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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease &#40;GOLD&#41; was formed in 1991&#44; and since then it has regularly published recommendations for the diagnosis&#44; management and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#46; Evidence pertaining to the disease is reviewed annually&#44; and the efforts of all the contributors are invaluable to the respiratory community&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> As a consequence of this work&#44; the GOLD initiative has become widely accepted as one of the main COPD references worldwide&#46; There is little doubt that GOLD has had a widespread impact&#44; influencing clinical practice and the institutions responsible for implementing health policies&#46; It is also important to recognize the effect that it has had on public awareness of COPD&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GOLD 2017&#44; the latest update&#44; is a major revision of the previous proposals&#44; and a series of changes have been introduced to reflect new evidence on the etiology of COPD and the role of spirometry in the management of the disease&#44; and the clinical classification of patients into &#8220;ABCD&#8221; groups has been redefined&#46; The aim is to move toward more personalized medicine&#44; and to depict strategies for treatment escalation and de-escalation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">COPD Etiology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GOLD 2017 reviews and incorporates new evidence on the pathophysiology of COPD&#44; particularly with regard to the interaction of host factors and environmental exposure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Recognition of aspects that were underestimated in the past&#44; such as genetic abnormalities&#44; abnormal lung development&#44; and accelerated age-related loss of lung function in COPD&#44; has helped advance our understanding of the origin of the disease&#46; For example&#44; approximately 50&#37; of patients develop COPD due to a rapid decline in lung function &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; &#8211; the classic hypothesis of Fletcher and Peto &#8211; while the other 50&#37; acquire COPD as a result of abnormal lung development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Changes in Stratification and Classification</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In GOLD 2007&#44; COPD stratification was based exclusively on severity of airflow limitation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This classification is of major clinical significance&#44; as airflow limitation has a proven impact on mortality&#44; the number of exacerbations and hospitalizations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> GOLD 2013&#44; in an attempt make the classification more comprehensive&#44; combined airflow limitation with respiratory symptoms &#40;mMRC scale or CAT questionnaire&#41;&#44; and exacerbations and&#47;or hospitalizations due to exacerbations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> However&#44; difficulties have arisen in the implementation of the ABCD classification in clinical practice&#44; and it has shown no benefits over spirometric classification in the prediction of mortality or other important COPD outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> Moreover&#44; the evidence for basing therapeutic decisions on this classification is limited&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The new GOLD 2017 recommends a classification which combines components from GOLD 2007 &#40;severity of limitation&#59; grades 1&#8211;4&#41; and from GOLD 2013 &#40;ABCD groups based on symptoms and exacerbations&#41;&#44; generating 16 different categories&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> At first sight&#44; at least&#44; combining the different components has produced a complex and unwieldy proposal that heightens the risk of confusion&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recognize that inclusion of the spirometry classification should increase the prognostic value of the tool&#44; compared to the GOLD 2013 version&#46; However&#44; the 2017 version proposes a modified ABCD tool for assigning drug treatment according to symptoms and exacerbations only&#44; on the undeniable premise that FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> is an incomplete descriptor of disease activity in individual patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; airflow limitation and symptoms are not independent variables&#44; and evidence has shown that the greater the airflow limitation&#44; the greater the tendency to present symptoms and exacerbations&#46; Perhaps the biggest drawback of the new ABCD classification &#40;that will probably soon be widely implemented given the prestige of the GOLD group&#41; is that it fails to provide any evidence for its objective &#40;guiding drug treatment&#41;&#44; so it may ultimately be of little use&#46; Nor has any evidence been provided on its prognostic value&#44; and it seems unlikely that the new classification system will be an improvement over spirometric classification&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Therapeutic Recommendations</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With its new ABCD tool and its &#8220;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>-free approach&#8221;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> GOLD 2017 proposes a COPD drug treatment algorithm that represents an attempt to achieve a more personalized approach&#44; with strategies for escalation and de-escalation of drug treatment&#46; However&#44; an approach that underplays the severity of airflow limitation can lead to errors&#46; On the one hand&#44; some patients with severe limitation and few symptoms &#40;GOLD 3&#8211;4 A&#41; could initially be recommended only a short-acting bronchodilator on demand&#46; Another risk is overtreating patients with mild limitation in the C and D groups &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; GOLD 1 D&#41; with drugs that are costly for most Latin