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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every 5 years&#44; the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease &#40;GOLD&#41; publishes a major revision of their global strategy for the diagnosis&#44; treatment and prevention of COPD&#46; The latest revision undertaken in 2011 introduced the ABCD multidimensional evaluation&#46; This was a more comprehensive approach to the disease that considered not only airflow limitation determined by spirometry&#44; but also the impact of symptoms&#44; while underlining the importance of preventing exacerbations&#46; The recently published strategy update<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> incorporates several significant changes compared to previous editions&#44; and focuses on a new concept of COPD&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also interesting to see that SEPAR member&#44; Dr &#193;lvar Agust&#237;&#44; Director of the Respiratory Institute at Hospital Clinic in Barcelona&#44; was appointed Chair of the GOLD Board of Directors in September 2016&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With this article&#44; we hope to provide a structured illustration of the most important changes that appear in the new GOLD 2017&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">1&#46; Definition and overview&#58; A new definition of the disease is given&#44; underlining the importance of symptoms and the fact that alveolar involvement is not always associated with airway involvement&#46; &#8220;Inflammatory response&#8221; has also been deleted from the definition&#44; although it is mentioned as a pathophysiological factor&#46; New information is included in this chapter on the pathophysiology and natural history of the disease&#46; The description of abnormal lung development featured in previous editions has been expanded in the new revision&#44; and the different trajectories of lung function over time&#44; expressed as FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; leading to the development of COPD&#44; are described&#46; Other factors discussed include exposure to inhaled toxins&#44; host factors&#44; such as genetic abnormalities&#44; that predispose to development of the disease&#44; and abnormal lung development &#40;during gestation or childhood&#41;&#46; The possibility that a patient may have COPD without showing accelerated decline in lung function has been accepted&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">2&#46; Diagnosis and initial evaluation&#58; The current version maintains the ABCD schematic&#44; but spirometric assessment has been separated from symptoms evaluation&#46; The new proposal is that ABCD groups should be derived exclusively from patient symptoms and history of exacerbations&#46; Existing cut-off points for mMRC and CAT have been maintained&#44; even though certain studies failed to show a close concordance between CAT&#8805;10 and mMRC&#8805;2 in the evaluation of the clinical impact or for predicting exacerbations&#44; depression and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> This approach aims to avoid the imbalance that previously arose between FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and exacerbations&#44; without straying too far from previous versions of the document and maintaining the simplicity that clinicians need in their daily practice&#46; The recommendations state that spirometry still has an important role in diagnosis and prognosis and for some therapeutic considerations &#40;for example&#44; wherever a discrepancy is perceived between spirometry results and the level of symptoms&#41;&#44; for considering alternative diagnoses&#44; or for indicating non-pharmacologic treatment&#44; such as interventional procedures&#46; Finally&#44; this new approach will probably mean that fewer patients are assigned to groups C and D&#46; Its ability to predict mortality and other outcomes must be validated&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">3&#46; Evidence supporting prevention and treatment&#58; The various pharmacologic therapies and their combinations in the treatment of stable disease and the prevention of future exacerbations have been extensively reevaluated and updated&#46; Sections on emphysema interventions&#44; respiratory rehabilitation&#44; long-term home oxygen therapy&#44; non-invasive mechanical ventilation in stable disease&#44; self-management&#44; and palliative and end-of-life care have been expanded&#46; The need for regular evaluation of inhalation techniques&#44; which should be performed in all patients&#44; has been added&#46; Emphasis is given to checking inhalation techniques along with therapeutic adherence before concluding that a medication is ineffective&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">4&#46; Management of stable COPD&#58; Various recommendations for the pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment of COPD are presented&#46; The focus is on more personalized treatment&#44; directed mainly at controlling symptoms and preventing exacerbations&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As in the previous update&#44; pharmacologic treatment follows the ABCD group schematic&#46; In this new version&#44; however&#44; the approach is more dynamic&#44; since it also includes treatment escalation and de-escalation depending on response&#46; Thus&#44; an initial regimen is recommended and subsequently modified&#44; depending on persistence or improvement of symptoms or exacerbations&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the non-exacerbator groups &#40;A and B&#41;&#44; no major changes have been introduced with respect to the previous version&#46; However&#44; in view of studies performed using the GOLD 2011 classification&#44; more importance has been given to the fact that patients in category B have a higher rate of comorbidities that may affect their symptoms and prognosis&#44; and this must be taken into account during their evaluation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Greater differences can be found in groups C and D&#44; as bronchodilators are recommended for the prevention of exacerbations&#44; either in monotherapy with anticholinergics in group C patients&#44; or in a combination of beta2-adrenergics and anticholinergics in group D&#46; The management of patients in group D is more