#40;MSRT&#41; y la espirometr&#237;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se reclutaron 20 ni&#241;os&#46; No se observaron diferencias significativas entre la pre- y la postintervenci&#243;n en el GC &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#46; En el 6MWT se observ&#243; una mejor&#237;a significativa y cl&#237;nica &#40;316&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m vs&#46; 376&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41; al final de la intervenci&#243;n en el GI &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#46; El ISWT &#40;248&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m vs&#46; 465&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;013&#41;&#44; el MSRT &#40;14&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm vs&#46; 22&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41; y la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#37; pred vs&#46; 104<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#37; pred&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;004&#41; tambi&#233;n mejoraron significativamente en el GI&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este programa de 4 semanas&#44; mejora estad&#237;sticamente y cl&#237;nicamente la tolerancia y la capacidad al ejercicio&#44; y la flexibilidad en ni&#241;os prematuros con DBP&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">GA&#58; gestational age&#59; y&#58; years&#59; M&#58; male&#59; F&#58; female&#59; kg&#58; kilogram&#59; g&#58; grams&#59; cm&#58; centimetres&#59; w&#58; week&#59; &#37;&#58; percentage&#59; &#37; pred&#58; percentage of predicted value&#59; 6MWT&#58; six minute walk test&#59; ISWT&#58; incremental shuttle walk test&#59; MSRT&#58; modified sit and reach test&#59; FEV1&#58; forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; FVC&#58; forced vital capacity&#59; FEF 25&#37;&#8211;75&#37;&#58; forced expiratory flow at 25&#37;&#8211;75&#37; of forced vital capacity&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Intervention group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;y&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<br>&#91;4&#46;8&#59; 5&#46;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gender &#40;M&#58;F&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#58;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;389&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;1<br>&#91;14&#46;6&#59; 17&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;1<br>&#91;15&#46;1&#59; 19&#46;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;362&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">106&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;0<br>&#91;103&#46;1&#59; 108&#46;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">107&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;4<br>&#91;103&#46;3&#59; 111&#46;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;580&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">GA &#40;w&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;3<br>&#91;25&#46;0&#59; 26&#46;9&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0<br>&#91;25&#46;0&#59; 26&#46;5&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;741&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Birth weight &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">759&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>142&#46;9<br>&#91;656&#46;7&#59; 861&#46;2&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">723&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>117&#46;9<br>&#91;639&#46;1&#59; 807&#46;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;552&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6MWT &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;3<br>&#91;52&#46;2&#59; 75&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;6<br>&#91;56&#46;8&#59; 66&#46;3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;650&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ISWT &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#46;1<br>&#91;28&#46;7&#59; 60&#46;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;8<br>&#91;22&#46;7&#59; 39&#46;6&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;128&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MSRT &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;8<br>&#91;10&#46;4&#59; 15&#46;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9<br>&#91;9&#46;8&#59; 19&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;073&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<br>&#91;92&#59; 94&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<br>&#91;91&#59; 94&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;413&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1 &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<br>&#91;95&#59; 108&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<br>&#91;85&#59; 119&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;960&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">111<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<br>&#91;103&#59; 118&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19<br>&#91;89&#59; 130&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;937&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEF 25&#8211;75 &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">145<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8<br>&#91;139&#59; 150&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">149<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<br>&#91;134&#59; 164&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;445&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CG&#58; control group&#59; IG&#58; intervention group&#59; 6MWT&#58; six minute walking test&#59; ISWT&#58; Incremental Shuttle Walk Test&#59; MSRT&#58; Modified Sit and Reach test&#59; m&#58; metres&#59; cm&#58; centimetres&#59; &#37; pred&#58; percentage of predicted value&#59; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> i&#58; initial oxygen saturation&#59; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> f&#58; final oxygen saturation&#59; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 2&#8217;&#58; two minutes after oxygen saturation measure&#59; HR i&#58; initial heart rate&#59; HR f&#58; final heart rate&#59; HR 2&#8217;&#58; two minutes after heart rate measure&#59; FEV1&#58; forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; FVC&#58; forced vital capacity&#59; FEF 25&#37;&#8211;75&#37;&#58; forced expiratory flow at 25&#37;&#8211;75&#37; of forced vital capacity&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Intervention group</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> Value &#40;within&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Initial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Final&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Initial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Final&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6MWT &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">332&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>88&#46;1 &#91;269&#46;7&#59; 395&#46;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">343&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75&#46;3 &#91;290&#46;0&#59; 397&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;408&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">316&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#46;4 &#91;293&#46;8&#59; 338&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">376&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#46;5<br>&#91;347&#46;9&#59; 404&#46;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<br>&#91;96&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<br>&#91;96&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1 &#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<br>&#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;037<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 f&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<br>&#91;96&#59; 