American countries&#46; Currently&#44; no biomarker is available that can offer a precise diagnosis of exacerbation&#46; Diagnosis is mainly clinical&#44; based on an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that may be caused by infections&#44; such as pneumonia&#44; or other problems such as gastroesophageal reflux or heart failure&#46; This may cause patients to be wrongly classified in groups C or D&#44; and to the inappropriate prescription of expensive medications&#46; It should also be pointed out here that GOLD 2017 limits the use of inhaled corticosteroids in groups C-D patients&#44; due to the high risk of pneumonia&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The GOLD classification&#44; by defining limitation as post-bronchodilator FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC&#60;0&#46;7&#44; runs the risk of overdiagnosing COPD&#44; particularly in the elderly&#44; resulting in the administration of costly bronchodilators to disease-free individuals&#44; a practice which only benefits the pharmaceutical industry&#46; It goes without saying that physicians must be fully informed about risk factors and other clinical aspects&#44; and must be able to request additional tests and monitor the patient&#46; However&#44; the GOLD initiative does not recognize diagnostic uncertainty&#44; nor does it recommend observation or repeat testing in borderline patients&#44; as would be the case for hypertension&#44; for example&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The implementation of a new classification inevitably involves costs that are particularly burdensome for countries with fewer resources&#46; For this reason&#44; it would be preferable to see a proposal for a global classification that was based on documented scientific evidence&#44; either from a prognostic or therapeutic point of view&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Editorial
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD)-2017: The ALAT Perspective
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD)-2017: la visión desde alat
Maria Montes de Ocaa,
Corresponding author
montesdeoca.maria@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Rogelio Pérez-Padillab
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
b Instituto de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Ciudad de México, Mexico
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        "titulo" => "Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease &#40;GOLD&#41;-2017&#58; la visi&#243;n desde alat"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease &#40;GOLD&#41; was formed in 1991&#44; and since then it has regularly published recommendations for the diagnosis&#44; management and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#46; Evidence pertaining to the disease is reviewed annually&#44; and the efforts of all the contributors are invaluable to the respiratory community&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> As a consequence of this work&#44; the GOLD initiative has become widely accepted as one of the main COPD references worldwide&#46; There is little doubt that GOLD has had a widespread impact&#44; influencing clinical practice and the institutions responsible for implementing health policies&#46; It is also important to recognize the effect that it has had on public awareness of COPD&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GOLD 2017&#44; the latest update&#44; is a major revision of the previous proposals&#44; and a series of changes have been introduced to reflect new evidence on the etiology of COPD and the role of spirometry in the management of the disease&#44; and the clinical classification of patients into &#8220;ABCD&#8221; groups has been redefined&#46; The aim is to move toward more personalized medicine&#44; and to depict strategies for treatment escalation and de-escalation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">COPD Etiology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GOLD 2017 reviews and incorporates new evidence on the pathophysiology of COPD&#44; particularly with regard to the interaction of host factors and environmental exposure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Recognition of aspects that were underestimated in the past&#44; such as genetic abnormalities&#44; abnormal lung development&#44; and accelerated age-related loss of lung function in COPD&#44; has helped advance our understanding of the origin of the disease&#46; For example&#44; approximately 50&#37; of patients develop COPD due to a rapid decline in lung function &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; &#8211; the classic hypothesis of Fletcher and Peto &#8211; while the other 50&#37; acquire COPD as a result of abnormal lung development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Changes in Stratification and Classification</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In GOLD 2007&#44; COPD stratification was based exclusively on severity of airflow limitation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This classification is of major clinical significance&#44; as airflow limitation has a proven impact on mortality&#44; the number of exacerbations and hospitalizations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> GOLD 2013&#44; in an attempt make the classification more comprehensive&#44; combined airflow limitation with respiratory symptoms &#40;mMRC scale or CAT questionnaire&#41;&#44; and exacerbations and&#47;or hospitalizations due to exacerbations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> However&#44; difficulties have arisen in the implementation of the ABCD classification in clinical practice&#44; and it has shown no benefits over spirometric classification in the prediction of mortality or other important COPD outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> Moreover&#44; the evidence for basing therapeutic decisions on this classification is limited&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The new GOLD 2017 recommends a classification which combines components from GOLD 2007 &#40;severity of limitation&#59; grades 1&#8211;4&#41; and from GOLD 