Editorial
World Health Organization Positioning. The Impact of Tobacco in the Environment: Cultivation, Curing, Manufacturing, Transport, and Third and Fourth-hand Smoking
Posicionamiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Impacto del tabaco en el medio ambiente: cultivo, curado, manufactura, transporte y tabaquismo de tercera y cuarta mano
José Ignacio de Granda-Orivea,
, Carlos Andrés Jiménez-Ruizb, Segismundo Solano-Reinac
Corresponding author
a Coordinación del Área de Tabaquismo de la SEPAR, Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
b Unidad Especializada de Tabaquismo de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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The Impact of Tobacco in the Environment: Cultivation, Curing, Manufacturing, Transport, and Third and Fourth-hand Smoking" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "357" "paginaFinal" => "358" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "José Ignacio de Granda-Orive, Carlos Andrés Jiménez-Ruiz, Segismundo Solano-Reina" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "José Ignacio" "apellidos" => "de Granda-Orive" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "igo01m@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carlos Andrés" "apellidos" => "Jiménez-Ruiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Segismundo" "apellidos" => "Solano-Reina" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Coordinación del Área de Tabaquismo de la SEPAR, Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad Especializada de Tabaquismo de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Posicionamiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Impacto del tabaco en el medio ambiente: cultivo, curado, manufactura, transporte y tabaquismo de tercera y cuarta mano" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The World Health Organization (WHO)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> recently published their review of the third and fourth hand effects of tobacco in individuals involved in the cultivation, curing, production, transportation, and distribution of this product, and their conclusions are chilling.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> Article 18 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> sets out the scope of this comprehensive report: “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In carrying out their obligations under this Convention, the Parties agree to have due regard to the protection of the environment and the health of persons in relation to the environment in respect of tobacco cultivation and manufacture within their respective territories</span>”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cultivation and curing of tobacco have an undeniable effect on land and agriculture: tobacco is rarely rotated with other crops, so the plants and the soil are vulnerable to a variety of pests and diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> For optimal growth, tobacco requires significant amounts of chemicals and growth regulators that harm the environment and the health of farmers, and contribute to soil depletion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Forests are replaced by tobacco plantations, and large quantities of wood are used for curing (an estimated 11.4 metric tons every year<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>), and after production, even more wood is needed for producing cigarette papers and packaging. Deforestation, in short, is contributing to an increase in CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> emissions and climate change, a loss of biodiversity, desertification, increasing soil erosion, declining soil fertility and production, and, as a consequence, changes in the water cycle. Both tobacco cultivation and curing, then, are associated with farming methods that destroy the environment in developing countries, and while it can provide profits for farmers and local communities, these societies are impoverished by the loss of resources.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Data show that farms dedicated to tobacco cultivation are less profitable.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Chronic exposure to pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and another 11 persistent organic pollutants, banned in developed countries, cause health problems,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,9</span></a> such as birth defects, tumors, genetic changes, and endocrine, blood, neurological and psychiatric disorders, even in individuals who do not work directly with these substances.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Sustained exposure to the tobacco plant itself and nicotine absorbed through the skin causes green tobacco sickness, characterized by nausea, vomiting, headache, muscle weakness, and vertigo.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The manufacture and distribution of tobacco clearly contribute to environmental pollution, both as solid and chemical waste,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and tobacco companies have admitted that manufacturing and production are the processes that generate most environmental pollution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> For this reason, they are reluctant to provide further information on this topic beyond basic reports on equivalent annual CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> emissions, water use and pollution, tons of solid waste and dumping of dangerous substances, and percentage of recycled waste.