complicated&#44; and more choices are offered&#46; Thus&#44; the possibility of targeting treatment according to the results of a laboratory parameter is proposed &#40;starting LABA-ICS in patients with peripheral eosinophilia&#41;&#46; Roflumilast or azithromycin may be considered in patients receiving triple therapy who continue to present exacerbations&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to non-pharmacologic treatment&#44; more structured recommendations are presented in the more comprehensible format of algorithms and tables&#46; Much more information is offered on self-management programs&#44; dyspnea management&#44; energy conservation and stress management in more symptomatic patients&#44; non-invasive ventilation &#40;a larger body of scientific evidence is presented&#41;&#44; palliative care&#44; and particularly&#44; endoscopic and surgical volume reduction in patients with homogeneous or heterogeneous emphysema and hyperinflation&#44; and an excellent new algorithm for the management of advanced COPD is provided&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">5&#46; Management of exacerbations&#58; Exacerbations &#40;definition&#44; diagnosis and treatment&#41; have been extensively reviewed&#46; One novel aspect is the presentation of detailed criteria for hospital discharge and follow-up&#44; and the inclusion of an integrated plan for that period that aims at reducing as far as possible the risk of readmission within 1 month following discharge&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">6&#46; COPD and comorbidities&#58; Cardiovascular disease&#44; osteoporosis&#44; anxiety and depression&#44; lung cancer&#44; infections&#44; and metabolic syndrome and diabetes&#44; and the prevalence of these diseases are reviewed in more detail&#44; and management of other comorbidities in COPD patients and COPD as part of multimorbidity are discussed&#46; Another novel aspect is the emphasis on the need to simplify treatment and minimize polypharmacy in multimorbid patients&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this new revision of the GOLD strategy introduces significant changes in the concept of COPD&#44; expands previously underdeveloped areas&#44; and attempts to improve the multidimensional ABCD strategy to provide a more streamlined diagnostic and therapeutic approach&#46; This strategy must be validated&#44; and some questions remain unanswered due to the lack of scientific evidence and the continued use of a horizontal symptomatic axis that uses tools with unbalanced cut-off points&#46; With its new algorithms and tables with levels of evidence that facilitate comprehension&#44; this review represents an improvement over previous versions&#46; The intention of this new clinical strategy is that it can be used in any clinical setting anywhere in the world&#46; It is an attempt to shift the management of COPD towards a more personalized model&#44; more closely adapted to patients&#8217; needs&#46;</p></span>"
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Editorial
What's new in GOLD 2017?
¿Qué hay de nuevo en la GOLD 2017?
Patricia Sobradillo Ecenarroa,
Corresponding author
psobradillo@separ.es

Corresponding author.
, Ciro Casanova Macariob
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Araba, Vitoria, Spain
b Servicio de Neumología-Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario N.S. de la Candelaria, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every 5 years&#44; the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease &#40;GOLD&#41; publishes a major revision of their global strategy for the diagnosis&#44; treatment and prevention of COPD&#46; The latest revision undertaken in 2011 introduced the ABCD multidimensional evaluation&#46; This was a more comprehensive approach to the disease that considered not only airflow limitation determined by spirometry&#44; but also the impact of symptoms&#44; while underlining the importance of preventing exacerbations&#46; The recently published strategy update<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> incorporates several significant changes compared to previous editions&#44; and focuses on a new concept of COPD&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also interesting to see that SEPAR member&#44; Dr &#193;lvar Agust&#237;&#44; Director of the Respiratory Institute at Hospital Clinic in Barcelona&#44; was appointed Chair of the GOLD Board of Directors in September 2016&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With this article&#44; we hope to provide a structured illustration of the most important changes that appear in the new GOLD 2017&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">1&#46; Definition and overview&#58; A new definition of the disease is given&#44; underlining the importance of symptoms and the fact that alveolar involvement is not always associated with airway involvement&#46; &#8220;Inflammatory response&#8221; has also been deleted from the definition&#44; although it is mentioned as a pathophysiological factor&#46; New information is included in this chapter on the pathophysiology and natural history of the disease&#46; The description of abnormal lung development featured in previous editions has been expanded in the new revision&#44; and the different trajectories of lung function over time&#44; expressed as FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; leading to the development of COPD&#44; are described&#46; Other factors discussed include exposure to inhaled toxins&#44; host factors&#44; such as genetic abnormalities&#44; that predispose to development of the disease&#44; and abnormal lung development &#40;during gestation or childhood&#41;&#46; The possibility that a patient may have COPD without showing accelerated decline in lung function has been accepted&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">2&#46; Diagnosis and initial evaluation&#58; The current version maintains the ABCD schematic&#44; but spirometric assessment has been separated from symptoms evaluation&#46; The new proposal is that ABCD groups should be derived exclusively from patient symptoms and history of exacerbations&#46; Existing cut-off points for mMRC and CAT have been maintained&#44; even though certain studies failed to show a close concordance between CAT&#8805;10 and mMRC&#8805;2 in the evaluation of the clinical impact or for predicting exacerbations&#44; depression