97&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 &#91;96&#59; 97&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;555&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1 &#91;96&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1<br>&#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;269&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 2&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6<br>&#91;97&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<br>&#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;394&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;3<br>&#91;97&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4 &#91;98&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;399&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<br>&#91;90&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;92&#59; 106&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;488&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<br>&#91;88&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;89&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;860&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR f&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;110&#59; 125&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<br>&#91;110&#59; 128&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;549&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17<br>&#91;107&#59; 131&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">114<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;107&#59; 121&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;250&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR 2&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8<br>&#91;94&#59; 105&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">103<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7<br>&#91;98&#59; 108&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;065&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;2<br>&#91;92&#59; 105&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;9<br>&#91;94&#59; 105&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;789&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ISWT &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">369&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>170&#46;4 &#91;247&#46;9&#59; 491&#46;6&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">386&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>164&#46;4 &#91;268&#46;8&#59; 504&#46;1&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;390&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">248&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#46;2<br>&#91;152&#46;9&#59; 343&#46;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">465&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58&#46;2 &#91;342&#46;9&#59; 587&#46;6&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;013<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;9<br>&#91;96&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;9<br>&#91;96&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;168&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 &#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0<br>&#91;98&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;223&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 f&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1<br>&#91;96&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6 &#91;95&#59; 97&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;2 &#91;94&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5<br>&#91;97&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;154&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 2&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<br>&#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 &#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;244&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1<br>&#91;97&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9 &#91;98&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;104&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<br>&#91;90&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<br>&#91;93&#59; 106&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;360&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<br>&#91;87&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<br>&#91;86&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;920&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR f&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">142<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29<br>&#91;121&#59; 163&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21<br>&#91;139&#59; 169&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;167&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">139<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19<br>&#91;125&#59; 153&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "Perinatal risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a national cohort of very-low-birthweight infants"
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                            3 => "L&#46; Sirota"
                            4 => "L&#46; Lerner-Geva"
                            5 => "B&#46; Reichman"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Obstet Gynecol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "208"
                        "paginaInicial" => "115&#46;e1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "115&#46;e9"
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                      "titulo" => "Guidelines for the follow up of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia"
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                          "etal" => true
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                            1 => "S&#46; Rueda Esteban"
                            2 => "J&#46; Alfonso Diego"
                            3 => "M&#46; Barrio G&#243;mez de Ag&#252;ero"
                            4 => "A&#46; Callej&#243;n Callej&#243;n"
                            5 => "I&#46; Cortell Aznar"
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Original Article
Physical Activity Program Improves Functional Exercise Capacity and Flexibility in Extremely Preterm Children With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Aged 4–6 Years: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Mejora de la capacidad funcional al ejercicio y de la flexibilidad a través de un programa de actividad física en niños de entre 4 a 6 años prematuros extremos con displasia broncopulmonar: ensayo controlado aleatorizado
Natalia Morales Mestrea,b,
Corresponding author
natalia.morales@uclouvain.be

Corresponding author.
, Andrea Papaleoc,d, Vicente Morales Hidalgoe, Gilles Catyf, Gregory Reychlerb,f,g
a Servei Fisioteràpia, Hospital de Nens de Barcelona, 08009 Barcelona, Spain
b Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL & Dermatologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
c Servei de Pneumologia Pediàtrica, Hospital de Nens de Barcelona, 08009 Barcelona, Spain
d Servei Pneumologia Pediàtrica, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
e Equip Pediatria Territorial Alt Penedès-Garraf, Institut Català de la Salut, Catalonia, Spain
f Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
g Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia &#40;BPD&#41; is the most frequent severe respiratory disorder during the neonatal period among premature children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In Europe&#44; the incidence is approximately 20&#37; among new born with low birth weight &#40;BW&#41; &#40;&#60;2500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; and 30&#37; in extremely preterm &#40;&#60;28 week&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> BPD incidence is related to gestational age &#40;GA&#41; and low BW&#46; Indeed&#44; in Spain&#44; it affects 53&#37; of children who were born before 28 weeks of GA compared to only 0&#46;3&#37; of children with a GA greater than 30 weeks&#44; and 67&#37; of children with a BW lower than 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g compared to 1&#37; of children with a BW around 1250&#8211;1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Extremely preterm infants and&#44; particularly those with BPD&#44; have frequently impaired lung function in infancy&#44; childhood and adulthood&#46; It increases the risk of respiratory disease&#46; Reduced functional capacity was also demonstrated in BPD preterm children and adolescents compared to children born full-term&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#8211;6</span></a> These children have an important risk of limited ventilatory reserve and&#47;or a need for adaptation during exercise&#44; both resulting in limitations in daily life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exercises programme are highly recommended in many lung diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> Indeed&#44; in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44; pulmonary rehabilitation including a physical exercise program is highly effective &#40;Evidence 1A&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; In paediatric chronic diseases such as congenital heart diseases or cystic fibrosis&#44; exercise training was also recommended as an important part of the treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However&#44; the effects of such programme have never been documented in BPD preterm children&#44; despite similar physical limitations&#46; We hypothesized that BPD preterm children would benefit from a physical activity programme&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a physical activity programme on functional capacity &#40;exercise tolerance and exercise capacity&#41; &#40;main outcome&#41;&#44; flexibility and lung function in BPD extremely preterm children&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Material and Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Patients</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BPD preterm children were recruited from database of the paediatric pulmonology unit of Hospital Vall d&#8217;Hebron in Barcelona &#40;Spain&#41; between August and November 2015&#46; Inclusion criteria were to be aged between 4 and 6 years with a gestational age lower than 37 weeks&#44; moderate BPD according to National Institute of Child Health and Human Development &#40;NICHD&#41; &#40;&#60;30&#37; oxygen at 36 weeks&#44; at postmenstrual age or at discharge&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and free of participation in sports or another exercise programme at school or in a specific club&#46; Children with congenital malformations&#44; neuromuscular disorders&#44; gait dysfunction&#44; severe visual or hearing impairment&#44; difficulties in communication or in understanding orders&#44; wheezing or acute pulmonary disease in the 4 weeks preceding the study&#44; haemodynamic changes at rest defined by heart rate higher than 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#44; systolic blood pressure higher than 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg or diastolic blood pressure higher than 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and lung and&#47;or heart transplantation were excluded&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was previously approved by the institutional medical ethics committee &#40;PIC-140-15&#41; and was registered in ClinicalTrial&#46;gov &#40;<a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/NCT02523521">NCT02523521</a>&#41;&#46; All parents signed a written informed consent&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Design and Programme</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a randomized controlled trial&#46; Allocation was concealed&#46; Subjects were randomized in intervention &#40;IG&#41; or control group &#40;CG&#41;&#46; Randomization was performed by a computer-generated a random number list &#40;<a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.randomizer.org/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;randomizer&#46;org&#47;</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">IG performed a twice-a-week specific and supervised outpatient group exercise programme at the hospital during 4 weeks&#46; Each session was divided in 3 blocks&#58; &#40;1&#41; interval training &#40;duration from 30 to 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41; by running exercises&#44; &#40;2&#41; peripheral muscle strength exercises &#40;biceps&#44; triceps&#44; deltoids&#44; hamstrings&#44; quadriceps and triceps surae&#41; with medicine ball from 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg &#40;during 5&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41; and &#40;3&#41; peripheral muscles stretching &#40;hamstrings&#44; quadriceps&#44; triceps surae&#44; deltoids&#44; biceps&#44; pectoral and dorsal&#41; and chest flexibility &#40;side inclinations&#41; &#40;during 5&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;&#46; The intensity of the interval training was determined by modified Borg scale &#40;from 5 to 8 for moderate to vigorous intensity&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The duration of the sessions increased every week from 30 to 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; CG was evaluated but they did not participate to any specific physical activity during the study period&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Evaluation and Outcomes</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The same qualified investigator &#40;NM&#41; performed all the evaluations and sessions and was blinded to the allocated treatment at the time of the initial evaluation&#46; Lung function test was performed by a blinded pulmonologist&#46; All the subjects were evaluated before and after the period of the study&#46; The analysis was blinded&#46;</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Functional Exercise Capacity</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the recent American Thoracic Society &#40;ATS&#41;&#47;European Respiratory Society &#40;ERS&#41; statement&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> functional exercise capacity &#40;exercise tolerance and exercise capacity&#41; was considered as the main outcome and assessed by two different tests&#58; six minute walking test &#40;6MWT&#41; and incremental shuttle walk test &#40;ISWT&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exercise tolerance was evaluated by the 6MWT&#44; according to the standardized protocol validated by Li et al&#46; in children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and derived from ATS&#47;ERS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> No training test was carried out due to the high reproducibility of this test in children and the absence of learning effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;15</span></a> Children took a 10-min rest on a chair before the test&#46; They were instructed to walk as far as possible for 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The test was self-paced and the child was allowed to rest if desired&#44; although the clock continued to run&#46; The encouragement during the test was standardized &#40;&#8220;keep going&#8221;&#44; &#8220;you are doing fine&#8221;&#44; &#8220;everything is going well&#8221;&#41; and given by the same person at fixed times&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Walked distance was expressed as absolute and percentage of predicted value based on Geiger&#39;s equation &#40;6MWD &#40;m&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>196&#46;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#46;816<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>age &#40;years&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>age<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;years&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>138&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height &#40;m&#41;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exercise