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> These meager data, far from showing their willingness to collaborate, effectively prevent others from evaluating the real impact of manufacturing. The manufacture of tobacco, in short, consumes large amounts of natural and human resources, uses pollutants such as pesticides, chemicals, dry ice, bleaching agents, acetates, paper, plastics, cardboard, and aluminum, and moreover, causes disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Third-hand smoke, as it is called, is simply residual chemicals in a closed, second-hand smoke environment, accumulated in dust and on surfaces, objects, curtains, etc. They affect the environment and air quality when they react with oxidizing agents and other environmental components,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and this pollution can persist for up to 6 months after giving up smoking.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Components of third-hand smoke have been identified, including nitrosamines, toxic metals, alkaloids, organic products of combustion, and volatile organic compounds. They can become even more toxic over time, forming nitrosamines (NNA) that were not present in the original second-hand smoke. Nicotine can even react with nitrous acid, a common indoor and outdoor pollutant, creating new nitrosamines (NNK), or with ozone to create a secondary organic aerosol in the ultrafine particle size range.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Children are most vulnerable to third-hand smoke because of their immature immune systems, incomplete development, and time of exposure to this contaminant. An increase in cancer risk in children exposed to third-hand smoke was demonstrated in a Spanish study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Third-hand smoke also pollutes open environments. Concern surrounding so-called emerging contaminants is growing, with the detection in leachates from landfills of prescription and non-prescription pharmaceuticals, industrial and household chemicals, steroids and plant sterols, nicotine and cotinine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Nicotine and its degradation products are common components of domestic wastewater, and the measurement of these levels has been proposed as a marker for wastewater discharge and for tracking patterns of nicotine consumption.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Chemicals in tobacco may persist in water after it has been treated in recycling plants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of fourth-hand smoke, up to two thirds of cigarette butts end up in the environment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However, the problem lies not only in the volume of this waste, but also the toxic chemicals they contain. This toxic waste ends up in our streets, our drains, our water and the sea,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> causing widespread contamination.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The WHO report provides sufficient evidence that tobacco causes significant environmental damage, but consumers and stakeholders responsible for environmental policies and even smokers fail to recognize this impact, and as a result, no sustainable or definitive strategies are implemented to combat the effect on the environment. Perhaps the most important intervention would be to make society aware of the problem. And this all adds up to yet another reason to stay active in the fight against smoking.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Granda-Orive JI, Jiménez-Ruiz CA, Solano-Reina S. Posicionamiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Impacto del tabaco en el medio ambiente: cultivo, curado, manufactura, transporte y tabaquismo de tercera y cuarta mano. Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:357–358.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2024 October | 76 | 33 | 109 |
| 2024 September | 71 | 32 | 103 |
| 2024 August | 63 | 53 | 116 |
| 2024 July | 70 | 35 | 105 |
| 2024 June | 86 | 33 | 119 |
| 2024 May | 88 | 41 | 129 |
| 2024 April | 58 | 32 | 90 |
| 2024 March | 58 | 29 | 87 |
| 2024 February | 37 | 23 | 60 |
| 2023 March | 25 | 7 | 32 |
| 2023 February | 112 | 35 | 147 |
| 2023 January | 87 | 46 | 133 |
| 2022 December | 122 | 38 | 160 |
| 2022 November | 132 | 37 | 169 |
| 2022 October | 123 | 52 | 175 |
| 2022 September | 90 | 32 | 122 |
| 2022 August | 113 | 52 | 165 |
| 2022 July | 79 | 57 | 136 |
| 2022 June | 87 | 66 | 153 |
| 2022 May | 122 | 55 | 177 |
| 2022 April | 149 | 61 | 210 |
| 2022 March | 79 | 58 | 137 |
| 2022 February | 92 | 35 | 127 |
| 2022 January | 98 | 44 | 142 |
| 2021 December | 85 | 44 | 129 |
| 2021 November | 62 | 49 | 111 |
| 2021 October | 97 | 53 | 150 |
| 2021 September | 111 | 63 | 174 |
| 2021 August | 98 | 46 | 144 |
| 2021 July | 108 | 34 | 142 |
| 2021 June | 151 | 65 | 216 |
| 2021 May | 146 | 52 | 198 |
| 2021 April | 268 | 110 | 378 |
| 2021 March | 129 | 50 | 179 |
| 2021 February | 108 | 37 | 145 |
| 2021 January | 74 | 18 | 92 |
| 2020 December | 82 | 35 | 117 |
| 2020 November | 56 | 28 | 84 |
| 2020 October | 58 | 41 | 99 |
| 2020 September | 49 | 15 | 64 |
| 2020 August | 40 | 24 | 64 |
| 2020 July | 43 | 37 | 80 |
| 2020 March | 51 | 10 | 61 |
| 2020 February | 87 | 37 | 124 |
| 2020 January | 87 | 32 | 119 |
| 2019 December | 79 | 26 | 105 |
| 2019 November | 75 | 35 | 110 |
| 2019 October | 251 | 46 | 297 |
| 2019 September | 87 | 22 | 109 |
| 2019 August | 37 | 18 | 55 |
| 2019 July | 22 | 26 | 48 |
| 2019 June | 51 | 26 | 77 |
| 2019 May | 34 | 32 | 66 |
| 2019 April | 98 | 41 | 139 |
| 2019 March | 35 | 44 | 79 |
| 2019 February | 30 | 30 | 60 |
| 2019 January | 23 | 12 | 35 |
| 2018 December | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2018 November | 1 | 2 | 3 |
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