2013 &#40;ABCD groups based on symptoms and exacerbations&#41;&#44; generating 16 different categories&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> At first sight&#44; at least&#44; combining the different components has produced a complex and unwieldy proposal that heightens the risk of confusion&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recognize that inclusion of the spirometry classification should increase the prognostic value of the tool&#44; compared to the GOLD 2013 version&#46; However&#44; the 2017 version proposes a modified ABCD tool for assigning drug treatment according to symptoms and exacerbations only&#44; on the undeniable premise that FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> is an incomplete descriptor of disease activity in individual patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; airflow limitation and symptoms are not independent variables&#44; and evidence has shown that the greater the airflow limitation&#44; the greater the tendency to present symptoms and exacerbations&#46; Perhaps the biggest drawback of the new ABCD classification &#40;that will probably soon be widely implemented given the prestige of the GOLD group&#41; is that it fails to provide any evidence for its objective &#40;guiding drug treatment&#41;&#44; so it may ultimately be of little use&#46; Nor has any evidence been provided on its prognostic value&#44; and it seems unlikely that the new classification system will be an improvement over spirometric classification&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Therapeutic Recommendations</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With its new ABCD tool and its &#8220;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>-free approach&#8221;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> GOLD 2017 proposes a COPD drug treatment algorithm that represents an attempt to achieve a more personalized approach&#44; with strategies for escalation and de-escalation of drug treatment&#46; However&#44; an approach that underplays the severity of airflow limitation can lead to errors&#46; On the one hand&#44; some patients with severe limitation and few symptoms &#40;GOLD 3&#8211;4 A&#41; could initially be recommended only a short-acting bronchodilator on demand&#46; Another risk is overtreating patients with mild limitation in the C and D groups &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; GOLD 1 D&#41; with drugs that are costly for most Latin American countries&#46; Currently&#44; no biomarker is available that can offer a precise diagnosis of exacerbation&#46; Diagnosis is mainly clinical&#44; based on an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that may be caused by infections&#44; such as pneumonia&#44; or other problems such as gastroesophageal reflux or heart failure&#46; This may cause patients to be wrongly classified in groups C or D&#44; and to the inappropriate prescription of expensive medications&#46; It should also be pointed out here that GOLD 2017 limits the use of inhaled corticosteroids in groups C-D patients&#44; due to the high risk of pneumonia&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The GOLD classification&#44; by defining limitation as post-bronchodilator FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC&#60;0&#46;7&#44; runs the risk of overdiagnosing COPD&#44; particularly in the elderly&#44; resulting in the administration of costly bronchodilators to disease-free individuals&#44; a practice which only benefits the pharmaceutical industry&#46; It goes without saying that physicians must be fully informed about risk factors and other clinical aspects&#44; and must be able to request additional tests and monitor the patient&#46; However&#44; the GOLD initiative does not recognize diagnostic uncertainty&#44; nor does it recommend observation or repeat testing in borderline patients&#44; as would be the case for hypertension&#44; for example&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The implementation of a new classification inevitably involves costs that are particularly burdensome for countries with fewer resources&#46; For this reason&#44; it would be preferable to see a proposal for a global classification that was based on documented scientific evidence&#44; either from a prognostic or therapeutic point of view&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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Year/Month Html Pdf Total
2024 November 6 1 7
2024 October 52 29 81
2024 September 46 21 67
2024 August 67 32 99
2024 July 54 27 81
2024 June 68 25 93
2024 May 75 35 110
2024 April 47 33 80
2024 March 41 20 61
2024 February 31 17 48
2023 March 4 4 8
2023 February 40 22 62
2023 January 28 32 60
2022 December 33 32 65
2022 November 37 22 59
2022 October 53 29 82
2022 September 32 43 75
2022 August 47 33 80
2022 July 32 45 77
2022 June 32 38 70
2022 May 44 42 86
2022 April 31 46 77
2022 March 52 52 104
2022 February 45 35 80
2022 January 32 39 71
2021 December 46 48 94
2021 November 42 52 94
2021 October 41 47 88
2021 September 28 52 80
2021 August 23 35 58
2021 July 19 25 44
2021 June 36 40 76
2021 May 42 35 77
2021 April 129 64 193
2021 March 75 29 104
2021 February 47 30 77
2021 January 48 11 59
2020 December 33 18 51
2020 November 27 19 46
2020 October 37 16 53
2020 September 22 11 33
2020 August 25 12 37
2020 July 20 21 41
2020 June 23 9 32
2020 May 29 11 40
2020 April 27 21 48
2020 March 21 9 30
2020 February 29 18 47
2020 January 24 16 40
2019 December 24 17 41
2019 November 30 20 50
2019 October 49 13 62
2019 September 20 9 29
2019 August 29 18 47
2019 July 29 15 44
2019 June 30 12 42
2019 May 41 11 52
2019 April 44 29 73
2019 March 37 26 63
2019 February 22 13 35
2019 January 31 19 50
2018 December 37 18 55
2018 November 69 23 92
2018 October 85 29 114
2018 September 47 16 63
2018 May 18 0 18
2018 April 37 6 43
2018 March 62 5 67
2018 February 42 8 50
2018 January 80 9 89
2017 December 88 10 98
2017 November 27 11 38
2017 October 20 15 35
2017 September 30 10 40
2017 August 27 20 47
2017 July 23 17 40
2017 June 44 30 74
2017 May 1 0 1
2017 April 2 1 3
2017 March 1 1 2
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