capacity was measured by the ISWT&#44; recently validated by Lanza et al&#46; in children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and based on Singh&#39;s protocol&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> No training test was performed due to it is high reproducibility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The test was performed in a 10-m hallway with 2 cones at the endpoints&#46; Children were asked to walk &#40;or ran&#41; around the course at an incrementing pace directed by an audio signal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The initial walking speed was 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#47;s and increased by 0&#46;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#47;s each minute&#46; The speed increment was indicated by a triple bleep&#46; The test was composed of 15 levels&#46; Walked distance was calculated and expressed as absolute and percent of predicted value following Lanza&#39;s equation &#40;ISWT &#40;m&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>845&#46;559<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;sex<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>193&#46;265&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47&#46;850&#41; &#40;body mass index<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#46;179&#41;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> &#40;Sex&#58; 0 for female&#44; 1 for male&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The child took a rest for 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min between 6MWT and ISWT&#46; Pulsed oxygen saturation and heart rate were recorded before&#44; after and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after each test &#40;Nonin&#44; Onyx&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The test was interrupted on request by the child due to exhaustion or in case of oxygen saturation lower than 80&#37; or heart rate higher than 85&#37; of the maximum heart rate for age &#91;predicted maximum HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>210<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>age&#41;&#93;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Flexibility</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Flexibility was assessed by the Modified Sit and Reach test &#40;MSRT&#41;&#46; Children were seated on the floor with both legs fully extended&#44; shoulder width apart&#44; and feet placed flat against a box with a slide ruler attached to the top&#46; The height of the box was 33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; With one hand on top of the other and the knees fully extended&#44; they slowly reached forward &#40;without jerking&#41; as far away as possible&#44; sliding the hands across the top of the ruler&#44; and held the final position at least 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; The score &#40;in centimetres&#41; was registered as the final position of the fingertips on or towards the ruler&#46; MSRT score was calculated using the following equation&#58; finger-to-box distance &#40;cm&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;Sit and Reach Test &#40;SRT&#41; score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Higher scores indicated better performance&#46; The reached distance of 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm corresponded with the position of the feet against the box&#46; The score was negative if the participant was not able to touch the front of the box with his fingertips&#46; The MSRT was performed twice and the average value was retained&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> MSRT distance was calculated and expressed in absolute value&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Lung Function</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lung function test was performed according to ATS&#47;ERS recommendations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Forced expiratory volume in the first second &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&#44; forced vital capacity &#40;FVC&#41;&#44; ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s to forced vital capacity &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC&#41; and forced expiratory flow &#40;FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#37;&#8211;75&#37;</span>&#41; were evaluated&#46; The results were expressed by Global Lung Initiative predicted value equation &#40;GLI 2012&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Statistical Analyses</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample size corresponding to a difference of 10&#37; in the walking distance &#40;main outcome&#41;&#44; between the pre- and post-intervention at a 5&#37; significance level for a 2-sided test with a power of 80&#37; was determined &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 per group&#41; based on Geiger et al&#46; results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Clinical data were analyzed by SPSS Statistics 24&#46;0 &#40;IBM Corp&#46;&#44; Armonk&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Descriptive results were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; and confidence interval&#44; or by median and minimum&#8211;maximum depending on the normality of the distribution&#46; Normality of the distributions was verified by Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; The means of pre- and post-intervention values were compared by Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> test&#46; Paired or unpaired Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> test were used for intra- or intergroup comparisons&#44; respectively&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value less than &#46;05 were considered statistically significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifty-eight subjects &#40;27 females&#44; 31 males&#41; were eligible&#46; Twenty-six subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria &#40;gestational age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;2 week&#44; birth weight<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>747&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>131&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41;&#46; Six children were excluded due to lack of interest &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&#44; travel &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; and language difficulties &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&#46; Twenty children were randomized &#40;6 females&#44; 4 males in IG&#59; 4 females&#44; 6 males in CG&#41; and completed the study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; No adverse events were observed neither during the evaluations nor during the programme&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the subjects are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Lung function was assessed in 10 and only 6 children in CG and IG respectively&#44; due to the impossibility to obtain valid manoeuvres&#46; Both groups were similar at inclusion for all analyzed outcomes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Effects of the intervention are illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; After the 4-week programme&#44; exercise tolerance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41;&#44; exercise capacity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;013&#41;&#44; flexibility &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41; and airways obstruction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;004&#41; were significantly improved in the IG&#46; No significant difference was observed for all outcomes between pre- and post-intervention in CG&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiorespiratory response &#40;pulsed oxygen saturation &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; and heart rate &#40;HR&#41;&#41; during 6MWT and ISWT are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> did not show clinically relevant changes&#46; HR at the end of ISWT was