Roadmap for Tuberculosis Elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean

array:24 ["pii" => "S1579212917303762" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2017.11.012" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01" "aid" => "1685" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "copyrightAnyo" => "2017" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:7-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1294 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 162 "HTML" => 672 "PDF" => 460 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0300289617302570" "issn" => "03002896" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2017.07.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01" "aid" => "1685" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:7-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2260 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 163 "HTML" => 1514 "PDF" => 583 ] ] "es" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Editorial" "titulo" => "Hoja de ruta para la eliminación de la tuberculosis en Latinoamérica y el Caribe" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "7" "paginaFinal" => "9" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Roadmap for Tuberculosis Elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Carlos A. Torres-Duque, Zhenia M. Fuentes Alcalá, Adrián Rendón, Giovanni Battista Migliori" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos A." "apellidos" => "Torres-Duque" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zhenia M." "apellidos" => "Fuentes Alcalá" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Adrián" "apellidos" => "Rendón" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Giovanni Battista" "apellidos" => "Migliori" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S1579212917303762" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2017.11.012" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212917303762?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289617302570?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/03002896/0000005400000001/v1_201801020552/S0300289617302570/v1_201801020552/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1579212917303890" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2017.07.016" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01" "aid" => "1693" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:10-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1754 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 168 "HTML" => 1127 "PDF" => 459 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Overall Survival Analysis and Characterization of an EGFR Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Population" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "10" "paginaFinal" => "17" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Análisis de la supervivencia global y caracterización del perfil mutacional del gen EGFR en una población con cáncer de pulmón no microcítico" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3551 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 321282 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Types of treatments of the 250 patients with advanced disease. EGFR – epidermal growth factor receptor; WT – wild type; CT – chemotherapy; TKI – tyrosine-kinase inhibitor; BSC – best supportive care." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Filipa Aguiar, Gabriela Fernandes, Henrique Queiroga, José Carlos Machado, Luís Cirnes, Conceição Souto Moura, Venceslau Hespanhol" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Filipa" "apellidos" => "Aguiar" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gabriela" "apellidos" => "Fernandes" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Henrique" "apellidos" => "Queiroga" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Carlos" "apellidos" => "Machado" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Luís" "apellidos" => "Cirnes" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Conceição" "apellidos" => "Souto Moura" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Venceslau" "apellidos" => "Hespanhol" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S030028961730265X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2017.07.012" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S030028961730265X?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212917303890?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/15792129/0000005400000001/v1_201801020537/S1579212917303890/v1_201801020537/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1579212917303737" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2017.11.009" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01" "aid" => "1678" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:5-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1363 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 155 "HTML" => 837 "PDF" => 371 ] ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Editorial" "titulo" => "Changes in the Profile of Diseases Caused by the Inhalation of Silica" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "5" "paginaFinal" => "6" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cambio en el perfil de las enfermedades por exposición a la inhalación de sílice" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Cristina Martínez-González" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cristina" "apellidos" => "Martínez-González" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0300289617302338" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2017.06.024" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289617302338?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212917303737?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/15792129/0000005400000001/v1_201801020537/S1579212917303737/v1_201801020537/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Editorial" "titulo" => "Roadmap for Tuberculosis Elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "7" "paginaFinal" => "9" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Carlos A. Torres-Duque, Zhenia M. Fuentes Alcalá, Adrián Rendón, Giovanni Battista Migliori" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Carlos A." "apellidos" => "Torres-Duque" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ctorres@neumologica.org" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Zhenia M." "apellidos" => "Fuentes Alcalá" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Adrián" "apellidos" => "Rendón" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Giovanni Battista" "apellidos" => "Migliori" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Fundación Neumológica Colombiana, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogotá, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital José Ignacio Baldó, Caracas, Venezuela" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Hoja de ruta para la eliminación de la tuberculosis en Latinoamérica y el Caribe" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe WHO American region (North America, Latin America and the Caribbean) was the first to meet the Millennium Development Goals 2015 target of reducing the mortality and the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) by 50% from 1990 rates. Despite this achievement, the annual rate of decline in the incidence of TB has slowed down in recent years, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), where TB remains a public health problem with a reported incidence of 32.8 cases/100000 inhabitants and an estimated incidence of 40.5 in 2015. These rates exceed the overall average of 27.1/100000 for the region, but remain lower than the world average, estimated at 141.9/100000 inhabitants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">1</a> The proportion of patients presenting combined TB and HIV infection was 11.8%, and 4508 cases of drug resistance (58.6% of the estimated number) were reported. The nature of the TB problem varies widely in this subregion,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">2</a> and few countries fulfill the criterion of low incidence (<10 cases/100000 inhabitants). Those which do are Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and some other Caribbean countries and territories.The World Health Organization recently launched their Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015 (End TB Strategy)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">3</a> and Toward tuberculosis elimination: An action framework for low-incidence countries,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">4</a> but the LAC subregion is finding it a challenge to implement these programs due to the variability of conditions in each country and territory.The elimination of TB as a public health problem is defined as an annual incidence of less than 1 case per million inhabitants. For operational reasons and to make the best use of resources, measures aimed to eliminating TB should be directed at low-incidence regions instead of being applied indiscriminately in all countries and territories.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">4</a> The 2016-2019 Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis of the Pan American Health Organization<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">2</a> is aimed to reduce TB mortality and morbidity but is not focused on the actions for TB elimination in which some low-incidence LAC countries have already begun to address.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">5–7</a>Guided by the “Toward tuberculosis elimination: An action framework for low-incidence countries”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">4</a> document, the Latin American Thoracic Society (ALAT) with the support of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) developed a “Roadmap for Tuberculosis Elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean”. This program was discussed in the VIII Meeting of Low-Incidence Countries convened by the Pan American Health Organization,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">7</a> and forms part of the ALAT/ERS LATSINTB project (Latin America without TB). This editorial summarizes TB elimination action areas; readers are encouraged to consult the full text, available below as supplementary material (<a href="doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2017.07.004">doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2017.07.004</a>), for more detailed information. The introduction of locally oriented national and regional strategies, practice guidelines and operation manuals require mechanisms for the implementation, follow-up, monitoring and evaluation of elimination actions.Priority Action Areas for the Elimination of Tuberculosis in Latin America and the CaribbeanCountries with a low incidence of TB are characterized by a low rate of transmission among the general population, occasional outbreaks, higher concentrations in vulnerable populations and the elderly, and a significant impact from migrations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">4</a> Actions for the elimination of TB give priority to reaching vulnerable populations, detecting and treating latent TB, implementing migration policies, correcting social determinants, and fostering political commitment to universal access to high-quality services.