Editorial
The Latest in Endobronchial Ultrasound and Lung Cancer
Novedades en ultrasonografía endobronquial y cáncer de pulmón
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Universidad de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
c Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitari Parc Tauli, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
d Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
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More burning issues in recent times include standardization of staging, endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) using the EBUS scope, transvascular access, molecular studies, elastography, and advances in echo-bronchoscopes.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The accuracy of EBUS-TBNA in lung cancer staging depends on the thoroughness of the methodology used, and requires the sampling of lymph node stations 4R, 4L, and 7, at least, if these contain lymph nodes measuring more than 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> When these conditions are met, the rate of false negatives is less than 5%, while more scant sampling results in false negatives in up to 15% of cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> EBUS-TBNA has difficulty reaching some potentially affected regions in the left lymph node stations, and it cannot be used to obtain samples from the para-aortic (6) or subaortic (5) stations in general, and sampling of the hilar and interlobar stations (10 and 11) is occasionally prevented by intervening large vessels. It must be said, however, that situations in which a diagnosis depends on sampling from these sites are extremely rare.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When EBUS-TBNA is combined with EUS-FNA, the diagnostic yield increases by 12% (95% confidence interval: 8%–18%) compared to use of the endobronchial route alone.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> This increase is attributed mainly to the proportion of suboptimal transbronchial procedures reported in all series. The transesophageal route does not present technical difficulties for pulmonologists, and offers some advantages, such as less interference with ventilation and greater ease of sampling, due to the absence of cartilage. In clinical practice, the systematic sampling of all stations via both routes is unnecessary, and the transesophageal approach can be restricted to stations in which EBUS is less effective (primarily station 4L), and to those which cannot be accessed by this technique, such as stations 8 and 9.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The left adrenal approach is technically possible with the EBUS scope, and has a similar yield to that of the standard EUS (89% vs 93%, respectively).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only around 50 cases of transvascular biopsy with EBUS-TBNA have been reported in the literature, the vast majority of which were performed via the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. The biopsy technique is not difficult in itself and the diagnostic yield is similar to that of standard procedures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> The potential risks of passing a needle through a blood vessel are basically laceration of the vessel wall, embolization of the tumor or clots in both the pulmonary and systemic bloodstream, and the release of atheromatous plaques into the bloodstream. However, with the exception of discreet hematomas visualized by ultrasonography at the site of the biopsy, no major complications have been described in the literature. To avoid downplaying the risks, and until more cases and guidelines are available, this technique must be approached with caution: it should be attempted only by bronchoscopists with expertise in the use of EBUS, the patient should be closely evaluated, and information must be shared among specialists. Specific informed consent must be obtained, and intubation and mechanical ventilation, biopsy with a 25G needle, and pathology evaluation in situ or rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) are all required.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently, sampling using EBUS-TBNA needs to provide enough material not only for diagnostic, but also for cell block preparation and molecular marker testing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Consequently, EBUS-TBNA is useful for examining not only epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in the tumor cell,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> but also a wide range of markers that have demonstrated their value in disease prognosis and prediction of response to adjuvant treatment, areas that are still under investigation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The latest ultrasound processors have improved the basic functions of B-mode ultrasound imaging, and include advanced endobronchial ultrasound technologies, such as elastography, a function that provides additional diagnostic information on the biomechanical characteristics of a tissue, by measuring the changes in elasticity caused by a mechanical force (compression or shear wave). These changes generate color images that show the relative elasticity or stiffness of the tissue, and can be used to classify lymph nodes as benign or malignant<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> (sensitivity: 81%–100%, specificity: 76.9%–92.3%). Elastography can be used in diagnostic procedures and in ultrasound-guided lymph node staging to identify the most suspicious lymph nodes in a specific station and/or circumscribed areas of stiffness within a node as a target for EBUS-guided biopsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The suspicion and site of nodal metastases can potentially affect clinical decisions by minimizing unnecessary biopsies, thus reducing invasiveness and procedure time, and the risk of false negatives on cytology.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EBUS is still unable to access certain lobar and segmental nodes. A new, thinner EBUS scope (Thin Convex Probe or TCP-EBUS) might improve access to the peripheral bronchi. Preliminary studies evaluating a prototype with a tip measuring 5.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and a larger bending angle (170°) in a porcine model and in human lung ex vivo, found that the equipment could visualize more bifurcations and reach all of the segmental bronchi.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> TCP-EBUS will be able to access the N1 nodes more precisely, and possibly reach intrapulmonary lesions that have been inaccessible to date with standard EBUS.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These new developments in EBUS underline its important contribution to lung cancer diagnosis. This technique may even increase its already high diagnostic yield and the quality of the samples obtained, and its indications may continue to expand.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Andreo García F, Rosell Gratacós A, Monsó Molas E. Novedades en ultrasonografía endobronquial y cáncer de pulmón. Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:605–606.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Utilidad de la ultrasonografía endobronquial con punción-aspiración en tiempo real para la estadificación de la neoplasia broncopulmonar" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. Monsó" 1 => "F. Andreo" 2 => "A. Rosell" 3 => "P. Cuellar" 4 => "E. Castellà" 5 => "M. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2024 October | 111 | 25 | 136 |
| 2024 September | 75 | 19 | 94 |
| 2024 August | 71 | 46 | 117 |
| 2024 July | 41 | 25 | 66 |
| 2024 June | 48 | 40 | 88 |
| 2024 May | 73 | 24 | 97 |
| 2024 April | 50 | 33 | 83 |
| 2024 March | 37 | 16 | 53 |
| 2024 February | 57 | 16 | 73 |
| 2023 October | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2023 June | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2023 May | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2023 March | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2023 February | 39 | 15 | 54 |
| 2023 January | 21 | 31 | 52 |
| 2022 December | 45 | 34 | 79 |
| 2022 November | 39 | 19 | 58 |
| 2022 October | 70 | 36 | 106 |
| 2022 September | 29 | 19 | 48 |
| 2022 August | 33 | 41 | 74 |
| 2022 July | 32 | 45 | 77 |
| 2022 June | 31 | 32 | 63 |
| 2022 May | 34 | 29 | 63 |
| 2022 April | 33 | 29 | 62 |
| 2022 March | 38 | 39 | 77 |
| 2022 February | 21 | 35 | 56 |
| 2022 January | 30 | 32 | 62 |
| 2021 December | 32 | 42 | 74 |
| 2021 November | 25 | 38 | 63 |
| 2021 October | 29 | 42 | 71 |
| 2021 September | 23 | 46 | 69 |
| 2021 August | 15 | 32 | 47 |
| 2021 July | 14 | 25 | 39 |
| 2021 June | 27 | 30 | 57 |
| 2021 May | 32 | 38 | 70 |
| 2021 April | 64 | 64 | 128 |
| 2021 March | 25 | 23 | 48 |
| 2021 February | 21 | 26 | 47 |
| 2021 January | 21 | 18 | 39 |
| 2020 December | 25 | 18 | 43 |
| 2020 March | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2020 February | 34 | 16 | 50 |
| 2020 January | 29 | 14 | 43 |
| 2019 December | 19 | 14 | 33 |
| 2019 November | 29 | 28 | 57 |
| 2019 October | 19 | 12 | 31 |
| 2019 September | 19 | 2 | 21 |
| 2019 August | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| 2019 July | 15 | 13 | 28 |
| 2019 June | 12 | 4 | 16 |
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