higher after the programme in IG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;016&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lung function was similar at baseline in both groups&#46; No changes in lung function were observed in CG&#46; However&#44; airways obstruction was significantly improved in IG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;004&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The improvement in 6MWT &#40;gain in metres&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;017&#41;&#44; ISWT &#40;gain in metres&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;013&#41; and MSRT &#40;gain in centimetres&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41; were significantly higher in IG than in CG and clinically relevant only in IG at the end of the programme &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; It means that the improvement was higher than minimal clinically important difference &#40;MCID&#41; for these outcomes &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m for 6MWT&#44; 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m for ISWT&#44; 2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm for MSRT&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a physical activity programme on functional exercise capacity &#40;exercise tolerance and exercise capacity&#41; &#40;main outcome&#41;&#44; flexibility and lung function in BPD extremely premature children &#40;from 4 to 6 years old&#41;&#46; After a 4-week exercise programme&#44; we highlighted a clinically relevant and statistically significant improvement in functional exercise capacity and flexibility&#46; Airway obstruction level was also improved even if it was not clinically relevant&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Functional exercise capacity was considered as the main outcome&#46; The ATS&#47;ERS propose assessing this endpoint by two different validated&#44; inexpensive and safe tests &#40;6MWT and ISWT&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> 6MWT has been shown to reflect daily life activities limitation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> to measure the response to therapeutic interventions and to be strongly correlated to cardiopulmonary exercise test&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> ISWT is incremental and progressive test&#44; stressing the individual symptom limiting maximal performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In adults&#44; it is well know that a learning effect exists in field tests &#40;6MWT and ISWT&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Then&#44; to decrease this effect a training test has to be performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However&#44; Martins et al&#46; evaluated the repeatability of the 6MWT in children with 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min between both tests and they observed no significant difference in the walked distance between both tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> They suggested that there is no learning effect in children&#46; Li demonstrated also a good reproducibility in children with no significant difference in the walked distance when 6MWT was repeated after 18 days&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> This study concerned non-Caucasian children but we postulated that the learning effect &#40;or reproducibility&#41; on walking distance is not related to the ethnic origin&#46; For these reasons&#44; we did not perform a training test&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our programme improved functional exercise capacity in the recruited children&#46; As previously demonstrated&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;5&#44;25&#44;26</span></a> BPD children showed lower functional exercise capacity compared to healthy children&#46; Indeed&#44; in our study&#44; walked distance in 6MWT was only 61&#37; and 64&#37; of the predicted values at baseline in IG and CG&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Spanish children have one of the most sedentary behaviour in Europe<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> and it can contribute to the reduced walked distance&#46; We hypothesize that such a programme could reduce the risk of sedentary and inactivity associated with being born extremely prematurely&#46; After the exercise programme&#44; the distance improved only in IG &#40;&#43;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41;&#46; It reinforces this hypothesis&#46; Despite MCID has never been determined for 6MWT in children&#44; this improvement can be considered as clinically relevant&#46; Indeed&#44; it was largely higher than the error related to the repeatability &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41; of this test in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The distance walked during ISWT was also dramatically lower in both groups than in healthy children &#40;45&#37; and 31&#37; of predicted value in CG and IG respectively&#41;&#46; IG improved significantly the walked distance &#40;217<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41; at the end of the programme&#46; This improvement was clinically relevant&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Flexibility is a health-related fitness quality included in several fitness batteries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> The most used evaluation tools are the SRT and the MSRT&#46; SRT is validated for estimating hamstring extensibility in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> However&#44; MSRT protocol decreases the limb length bias establishing a relative zero point for each person&#46; Even if Hoeger et al&#46; demonstrated no significant differences between SRT and MSRT&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> it can be particularly important in paediatric population to perform MSRT due to anthropometric characteristics of children&#46; After our 4-week programme&#44; we observed a significant improvement &#40;&#43;8&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41; in flexibility in IG &#40;14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;7 vs 22&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41;&#46; De Miguel-Etayo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> proposed European reference values of pre-pubertal children of fitness measures &#40;6&#8211;11 years-old&#41;&#46; Comparing their 6-years age group &#40;19&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in boys and 21&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in girls&#41; with our baseline values&#44; we found a reduced flexibility among BPD children in CG &#40;14&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in boys and 12&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in girls&#41; and IG &#40;12&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in boys and 16&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in girls&#41;&#46; Mayorga-Vega et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> considered 2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm as a minimal detectable change value of the SRT&#46; In our study&#44; we found a greater improvement in IG &#40;&#43;6&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#46; As previously demonstrated&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> our results corroborated that extremely low birth weight &#40;ELBW&#41; BPD children have less flexibility compared to term-born children &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiorespiratory response during exercise are similar between preterm and full-term children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;34</span></a> and between preterm children with and without BPD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> As expected&#44; in our study&#44; this response at exercise &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and HR&#41; was normal in all included children&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; lung function tends to be reduced