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100">4,5</a>Low-incidence countries in LAC are enhancing their strategic plans and activities aimed to elimination. In recent years, several meetings have been held to set objectives and goals<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">5–7</a> that can be implemented under the 8 priority action areas defined by the Elimination Framework<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">4</a>, the which the “Roadmap for TB Elimination in Latin American and the Caribbean” recommend to adapt for the LAC, as follows:1. Ensure Political Commitment, Funding and Access to High Quality Services<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">(a)Increased political commitment to provide adequate resources.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">(b)Governmental coordination of national strategic plans.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">(c)Health systems and social protection with more capacity and improved quality.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">(d)Community participation.</li></ul>Elimination actions are costly because they require early diagnosis and identification of resistance patterns in populations that are hard to reach and difficult to monitor. Political commitment must increase, funding strategies must be developed,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100">4–6</a> and health and social protection systems must be improved.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">8</a> The participation of the community is vital in TB, as social determinants can represent both the origin of the problem and the barrier to its solution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">5,9</a>2. Focus on Vulnerable, Hard-to-Reach Populations<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">(a)Identification and characterization of vulnerable populations.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030">(b)Intersectoral intervention in socioeconomic determinants.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035">(c)Fostering coordination across health programs.</li></ul>If TB is to be eliminated, vulnerable populations with a greater risk of acquiring or developing TB<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">4</a> must be identified and targeted, e.g., HIV carriers, illicit drug users, prisoners, patients with immune systems compromised by disease or medications, homeless people, migrants, indigenous individuals, people of African descent, and healthcare personnel. The heterogeneous situation in LAC means that each country must identify these factors individually.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">5–7</a> At-risk populations tend to concentrate in large cities, a setting that can hinder the elimination of TB, but LAC has shown significant progress in meeting this challenge.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">10</a> It is important that both general socioeconomic determinants of TB, such as underinvestment in health and poor accessibility to services,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">11</a> and determinants that apply particularly to vulnerable populations are addressed. Coordination across the various health programs is essential for managing HIV coinfection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">12</a> and other comorbidities, and for the early detection and monitoring of TB.3. Address Immigration and Cross-Border Issues<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040">(a)Development of TB immigration policies that protect the human rights of immigrants.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045">(b)Screening for active and latent TB in immigrants.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050">(c)Access for immigrants to diagnosis and treatment in host countries.</li></ul>The dynamics of migration in LAC have changed in recent decades, with an increase in South–South migration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">13</a> Neighboring countries may have very different TB profiles, seriously affecting low-incidence countries.4. Undertake Screening and Guarantee Treatment for Active and Latent Tuberculosis in Contacts and At-Risk Populations<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055">(a)Improved contact tracing.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060">(b)Expanded capacity for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of active and latent TB.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065">(c)Early identification and management of outbreaks.</li></ul>Case-finding and treatment of latent TB is essential. Emphasis must be placed on children younger than 5 years of age, contacts of TB patients, and immunocompromised individuals.5. Optimize Prevention and Management of Resistant Tuberculosis<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070">(a)Access to susceptibility testing to first-line drugs for all TB patients and to second-line drugs for patients who have already been treated or who show initial drug resistance.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075">(b)Additional support for laboratories with emphasis on molecular testing, such as GeneXpert.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080">(c)National guidelines for drug-resistant TB and provision of drugs.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085">(d)Epidemiological resistance surveillance.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090">(e)Creation of expert-approved programs to guide the management of drug-resistant TB.</li></ul>Drug resistance, particularly multi-drug resistance, is a growing problem in LAC, and one that threatens TB elimination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">14</a> Use of the 2016 update guidelines of the World Health Organization is recommended. These guidelines advocate the use of shorter regimens for the management of multi-drug resistant TB.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">15</a>6. Ensure Monitoring, Evaluation, and Case-Based Data Management<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095">(a)Improved notification using individual registry platforms.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100">(b)Implement data quality monitoring systems.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105">(c)Definition of indicators to facilitate monitoring, evaluation and appropriate decision-making for improvement.</li></ul>7. Promote Investment in Research and Innovation<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110">(a)Support and backing for the creation of TB research groups and networks.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115">(b)Definition of research priorities with emphasis on operations research.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120">(c)Mobilization of resources for research and innovation.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125">(d)Rapid translation of research results into TB action programs and public policy.</li></ul>8. Support Global Plans for Prevention, Care and Control of Tuberculosis<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130">(a)Globally interconnected actions coordinated across countries, sectors, health programs and disciplines.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135">(b)TB as a national health priority with public backing and visibility.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140">(c)Participation in global surveillance, monitoring and evaluation.</li></ul>Advances in Low-Incidence Countries in Latin America and the CaribbeanAlthough some wide gaps remain, low-incidence countries in LAC have made significant progress in actions aimed to vulnerable populations, screening of active and latent TB, diagnosis and treatment of resistant TB, surveillance and data systems, and monitoring and evaluation programs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">5–7</a> Areas in which less progress has been made, and where urgent action is required, include care of immigrants, investment in research, and increased political commitment to funding.Indicators for Monitoring and EvaluationIn the VIII Meeting of Low-Incidence TB Countries in the Americas,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">7</a> the main indicators outlined in the Pan American Health Organization Action Plan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">2</a> and 2014–2019 Strategic Plan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">16</a> were adopted (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Additional indicators were percentage of compliance with the annual budget for elimination actions and the plan for monitoring and evaluating activities. Milestones, targets and indicators for each of the 8 priority action areas must be adapted to each country and territory.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Priority Action Areas for the Elimination of Tuberculosis in Latin America and the Caribbean" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "1. Ensure Political Commitment, Funding and Access to High Quality Services" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "2. Focus on Vulnerable, Hard-to-Reach Populations" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "3. Address Immigration and Cross-Border Issues" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "4. Undertake Screening and Guarantee Treatment for Active and Latent Tuberculosis in Contacts and At-Risk Populations" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "5. Optimize Prevention and Management of Resistant Tuberculosis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "6. Ensure Monitoring, Evaluation, and Case-Based Data Management" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "7. Promote Investment in Research and Innovation" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "8. Support Global Plans for Prevention, Care and Control of Tuberculosis" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Advances in Low-Incidence Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation" ] 4 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Torres-Duque CA, Fuentes Alcalá ZM, Rendón A, Migliori GB. Roadmap for tuberculosis elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean. Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:7–9." ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "Carlos A. Torres-Duque, Zhenia M. Fuentes Alcalá, Adrián Rendón, Domingo Palmero, Carlos E. Awad García, Miguel Ángel Salazar, Margareth Dalcolmo, Lia D’Ambrosio, Raquel Duarte and Giovanni Battista Migliori." "etiqueta" => "Annex A" "titulo" => "Authors of the full “Roadmap for Tuberculosis Elimination in Latin America” document" "identificador" => "sec0065" ] 1 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "The following are the supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix B" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0075" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2025 Target (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Impact indicators</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Reduction of TB mortality compared to 2015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Reduction of TB incidence compared to 2015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Proportion of families affected by catastrophic costs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Implementation indicators</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TB treatment coverage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">≥90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TB treatment success rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">≥90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TB-affected households that experience catastrophic costs due to TB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Newly notified TB patients diagnosed using WHO-recommended rapid tests \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">≥90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Latent TB infection treatment coverage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">≥90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Contact investigation coverage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">≥90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Drug susceptibility coverage for TB patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Treatment coverage, new TB drugs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">≥90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Documentation of HIV status among TB patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">≥90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Case fatality ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">≤5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Compliance with annual budget for TB elimination plan development \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Compliance with monitoring and evaluation actions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1631719.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Main Impact and Follow-Up Indicators." ] ] 1 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 1423761 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:16 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/ [accessed 16.10.16]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Global tuberculosis report 2016. WHO/HTM/TB/2016.13" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "World Health Organization" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2016" "editorial" => "World Health Organization" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Geneva" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available from: www.paho.org/tuberculosis [accessed 30.11.15]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Plan de acción para la prevención y el control de la tuberculosis en las Américas, 2016–2019. 54.o Consejo Directivo y 67.a Sesión del Comité Regional de la OMS para Las Américas" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Organización Panamericana de la Salud" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "October 2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "World Health Organization. The End TB Strategy. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015. Available from: <a href="http://www.who.int/tb/post2015_strategy/en/">http://www.who.int/tb/post2015_strategy/en/</a> [accessed 10.09.15]." ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Lonnroth" 1 => "G.B. Migliori" 2 => "I. Abubakar" 3 => "L. D’Ambrosio" 4 => "G. de Vries" 5 => "R. Diel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00214014" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "928" "paginaFinal" => "952" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25792630" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Organización Panamericana de la Salud. VII Reunión Regional de países de baja incidencia de tuberculosis de las Américas. Bogotá, abril de 2015. Available from: <a href="http://www.paho.org/">www.paho.org</a> [accessed 10.04.16]." ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "VI Reunión de países de baja prevalencia de tuberculosis en las Américas" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "T. Herrera" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Chil Enferm Respir" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "108" "paginaFinal" => "112" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Roadmap for tuberculosis elimination in Latin American and Caribbean countries: a strategic alliance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Rendon" 1 => "Z. Fuentes" 2 => "C.A. Torres-Duque" 3 => "M.D. Granado" 4 => "J. Victoria" 5 => "R. Duarte" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1183/13993003.01549-2016" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "48" "paginaInicial" => "1282" "paginaFinal" => "1287" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27799383" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The impact of social protection on tuberculosis rates: a global analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Siroka" 1 => "K. Lönnroth" 2 => "N. Ponce" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00401-6" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "473" "paginaFinal" => "479" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26725446" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Geneva. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143698/ [accessed 30.06.16]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Community involvement in tuberculosis care and prevention: towards partnerships for health: guiding principles and recommendations based on a WHO review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "World Health Organization" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2008" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Washington. Available from: file:///C:/Users/Administrador/Downloads/2016-cha-tb-framework-big-cities.pdf [accessed 28.02.17]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Framework for tuberculosis control in large cities of Latin America and the Caribbean" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Pan American Health Organization" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2016" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Social determinants and inequalities in tuberculosis incidence in Latin America and the Caribbean" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C.V. Munayco" 1 => "O.J. Mújica" 2 => "F.X. León" 3 => "M.D. Granado" 4 => "M.A. Espinal" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Panam Salud Pub" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "38" "paginaInicial" => "177" "paginaFinal" => "185" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Ginebra. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2012/tb_hiv_policy_9789241503006/en [accessed 10.04.16]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Organización Mundial de la Salud. Política de la OMS sobre actividades de colaboración TB/VIH. Guías para programas nacionales y otros interesados directos" ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2012" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available from: http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/rutas_migratorias_final.pdf [accessed 30.01.17]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Rutas y dinámicas migratorias entre los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), y entre ALC y la Unión Europea" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Cordoba" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2012" "editorial" => "Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM)" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Bruselas" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Evaluación de cohortes a 2012. Available from: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_topics&view=article&id=59&Itemid=40776⟨=en [accessed 12.08.16]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TB-MDR) en las Américas" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Organización Panamericana de la Salud" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2016" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/drug-resistant-tb/MDRTBguidelines2016.pdf [accessed 10.03.16]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. 2016 update" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "World Health Organization" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2016" "editorial" => "World Health Organization" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Geneva" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available from: www.paho.org/tuberculosis [accessed 12.02.16]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Plan estratégico de la OPS 2014–2019" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Organización Panamericana de la Salud" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2014" "editorial" => "OPS" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/15792129/0000005400000001/v1_201801020537/S1579212917303762/v1_201801020537/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "46447" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Editorial" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15792129/0000005400000001/v1_201801020537/S1579212917303762/v1_201801020537/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212917303762?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"]