and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> This approach aims to avoid the imbalance that previously arose between FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and exacerbations&#44; without straying too far from previous versions of the document and maintaining the simplicity that clinicians need in their daily practice&#46; The recommendations state that spirometry still has an important role in diagnosis and prognosis and for some therapeutic considerations &#40;for example&#44; wherever a discrepancy is perceived between spirometry results and the level of symptoms&#41;&#44; for considering alternative diagnoses&#44; or for indicating non-pharmacologic treatment&#44; such as interventional procedures&#46; Finally&#44; this new approach will probably mean that fewer patients are assigned to groups C and D&#46; Its ability to predict mortality and other outcomes must be validated&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">3&#46; Evidence supporting prevention and treatment&#58; The various pharmacologic therapies and their combinations in the treatment of stable disease and the prevention of future exacerbations have been extensively reevaluated and updated&#46; Sections on emphysema interventions&#44; respiratory rehabilitation&#44; long-term home oxygen therapy&#44; non-invasive mechanical ventilation in stable disease&#44; self-management&#44; and palliative and end-of-life care have been expanded&#46; The need for regular evaluation of inhalation techniques&#44; which should be performed in all patients&#44; has been added&#46; Emphasis is given to checking inhalation techniques along with therapeutic adherence before concluding that a medication is ineffective&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">4&#46; Management of stable COPD&#58; Various recommendations for the pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment of COPD are presented&#46; The focus is on more personalized treatment&#44; directed mainly at controlling symptoms and preventing exacerbations&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As in the previous update&#44; pharmacologic treatment follows the ABCD group schematic&#46; In this new version&#44; however&#44; the approach is more dynamic&#44; since it also includes treatment escalation and de-escalation depending on response&#46; Thus&#44; an initial regimen is recommended and subsequently modified&#44; depending on persistence or improvement of symptoms or exacerbations&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the non-exacerbator groups &#40;A and B&#41;&#44; no major changes have been introduced with respect to the previous version&#46; However&#44; in view of studies performed using the GOLD 2011 classification&#44; more importance has been given to the fact that patients in category B have a higher rate of comorbidities that may affect their symptoms and prognosis&#44; and this must be taken into account during their evaluation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Greater differences can be found in groups C and D&#44; as bronchodilators are recommended for the prevention of exacerbations&#44; either in monotherapy with anticholinergics in group C patients&#44; or in a combination of beta2-adrenergics and anticholinergics in group D&#46; The management of patients in group D is more complicated&#44; and more choices are offered&#46; Thus&#44; the possibility of targeting treatment according to the results of a laboratory parameter is proposed &#40;starting LABA-ICS in patients with peripheral eosinophilia&#41;&#46; Roflumilast or azithromycin may be considered in patients receiving triple therapy who continue to present exacerbations&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to non-pharmacologic treatment&#44; more structured recommendations are presented in the more comprehensible format of algorithms and tables&#46; Much more information is offered on self-management programs&#44; dyspnea management&#44; energy conservation and stress management in more symptomatic patients&#44; non-invasive ventilation &#40;a larger body of scientific evidence is presented&#41;&#44; palliative care&#44; and particularly&#44; endoscopic and surgical volume reduction in patients with homogeneous or heterogeneous emphysema and hyperinflation&#44; and an excellent new algorithm for the management of advanced COPD is provided&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">5&#46; Management of exacerbations&#58; Exacerbations &#40;definition&#44; diagnosis and treatment&#41; have been extensively reviewed&#46; One novel aspect is the presentation of detailed criteria for hospital discharge and follow-up&#44; and the inclusion of an integrated plan for that period that aims at reducing as far as possible the risk of readmission within 1 month following discharge&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">6&#46; COPD and comorbidities&#58; Cardiovascular disease&#44; osteoporosis&#44; anxiety and depression&#44; lung cancer&#44; infections&#44; and metabolic syndrome and diabetes&#44; and the prevalence of these diseases are reviewed in more detail&#44; and management of other comorbidities in COPD patients and COPD as part of multimorbidity are discussed&#46; Another novel aspect is the emphasis on the need to simplify treatment and minimize polypharmacy in multimorbid patients&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this new revision of the GOLD strategy introduces significant changes in the concept of COPD&#44; expands previously underdeveloped areas&#44; and attempts to improve the multidimensional ABCD strategy to provide a more streamlined diagnostic and therapeutic approach&#46; This strategy must be validated&#44; and some questions remain unanswered due to the lack of scientific evidence and the continued use of a horizontal symptomatic axis that uses tools with unbalanced cut-off points&#46; With its new algorithms and tables with levels of evidence that facilitate comprehension&#44; this review represents an improvement over previous versions&#46; The intention of this new clinical strategy is that it can be used in any clinical setting anywhere in the world&#46; It is an attempt to shift the management of COPD towards a more personalized model&#44; more closely adapted to patients&#8217; needs&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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