in BPD children&#46; Contrary to previous publications&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;26&#44;35</span></a> it was normal in both groups at inclusion&#46; It can be explained by the impairment in lung function related to different BPD definitions&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> the BPD severity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> and the choice of Global Lung Function Initiative equation as reference values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> BPD children tend to present airway obstruction&#44; especially in adolescence and adulthood<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;35&#44;38&#44;39</span></a> and their lung function may deteriorate at a more rapid rate compared to healthy children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> For this reason&#44; Rosenfeld<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> suggested that spirometry provides a useful longitudinal measurement in young children with BPD&#46; Despite that&#44; there is a paucity of data on preschool spirometry in children with BPD&#46; Spirometric tests can be performed in children from 3 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Despite the difficulty to perform lung function test in preschool children &#40;4&#8211;6 years old&#41;&#44; only four children from our sample failed to perform successful spirometry manoeuvres in our study&#46; A similar success rate was classically observed in children under 6 years old&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#44;42</span></a> Surprisingly to what it is classically expected after exercises programme&#44; we observed a significant difference in FEV1 in IG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;004&#41;&#46; However&#44; this improvement is clinically non-relevant &#40;lower than 8&#37; predicted value or 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> It can be explained by the gain in peripheral and respiratory muscle strength associated to exercise training<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> even if we did not evaluate them&#46; Indeed&#44; a relationship between FEV1 and peripheral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> and respiratory<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> muscles strength was previously found in cystic fibrosis children&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; no specific exercise programme has been proposed for BPD preterm children&#46; This is the first study evaluating the effects of a short and supervised outpatient exercise programme in these patients&#46; This programme included all the elements classically associated to exercise training programme in other diseases such as endurance &#40;aerobic training&#41;&#44; muscular strength training &#40;resistance&#41; and flexibility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Each week the intensity of the exercises and duration of the sessions were increased&#46; Programme duration&#44; structure&#44; sessions duration and frequency&#44; and training intensity were extrapolated and adapted from pulmonary rehabilitation programme for COPD and Cystic Fibrosis &#40;CF&#41; patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;47&#44;48</span></a> We performed 2 sessions per week and the duration of each session varied from 40 to 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min based on ATS&#47;ERS statement requiring a minimum of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Our study confirmed the feasibility and the efficacy of such a programme in BPD children&#46; Based on our results&#44; we postulate that this programme is sufficient to obtain a benefit even though longer programme should be also considered in the future&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some limitations need to be addressed&#46; Even if the sample size was previously determined&#44; extrapolation to larger population should be verified&#46; We investigated only ELBW children with moderate BPD and we cannot extrapolate our results to less premature children&#46; Children with neurocognitive sequels were excluded while they are usually associated with more severe BPD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> However&#44; it is the first time that a specific programme was proposed to BPD children&#46; The duration of our programme was short&#46; Indeed&#44; the general recommendations consider that exercise programmes should be proposed during 6&#8211;12 week and 2&#8211;3 times per week&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;48</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; similar 4-week programmes were already proposed with success in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;50&#44;51</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conclusions</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We highlighted for the first time that a 4-week exercise programme was beneficial for BPD preterm children&#46; This intervention at early age is feasible&#44; leads to an improved exercise capacity&#46; Indeed&#44; our supervised programme improves exercise tolerance&#44; exercise capacity and flexibility&#46; As for all rehabilitation programmes&#44; long-term benefit must be determined&#46; Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the maintenance of the observed benefits and if children change their behaviour&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Funding Statement</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public&#44; commercial&#44; or not-for-profit sectors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Authorship</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NM and GR conceptualized and designed the study&#44; drafted the initial manuscript&#44; and approved the final manuscript as submitted&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AP&#44; VM and GC carried out the initial analyses&#44; reviewed and revised the manuscript&#44; and approved the final manuscript as submitted&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia &#40;BPD&#41; is the most common complication of extreme preterm delivery&#44; and is associated with reduced exercise tolerance and exercise capacity&#46; The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a physical activity programme on exercise tolerance&#44; exercise capacity&#44; flexibility&#44; and lung function in prematurely born children with BPD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a randomized controlled trial&#46; Preterm children with BPD &#40;4&#8211;6 years&#41; were randomized to intervention &#40;IG&#41; and control &#40;CG&#41; groups&#46; The CG did not participate in any physical activity during the study period&#46; The IG performed a 4-week exercise programme based on aerobic interval and resistance training&#46; Outcomes were based on the 6-minute walk test &#40;6MWT&#41;&#44; incremental shuttle walk test &#40;ISWT&#41;&#44; modified sit and reach test &#40;MSRT&#41; and spirometry results&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Twenty individuals were recruited&#46; In the IG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#44; statistical and clinical improvement was observed in the 6MWT &#40;316&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m vs 376&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41;&#46; Significant improvements were also seen in the IG in the ISWT &#40;248&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m vs 465&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;013&#41;&#44; MSRT &#40;14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm vs 22&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41;&#44; and FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;102&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#37; pred vs 104&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#37; pred&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;004&#41;&#46; No significant differences between pre- and post-intervention were observed in the CG for all outcomes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This 4-week programme resulted in statistical and clinical improvements in exercise tolerance&#44; exercise capacity and flexibility in preterm children with BPD&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