Statistics

Editorial

Roadmap for Tuberculosis Elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean

Hoja de ruta para la eliminación de la tuberculosis en Latinoamérica y el Caribe

Carlos A. Torres-Duquea,

Corresponding author

ctorres@neumologica.org

Corresponding author.

, Zhenia M. Fuentes Alcaláb, Adrián Rendónc, Giovanni Battista Migliorid

a Fundación Neumológica Colombiana, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogotá, Colombia

b Hospital José Ignacio Baldó, Caracas, Venezuela

c Hospital Universitario de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico

d World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy

Read

4916

Times
was read the article

2105

Total PDF

2811

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S1579212917303762"
  "issn" => "15792129"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2017.11.012"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01"
  "aid" => "1685"
  "copyright" => "SEPAR"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2017"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "subdocumento" => "sco"
  "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:7-9"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 1294
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 162
      "HTML" => 672
      "PDF" => 460
    ]
  ]
  "Traduccion" => array:1 [
    "es" => array:19 [
      "pii" => "S0300289617302570"
      "issn" => "03002896"
      "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2017.07.004"
      "estado" => "S300"
      "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01"
      "aid" => "1685"
      "copyright" => "SEPAR"
      "documento" => "article"
      "crossmark" => 1
      "subdocumento" => "sco"
      "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:7-9"
      "abierto" => array:3 [
        "ES" => true
        "ES2" => true
        "LATM" => true
      ]
      "gratuito" => true
      "lecturas" => array:2 [
        "total" => 2260
        "formatos" => array:3 [
          "EPUB" => 163
          "HTML" => 1514
          "PDF" => 583
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:10 [
        "idiomaDefecto" => true
        "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>"
        "titulo" => "Hoja de ruta para la eliminaci&#243;n de la tuberculosis en Latinoam&#233;rica y el Caribe"
        "tienePdf" => "es"
        "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
        "paginas" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "paginaInicial" => "7"
            "paginaFinal" => "9"
          ]
        ]
        "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
          "en" => array:1 [
            "titulo" => "Roadmap for Tuberculosis Elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean"
          ]
        ]
        "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "contienePdf" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "autoresLista" => "Carlos A&#46; Torres-Duque, Zhenia M&#46; Fuentes Alcal&#225;, Adri&#225;n Rend&#243;n, Giovanni Battista Migliori"
            "autores" => array:4 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Carlos A&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Torres-Duque"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Zhenia M&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Fuentes Alcal&#225;"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Adri&#225;n"
                "apellidos" => "Rend&#243;n"
              ]
              3 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Giovanni Battista"
                "apellidos" => "Migliori"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
      "Traduccion" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:9 [
          "pii" => "S1579212917303762"
          "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2017.11.012"
          "estado" => "S300"
          "subdocumento" => ""
          "abierto" => array:3 [
            "ES" => false
            "ES2" => false
            "LATM" => false
          ]
          "gratuito" => false
          "lecturas" => array:1 [
            "total" => 0
          ]
          "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
          "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212917303762?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
        ]
      ]
      "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289617302570?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
      "url" => "/03002896/0000005400000001/v1_201801020552/S0300289617302570/v1_201801020552/es/main.assets"
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S1579212917303890"
    "issn" => "15792129"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2017.07.016"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01"
    "aid" => "1693"
    "copyright" => "SEPAR"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:10-7"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 1754
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 168
        "HTML" => 1127
        "PDF" => 459
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Overall Survival Analysis and Characterization of an EGFR Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer &#40;NSCLC&#41; Population"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "10"
          "paginaFinal" => "17"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "An&#225;lisis de la supervivencia global y caracterizaci&#243;n del perfil mutacional del gen EGFR en una poblaci&#243;n con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n no microc&#237;tico"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 3551
              "Ancho" => 2333
              "Tamanyo" => 321282
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Types of treatments of the 250 patients with advanced disease&#46; EGFR &#8211; epidermal growth factor receptor&#59; WT &#8211; wild type&#59; CT &#8211; chemotherapy&#59; TKI &#8211; tyrosine-kinase inhibitor&#59; BSC &#8211; best supportive care&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Filipa Aguiar, Gabriela Fernandes, Henrique Queiroga, Jos&#233; Carlos Machado, Lu&#237;s Cirnes, Concei&#231;&#227;o Souto Moura, Venceslau Hespanhol"
          "autores" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Filipa"
              "apellidos" => "Aguiar"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Gabriela"
              "apellidos" => "Fernandes"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Henrique"
              "apellidos" => "Queiroga"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jos&#233; Carlos"
              "apellidos" => "Machado"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Lu&#237;s"
              "apellidos" => "Cirnes"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Concei&#231;&#227;o"
              "apellidos" => "Souto Moura"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Venceslau"
              "apellidos" => "Hespanhol"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S030028961730265X"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2017.07.012"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => true
          "ES2" => true
          "LATM" => true
        ]
        "gratuito" => true
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S030028961730265X?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212917303890?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/15792129/0000005400000001/v1_201801020537/S1579212917303890/v1_201801020537/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S1579212917303737"
    "issn" => "15792129"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2017.11.009"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01"
    "aid" => "1678"
    "copyright" => "SEPAR"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "sco"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:5-6"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 1363
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 155
        "HTML" => 837
        "PDF" => 371
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>"
      "titulo" => "Changes in the Profile of Diseases Caused by the Inhalation of Silica"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "5"
          "paginaFinal" => "6"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Cambio en el perfil de las enfermedades por exposici&#243;n a la inhalaci&#243;n de s&#237;lice"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Cristina Mart&#237;nez-Gonz&#225;lez"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Cristina"
              "apellidos" => "Mart&#237;nez-Gonz&#225;lez"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0300289617302338"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2017.06.024"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => true
          "ES2" => true
          "LATM" => true
        ]
        "gratuito" => true
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289617302338?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212917303737?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/15792129/0000005400000001/v1_201801020537/S1579212917303737/v1_201801020537/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:15 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>"
    "titulo" => "Roadmap for Tuberculosis Elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "7"
        "paginaFinal" => "9"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Carlos A&#46; Torres-Duque, Zhenia M&#46; Fuentes Alcal&#225;, Adri&#225;n Rend&#243;n, Giovanni Battista Migliori"
        "autores" => array:4 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Carlos A&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Torres-Duque"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "ctorres&#64;neumologica&#46;org"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Zhenia M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Fuentes Alcal&#225;"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Adri&#225;n"
            "apellidos" => "Rend&#243;n"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Giovanni Battista"
            "apellidos" => "Migliori"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0020"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Fundaci&#243;n Neumol&#243;gica Colombiana&#44; Universidad de La Sabana&#44; Bogot&#225;&#44; Colombia"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Hospital Jos&#233; Ignacio Bald&#243;&#44; Caracas&#44; Venezuela"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario de Monterrey&#44; Monterrey&#44; Mexico"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases&#44; Maugeri Care and Research Institute&#44; Tradate&#44; Italy"
            "etiqueta" => "d"
            "identificador" => "aff0020"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Hoja de ruta para la eliminaci&#243;n de la tuberculosis en Latinoam&#233;rica y el Caribe"
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The WHO American region &#40;North America&#44; Latin America and the Caribbean&#41; was the first to meet the Millennium Development Goals 2015 target of reducing the mortality and the incidence of tuberculosis &#40;TB&#41; by 50&#37; from 1990 rates&#46; Despite this achievement&#44; the annual rate of decline in the incidence of TB has slowed down in recent years&#44; particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean &#40;LAC&#41;&#44; where TB remains a public health problem with a reported incidence of 32&#46;8 cases&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 inhabitants and an estimated incidence of 40&#46;5 in 2015&#46; These rates exceed the overall average of 27&#46;1&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 for the region&#44; but remain lower than the world average&#44; estimated at 141&#46;9&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 inhabitants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The proportion of patients presenting combined TB and HIV infection was 11&#46;8&#37;&#44; and 4508 cases of drug resistance &#40;58&#46;6&#37; of the estimated number&#41; were reported&#46; The nature of the TB problem varies widely in this subregion&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and few countries fulfill the criterion of low incidence &#40;&#60;10 cases&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 inhabitants&#41;&#46; Those which do are Costa Rica&#44; Cuba&#44; Jamaica&#44; Puerto Rico&#44; and some other Caribbean countries and territories&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The World Health Organization recently launched their Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention&#44; care and control after 2015 &#40;End TB Strategy&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and Toward tuberculosis elimination&#58; An action framework for low-incidence countries&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> but the LAC subregion is finding it a challenge to implement these programs due to the variability of conditions in each country and territory&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The elimination of TB as a public health problem is defined as an annual incidence of less than 1 case per million inhabitants&#46; For operational reasons and to make the best use of resources&#44; measures aimed to eliminating TB should be directed at low-incidence regions instead of being applied indiscriminately in all countries and territories&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The 2016-2019 Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis of the Pan American Health Organization<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> is aimed to reduce TB mortality and morbidity but is not focused on the actions for TB elimination in which some low-incidence LAC countries have already begun to address&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Guided by the &#8220;Toward tuberculosis elimination&#58; An action framework for low-incidence countries&#8221;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> document&#44; the Latin American Thoracic Society &#40;ALAT&#41; with the support of the European Respiratory Society &#40;ERS&#41; developed a &#8220;Roadmap for Tuberculosis Elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean&#8221;&#46; This program was discussed in the VIII Meeting of Low-Incidence Countries convened by the Pan American Health Organization&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and forms part of the ALAT&#47;ERS LATSINTB project &#40;Latin America without TB&#41;&#46; This editorial summarizes TB elimination action areas&#59; readers are encouraged to consult the full text&#44; available below as supplementary material &#40;<a href="doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2017.07.004">doi&#58;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;arbres&#46;2017&#46;07&#46;004</a>&#41;&#44; for more detailed information&#46; The introduction of locally oriented national and regional strategies&#44; practice guidelines and operation manuals require mechanisms for the implementation&#44; follow-up&#44; monitoring and evaluation of elimination actions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Priority Action Areas for the Elimination of Tuberculosis in Latin America and the Caribbean</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Countries with a low incidence of TB are characterized by a low rate of transmission among the general population&#44; occasional outbreaks&#44; higher concentrations in vulnerable populations and the elderly&#44; and a significant impact from migrations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Actions for the elimination of TB give priority to reaching vulnerable populations&#44; detecting and treating latent TB&#44; implementing migration policies&#44; correcting social determinants&#44; and fostering political commitment to universal access to high-quality services&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Low-incidence countries in LAC are enhancing their strategic plans and activities aimed to elimination&#46; In recent years&#44; several meetings have been held to set objectives and goals<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> that can be implemented under the 8 priority action areas defined by the Elimination Framework<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; the which the &#8220;Roadmap for TB Elimination in Latin American and the Caribbean&#8221; recommend to adapt for the LAC&#44; as follows&#58;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">1&#46; Ensure Political Commitment&#44; Funding and Access to High Quality Services</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;a&#41;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increased political commitment to provide adequate resources&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;b&#41;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Governmental coordination of national strategic plans&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;c&#41;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health systems and social protection with more capacity and improved quality&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;d&#41;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Community participation&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elimination actions are costly because they require early diagnosis and identification of resistance patterns in populations that are hard to reach and difficult to monitor&#46; Political commitment must increase&#44; funding strategies must be developed&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> and health and social protection systems must be improved&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The participation of the community is vital in TB&#44; as social determinants can represent both the origin of the problem and the barrier to its solution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">2&#46; Focus on Vulnerable&#44; Hard-to-Reach Populations</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;a&#41;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Identification and characterization of vulnerable populations&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;b&#41;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intersectoral intervention in socioeconomic determinants&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;c&#41;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fostering coordination across health programs&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If TB is to be eliminated&#44; vulnerable populations with a greater risk of acquiring or developing TB<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> must be identified and targeted&#44; e&#46;g&#46;&#44; HIV carriers&#44; illicit drug users&#44; prisoners&#44; patients with immune systems compromised by disease or medications&#44; homeless people&#44; migrants&#44; indigenous individuals&#44; people of African descent&#44; and healthcare personnel&#46; The heterogeneous situation in LAC means that each country must identify these factors individually&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> At-risk populations tend to concentrate in large cities&#44; a setting that can hinder the elimination of TB&#44; but LAC has shown significant progress in meeting this challenge&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> It is important that both general socioeconomic determinants of TB&#44; such as underinvestment in health and poor accessibility to services&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and determinants that apply particularly to vulnerable populations are addressed&#46; Coordination across the various health programs is essential for managing HIV coinfection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and other comorbidities&#44; and for the early detection and monitoring of TB&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">3&#46; Address Immigration and Cross-Border Issues</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;a&#41;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Development of TB immigration policies that protect the human rights of immigrants&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;b&#41;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening for active and latent TB in immigrants&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;c&#41;</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Access for immigrants to diagnosis and treatment in host countries&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dynamics of migration in LAC have changed in recent decades&#44; with an increase in South&#8211;South migration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Neighboring countries may have very different TB profiles&#44; seriously affecting low-incidence countries&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">4&#46; Undertake Screening and Guarantee Treatment for Active and Latent Tuberculosis in Contacts and At-Risk Populations</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;a&#41;</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Improved contact