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            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La displasia broncopulmonar &#40;DBP&#41; es una secuela frecuente entre los prematuros extremos&#44; asoci&#225;ndose a una reducci&#243;n en la tolerancia y en la capacidad al ejercicio&#46; El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento basado en la tolerancia y en la capacidad al ejercicio&#44; la flexibilidad y la funci&#243;n pulmonar en ni&#241;os prematuros con DBP&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El ensayo cl&#237;nico se hizo con ni&#241;os prematuros con DBP &#40;de 4 a 6 a&#241;os&#41;&#44; aleatorizados en 2 grupos&#44; control &#40;GC&#41; e intervenci&#243;n &#40;GI&#41;&#46; El GC no particip&#243; en ninguna actividad f&#237;sica durante el estudio&#46; El GI realiz&#243; un programa interv&#225;lico y de resistencia de 4 semanas&#46; Se evalu&#243; el Six Minute Walking test &#40;6MWT&#41;&#44; el Incremental Shuttle Walk test &#40;ISWT&#41;&#44; el Modified Sit and Reach test &#40;MSRT&#41; y la espirometr&#237;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se reclutaron 20 ni&#241;os&#46; No se observaron diferencias significativas entre la pre- y la postintervenci&#243;n en el GC &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#46; En el 6MWT se observ&#243; una mejor&#237;a significativa y cl&#237;nica &#40;316&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m vs&#46; 376&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41; al final de la intervenci&#243;n en el GI &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#46; El ISWT &#40;248&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m vs&#46; 465&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;013&#41;&#44; el MSRT &#40;14&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm vs&#46; 22&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41; y la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#37; pred vs&#46; 104<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#37; pred&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;004&#41; tambi&#233;n mejoraron significativamente en el GI&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este programa de 4 semanas&#44; mejora estad&#237;sticamente y cl&#237;nicamente la tolerancia y la capacidad al ejercicio&#44; y la flexibilidad en ni&#241;os prematuros con DBP&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CONSORT 2010 flow diagram&#46;</p>"
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">GA&#58; gestational age&#59; y&#58; years&#59; M&#58; male&#59; F&#58; female&#59; kg&#58; kilogram&#59; g&#58; grams&#59; cm&#58; centimetres&#59; w&#58; week&#59; &#37;&#58; percentage&#59; &#37; pred&#58; percentage of predicted value&#59; 6MWT&#58; six minute walk test&#59; ISWT&#58; incremental shuttle walk test&#59; MSRT&#58; modified sit and reach test&#59; FEV1&#58; forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; FVC&#58; forced vital capacity&#59; FEF 25&#37;&#8211;75&#37;&#58; forced expiratory flow at 25&#37;&#8211;75&#37; of forced vital capacity&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Intervention group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> Value &#40;between&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;y&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6<br>&#91;5&#46;0&#59; 5&#46;9&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<br>&#91;4&#46;8&#59; 5&#46;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;182&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gender &#40;M&#58;F&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#58;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#58;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;389&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weight &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;1<br>&#91;14&#46;6&#59; 17&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;1<br>&#91;15&#46;1&#59; 19&#46;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;362&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">106&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;0<br>&#91;103&#46;1&#59; 108&#46;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">107&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;4<br>&#91;103&#46;3&#59; 111&#46;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;580&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">GA &#40;w&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;3<br>&#91;25&#46;0&#59; 26&#46;9&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0<br>&#91;25&#46;0&#59; 26&#46;5&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;741&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Birth weight &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">759&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>142&#46;9<br>&#91;656&#46;7&#59; 861&#46;2&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">723&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>117&#46;9<br>&#91;639&#46;1&#59; 807&#46;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;552&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6MWT &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;3<br>&#91;52&#46;2&#59; 75&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;6<br>&#91;56&#46;8&#59; 66&#46;3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;650&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ISWT &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#46;1<br>&#91;28&#46;7&#59; 60&#46;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;8<br>&#91;22&#46;7&#59; 39&#46;6&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;128&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MSRT &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;8<br>&#91;10&#46;4&#59; 15&#46;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9<br>&#91;9&#46;8&#59; 19&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;073&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<br>&#91;92&#59; 94&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<br>&#91;91&#59; 94&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;413&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1 &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<br>&#91;95&#59; 108&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<br>&#91;85&#59; 119&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;960&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">111<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<br>&#91;103&#59; 118&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19<br>&#91;89&#59; 130&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;937&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEF 25&#8211;75 &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">145<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8<br>&#91;139&#59; 150&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">149<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<br>&#91;134&#59; 164&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;445&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of Included Children in Both Groups&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CG&#58; control group&#59; IG&#58; intervention group&#59; 6MWT&#58; six minute walking test&#59; ISWT&#58; Incremental Shuttle Walk Test&#59; MSRT&#58; Modified Sit and Reach test&#59; m&#58; metres&#59; cm&#58; centimetres&#59; &#37; pred&#58; percentage of predicted value&#59; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> i&#58; initial oxygen saturation&#59; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> f&#58; final oxygen saturation&#59; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 2&#8217;&#58; two minutes after oxygen saturation measure&#59; HR i&#58; initial heart