tracing&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;b&#41;</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Expanded capacity for diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and follow-up of active and latent TB&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;c&#41;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early identification and management of outbreaks&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Case-finding and treatment of latent TB is essential&#46; Emphasis must be placed on children younger than 5 years of age&#44; contacts of TB patients&#44; and immunocompromised individuals&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">5&#46; Optimize Prevention and Management of Resistant Tuberculosis</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;a&#41;</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Access to susceptibility testing to first-line drugs for all TB patients and to second-line drugs for patients who have already been treated or who show initial drug resistance&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;b&#41;</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additional support for laboratories with emphasis on molecular testing&#44; such as GeneXpert&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;c&#41;</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">National guidelines for drug-resistant TB and provision of drugs&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;d&#41;</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epidemiological resistance surveillance&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;e&#41;</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Creation of expert-approved programs to guide the management of drug-resistant TB&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drug resistance&#44; particularly multi-drug resistance&#44; is a growing problem in LAC&#44; and one that threatens TB elimination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Use of the 2016 update guidelines of the World Health Organization is recommended&#46; These guidelines advocate the use of shorter regimens for the management of multi-drug resistant TB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">6&#46; Ensure Monitoring&#44; Evaluation&#44; and Case-Based Data Management</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;a&#41;</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Improved notification using individual registry platforms&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;b&#41;</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Implement data quality monitoring systems&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;c&#41;</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Definition of indicators to facilitate monitoring&#44; evaluation and appropriate decision-making for improvement&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">7&#46; Promote Investment in Research and Innovation</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;a&#41;</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Support and backing for the creation of TB research groups and networks&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;b&#41;</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Definition of research priorities with emphasis on operations research&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;c&#41;</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mobilization of resources for research and innovation&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;d&#41;</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rapid translation of research results into TB action programs and public policy&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">8&#46; Support Global Plans for Prevention&#44; Care and Control of Tuberculosis</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;a&#41;</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Globally interconnected actions coordinated across countries&#44; sectors&#44; health programs and disciplines&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;b&#41;</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TB as a national health priority with public backing and visibility&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#40;c&#41;</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participation in global surveillance&#44; monitoring and evaluation&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Advances in Low-Incidence Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although some wide gaps remain&#44; low-incidence countries in LAC have made significant progress in actions aimed to vulnerable populations&#44; screening of active and latent TB&#44; diagnosis and treatment of resistant TB&#44; surveillance and data systems&#44; and monitoring and evaluation programs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> Areas in which less progress has been made&#44; and where urgent action is required&#44; include care of immigrants&#44; investment in research&#44; and increased political commitment to funding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the VIII Meeting of Low-Incidence TB Countries in the Americas&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> the main indicators outlined in the Pan American Health Organization Action Plan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and 2014&#8211;2019 Strategic Plan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> were adopted &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Additional indicators were percentage of compliance with the annual budget for elimination actions and the plan for monitoring and evaluating activities&#46; Milestones&#44; targets and indicators for each of the 8 priority action areas must be adapted to each country and territory&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:5 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        1 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Priority Action Areas for the Elimination of Tuberculosis in Latin America and the Caribbean"
          "secciones" => array:8 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "1&#46; Ensure Political Commitment&#44; Funding and Access to High Quality Services"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "2&#46; Focus on Vulnerable&#44; Hard-to-Reach Populations"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "3&#46; Address Immigration and Cross-Border Issues"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "4&#46; Undertake Screening and Guarantee Treatment for Active and Latent Tuberculosis in Contacts and At-Risk Populations"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "5&#46; Optimize Prevention and Management of Resistant Tuberculosis"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "6&#46; Ensure Monitoring&#44; Evaluation&#44; and Case-Based Data Management"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "7&#46; Promote Investment in Research and Innovation"
            ]
            7 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "8&#46; Support Global Plans for Prevention&#44; Care and Control of Tuberculosis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Advances in Low-Incidence Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean"
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation"
        ]
        4 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Torres-Duque CA&#44; Fuentes Alcal&#225; ZM&#44; Rend&#243;n A&#44; Migliori GB&#46; Roadmap for tuberculosis elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2018&#59;54&#58;7&#8211;9&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:2 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carlos A&#46; Torres-Duque&#44; Zhenia M&#46; Fuentes Alcal&#225;&#44; Adri&#225;n Rend&#243;n&#44; Domingo Palmero&#44; Carlos E&#46; Awad Garc&#237;a&#44; Miguel &#193;ngel Salazar&#44; Margareth Dalcolmo&#44; Lia D&#8217;Ambrosio&#44; Raquel Duarte and Giovanni Battista Migliori&#46;</p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Annex A"
            "titulo" => "Authors of the full &#8220;Roadmap for Tuberculosis Elimination in Latin America&#8221; document"
            "identificador" => "sec0065"
          ]
          1 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix B"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
            "identificador" => "sec0075"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:2 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2025 Target &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Impact indicators</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reduction of TB mortality compared to 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reduction of TB incidence compared to 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Proportion of families affected by catastrophic costs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Implementation indicators</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TB treatment coverage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8805;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TB treatment success rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8805;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TB-affected households that experience catastrophic costs due to TB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Newly notified TB patients diagnosed using WHO-recommended rapid tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8805;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Latent TB infection treatment coverage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8805;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Contact investigation coverage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8805;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Drug susceptibility coverage for TB patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Treatment coverage&#44; new TB drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8805;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Documentation of HIV status among TB patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8805;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Case fatality ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8804;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Compliance with annual budget for TB elimination plan development&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Compliance with monitoring and evaluation actions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1631719.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Main Impact and Follow-Up Indicators&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "upi0005"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Ecomponente" => array:2 [
          "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf"
          "ficheroTamanyo" => 1423761
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:16 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Available from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0020" href="http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;who&#46;int&#47;tb&#47;publications&#47;global&#95;report&#47;en&#47;</span> &#91;accessed 16&#46;10&#46;16&#93;"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global tuberculosis report 2016&#46; WHO&#47;HTM&#47;TB&#47;2016&#46;13"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "World Health Organization"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "editorial" => "World Health Organization"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Geneva"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Available from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0025" href="http://www.paho.org/tuberculosis">www&#46;paho&#46;org&#47;tuberculosis</span> &#91;accessed 30&#46;11&#46;15&#93;"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Plan de acci&#243;n para la prevenci&#243;n y el control de la tuberculosis en las Am&#233;ricas&#44; 2016&#8211;2019&#46; 54&#46;o Consejo Directivo y 67&#46;a Sesi&#243;n del Comit&#233; Regional de la OMS para Las Am&#233;ricas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Organizaci&#243;n Panamericana de la Salud"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "October 2015"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "World Health Organization&#46; The End TB Strategy&#46; Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention&#44; care and control after 2015&#46; Available from&#58; <a href="http://www.who.int/tb/post2015_strategy/en/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;who&#46;int&#47;tb&#47;post2015&#95;strategy&#47;en&#47;</a> &#91;accessed 10&#46;09&#46;15&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Towards tuberculosis elimination&#58; an action framework for low-incidence countries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Lonnroth"
                            1 => "G&#46;B&#46; Migliori"
                            2 => "I&#46; Abubakar"
                            3 => "L&#46; D&#8217;Ambrosio"
                            4 => "G&#46; de Vries"
                            5 => "R&#46; Diel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00214014"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "928"
                        "paginaFinal" => "952"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25792630"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Organizaci&#243;n Panamericana de la Salud&#46; VII Reuni&#243;n Regional de pa&#237;ses de baja incidencia de tuberculosis de las Am&#233;ricas&#46; Bogot&#225;&#44; abril de 2015&#46; Available from&#58; <a href="http://www.paho.org/">www&#46;paho&#46;org</a> &#91;accessed 10&#46;04&#46;16&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "VI Reuni&#243;n de pa&#237;ses de baja prevalencia de tuberculosis en las Am&#233;ricas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Herrera"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Chil Enferm Respir"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "paginaInicial" => "108"
                        "paginaFinal" => "112"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Roadmap for tuberculosis elimination in Latin American and Caribbean countries&#58; a strategic alliance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Rendon"
                            1 => "Z&#46; Fuentes"
                            2 => "C&#46;A&#46; Torres-Duque"
                            3 => "M&#46;D&#46; Granado"
                            4 => "J&#46; Victoria"
                            5 => "R&#46; Duarte"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/13993003.01549-2016"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "48"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1282"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1287"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27799383"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The impact of social protection on tuberculosis rates&#58; a global analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Siroka"
                            1 => "K&#46; L&#246;nnroth"
                            2 => "N&#46; Ponce"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00401-6"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Infect Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "473"
                        "paginaFinal" => "479"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26725446"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Geneva&#46; Available from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0040" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143698/">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ncbi&#46;nlm&#46;nih&#46;gov&#47;books&#47;NBK143698&#47;</span> &#91;accessed 30&#46;06&#46;16&#93;"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Community involvement in tuberculosis care and prevention&#58; towards partnerships for health&#58; guiding principles and recommendations based on a WHO review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "World Health Organization"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Washington&#46; Available from&#58; file&#58;&#47;&#47;&#47;C&#58;&#47;Users&#47;Administrador&#47;Downloads&#47;2016-cha-tb-framework-big-cities&#46;pdf &#91;accessed 28&#46;02&#46;17&#93;"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Framework for tuberculosis control in large cities of Latin America and the Caribbean"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Pan American Health Organization"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Social determinants and inequalities in tuberculosis incidence in Latin America and the Caribbean"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46;V&#46; Munayco"
                            1 => "O&#46;J&#46; M&#250;jica"
                            2 => "F&#46;X&#46; Le&#243;n"
                            3 => "M&#46;D&#46; Granado"
                            4 => "M&#46;A&#46; Espinal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Panam Salud Pub"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "paginaInicial" => "177"
                        "paginaFinal" => "185"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Ginebra&#46; Available from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0045" href="http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2012/tb_hiv_policy_9789241503006/en">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;who&#46;int&#47;tb&#47;publications&#47;2012&#47;tb&#95;hiv&#95;policy&#95;9789241503006&#47;en</span> &#91;accessed 10&#46;04&#46;16&#93;"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "titulo" => "Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud&#46; Pol&#237;tica de la OMS sobre actividades de colaboraci&#243;n TB&#47;VIH&#46; Gu&#237;as para programas nacionales y otros interesados directos"
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Available from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0050" href="http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/rutas_migratorias_final.pdf">http&#58;&#47;&#47;publications&#46;iom&#46;int&#47;system&#47;files&#47;pdf&#47;rutas&#95;migratorias&#95;final&#46;pdf</span> &#91;accessed 30&#46;01&#46;17&#93;"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Rutas y din&#225;micas migratorias entre los pa&#237;ses de Am&#233;rica Latina y el Caribe &#40;ALC&#41;&#44; y entre ALC y la Uni&#243;n Europea"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Cordoba"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "editorial" => "Organizaci&#243;n Internacional para las Migraciones &#40;OIM&#41;"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Bruselas"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Evaluaci&#243;n de cohortes a 2012&#46; Available from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0055" href="http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_topics%26view=article%26id=59%26Itemid=40776%26lang=en">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;paho&#46;org&#47;hq&#47;index&#46;php&#63;option&#61;com&#95;topics&#38;view&#61;article&#38;id&#61;59&#38;Itemid&#61;40776&#10216;&#61;en</span> &#91;accessed 12&#46;08&#46;16&#93;"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tuberculosis multidrogorresistente &#40;TB-MDR&#41; en las Am&#233;ricas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Organizaci&#243;n Panamericana de la Salud"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Available from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0060" href="http://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/drug-resistant-tb/MDRTBguidelines2016.pdf">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;who&#46;int&#47;tb&#47;areas-of-work&#47;drug-resistant-tb&#47;MDRTBguidelines2016&#46;pdf</span> &#91;accessed 10&#46;03&#46;16&#93;"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis&#46; 2016 update"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "World Health Organization"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "editorial" => "World Health Organization"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Geneva"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Available from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0065" href="http://www.paho.org/tuberculosis">www&#46;paho&#46;org&#47;tuberculosis</span> &#91;accessed 12&#46;02&#46;16&#93;"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Plan estrat&#233;gico de la OPS 2014&#8211;2019"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Organizaci&#243;n Panamericana de la Salud"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "editorial" => "OPS"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/15792129/0000005400000001/v1_201801020537/S1579212917303762/v1_201801020537/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "46447"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Editorial"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15792129/0000005400000001/v1_201801020537/S1579212917303762/v1_201801020537/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212917303762?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
]