rate&#59; HR f&#58; final heart rate&#59; HR 2&#8217;&#58; two minutes after heart rate measure&#59; FEV1&#58; forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; FVC&#58; forced vital capacity&#59; FEF 25&#37;&#8211;75&#37;&#58; forced expiratory flow at 25&#37;&#8211;75&#37; of forced vital capacity&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> Value &#40;within&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Intervention group</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> Value &#40;within&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Initial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Final&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Initial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Final&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6MWT &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">332&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>88&#46;1 &#91;269&#46;7&#59; 395&#46;8&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">343&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75&#46;3 &#91;290&#46;0&#59; 397&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;408&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">316&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#46;4 &#91;293&#46;8&#59; 338&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">376&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#46;5<br>&#91;347&#46;9&#59; 404&#46;4&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<br>&#91;96&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<br>&#91;96&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1 &#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<br>&#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;037<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 f&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<br>&#91;96&#59; 97&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 &#91;96&#59; 97&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;555&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1 &#91;96&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1<br>&#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;269&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 2&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6<br>&#91;97&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<br>&#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;394&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;3<br>&#91;97&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4 &#91;98&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;399&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<br>&#91;90&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;92&#59; 106&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;488&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<br>&#91;88&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;89&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;860&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR f&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;110&#59; 125&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<br>&#91;110&#59; 128&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;549&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17<br>&#91;107&#59; 131&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">114<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;107&#59; 121&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;250&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR 2&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8<br>&#91;94&#59; 105&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">103<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7<br>&#91;98&#59; 108&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;065&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;2<br>&#91;92&#59; 105&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;9<br>&#91;94&#59; 105&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;789&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ISWT &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">369&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>170&#46;4 &#91;247&#46;9&#59; 491&#46;6&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">386&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>164&#46;4 &#91;268&#46;8&#59; 504&#46;1&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;390&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">248&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#46;2<br>&#91;152&#46;9&#59; 343&#46;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">465&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58&#46;2 &#91;342&#46;9&#59; 587&#46;6&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;013<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;9<br>&#91;96&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;9<br>&#91;96&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;168&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 &#91;97&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0<br>&#91;98&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;223&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SpO2 f&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1<br>&#91;96&#59; 98&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6 &#91;95&#59; 97&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;2 &#91;94&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5<br>&#91;97&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;154&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1<br>&#91;97&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9 &#91;98&#59; 99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;104&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<br>&#91;90&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<br>&#91;87&#59; 103&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR f&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">142<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29<br>&#91;121&#59; 163&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">139<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19<br>&#91;125&#59; 153&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21<br>&#91;157&#59; 188&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;016<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR 2&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;97&#59; 112&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>32<br>&#91;76&#59; 122&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13<br>&#91;95&#59; 113&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">109<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;101&#59; 116&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;503&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MSRT &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;2 &#91;10&#46;2&#59; 16&#46;2&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;7<br>&#91;9&#46;8&#59; 19&#46;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9<br>&#91;17&#46;8&#59; 27&#46;6&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 &#91;92&#59; 94&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<br>&#91;91&#59; 94&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<br>&#91;91&#59; 94&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;178&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1 &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<br>&#91;95&#59; 108&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<br>&#91;81&#59; 114&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;229&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<br>&#91;85&#59; 119&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17<br>&#91;82&#59; 125&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC &#40;&#37; pred&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">112<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21<br>&#91;86&#59; 139&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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