Article information

ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.arbr.2017.11.012

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	8	8	16
2024 October	60	33	93
2024 September	64	39	103
2024 August	76	65	141
2024 July	74	26	100
2024 June	69	38	107
2024 May	62	38	100
2024 April	55	38	93
2024 March	51	21	72
2024 February	35	15	50
2023 March	15	1	16
2023 February	49	24	73
2023 January	34	32	66
2022 December	74	25	99
2022 November	80	22	102
2022 October	62	40	102
2022 September	44	39	83
2022 August	38	54	92
2022 July	37	52	89
2022 June	33	48	81
2022 May	44	38	82
2022 April	44	35	79
2022 March	41	39	80
2022 February	43	46	89
2022 January	43	48	91
2021 December	38	53	91
2021 November	42	44	86
2021 October	49	46	95
2021 September	35	43	78
2021 August	26	37	63
2021 July	36	49	85
2021 June	39	50	89
2021 May	71	48	119
2021 April	162	103	265
2021 March	60	31	91
2021 February	43	22	65
2021 January	34	23	57
2020 December	40	20	60
2020 November	33	20	53
2020 October	32	32	64
2020 September	21	16	37
2020 August	19	16	35
2020 July	27	33	60
2020 June	22	12	34
2020 May	15	17	32
2020 April	32	36	68
2020 March	19	22	41
2020 February	24	27	51
2020 January	23	25	48
2019 December	31	28	59
2019 November	17	26	43
2019 October	46	21	67
2019 September	39	17	56
2019 August	32	17	49
2019 July	28	27	55
2019 June	21	19	40
2019 May	25	24	49
2019 April	36	38	74
2019 March	33	34	67
2019 February	36	32	68
2019 January	29	22	51
2018 December	33	23	56
2018 November	53	35	88
2018 October	96	23	119
2018 September	43	11	54
2018 May	2	1	3
2018 April	33	18	51
2018 January	1	0	1

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Subscribe:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Subscribe:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter