was read the article
array:23 [ "pii" => "S1579212917300605" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2017.02.012" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-04-01" "aid" => "1485" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "copyrightAnyo" => "2017" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:222-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2334 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 123 "HTML" => 1662 "PDF" => 549 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S030028961630268X" "issn" => "03002896" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2016.10.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-04-01" "aid" => "1485" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:222-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 6907 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 141 "HTML" => 5640 "PDF" => 1126 ] ] "es" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Artículo especial</span>" "titulo" => "Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en mujeres: ¿somos diferentes?" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "222" "paginaFinal" => "227" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Women. Is it Different?" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figura 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1158 "Ancho" => 1623 "Tamanyo" => 91151 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relación dosis-respuesta entre el número de paquetes-año <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(pack-years)</span> y el porcentaje predicho de volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo posbroncodilatación <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(Post-PBD FEV1% predicted)</span> en mujeres con EPOC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(female COPD subjects)</span> y hombres con EPOC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(male COPD subjects)</span>, expresado mediante regresión lineal con intervalo de confianza del 95%.</p> <p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptado de Sorheim et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Tamara Alonso, Patricia Sobradillo, Juan P. de Torres" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Tamara" "apellidos" => "Alonso" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Patricia" "apellidos" => "Sobradillo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan P." "apellidos" => "de Torres" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S1579212917300605" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2017.02.012" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212917300605?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S030028961630268X?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/03002896/0000005300000004/v1_201704070048/S030028961630268X/v1_201704070048/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1579212916301860" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2016.08.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-04-01" "aid" => "1429" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:220-1" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1733 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 141 "HTML" => 1158 "PDF" => 434 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Scientific Letter</span>" "titulo" => "Cellular Bronchiolitis: A Late-Onset Non-Infectious Pulmonary Complication After Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplantation" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "220" "paginaFinal" => "221" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Bronquiolitis celular: una complicación pulmonar no infecciosa de inicio tardío tras un trasplante alogénico de médula ósea" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1105 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 624224 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thin-section computed tomography image at the age of 59 (A) and 65 (B) and hematoxylin-eosin-stained microscopic image (40×) (C) and (100×) (D).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Satoshi Hamada, Teruaki Yoshioka, Kayoko Higuchi" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Satoshi" "apellidos" => "Hamada" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Teruaki" "apellidos" => "Yoshioka" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Kayoko" "apellidos" => "Higuchi" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0300289616302071" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2016.06.015" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289616302071?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212916301860?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/15792129/0000005300000004/v1_201704070039/S1579212916301860/v1_201704070039/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:16 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Special Article</span>" "titulo" => "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Women. Is it Different?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "222" "paginaFinal" => "227" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Tamara Alonso, Patricia Sobradillo, Juan P. de Torres" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Tamara" "apellidos" => "Alonso" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "marita-med@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Patricia" "apellidos" => "Sobradillo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juan P." "apellidos" => "de Torres" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Araba, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en mujeres: ¿somos diferentes?" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Adapted from Ancochea et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1035 "Ancho" => 1636 "Tamanyo" => 122935 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Underdiagnosis of COPD in EPI-SCAN, by sex and area.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction. Epidemiology</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic, progressive, irreversible airflow limitation associated with exposure to tobacco smoke and, to a lesser extent, inhalation of occupational or environmental toxins or biomass combustion products.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COPD is a complex, heterogeneous disease that confers high morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization (WHO), in an update of the Global Burden of Disease Study published in 2010, reported a significant increase in the number of COPD sufferers, estimated at 328<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>615<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 individuals worldwide. Currently this disease is the third cause of death, after ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data from the 2007 EPI-SCAN study indicate that the prevalence of COPD in Spain is 10.2% (15.1% in men and 5.7% in women) of the population aged between 40 and 80 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The rate of underdiagnosis can be as high as 73%, although this varies widely depending on geographical region, and distribution among the sexes is uneven, with 1.27 times more women being underdiagnosed than men (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Spain, population aging, which affects women more than men due to their greater longevity, and the massive surge in smoking among women during the 1970s have led to an increase in smoking-related diseases particularly in middle-aged women, and with it not only an increase in prevalence, but also in associated morbidity and mortality. According to a U.S. study, the rate of mortality associated with COPD in women rose 5-fold in that country between 1971 and 2000, and in 2000, the number of deaths due to COPD in women (59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>936) overtook that of men (59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>118).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite these data, COPD is still considered mainly a “man's disease”, causing a diagnostic bias that contributes to underdiagnosis in women. Two similar studies, one conducted in the U.S. and Canada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and the other in Spain,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> concluded that diagnosis of COPD was biased according to the sex of the patient. The results showed that men have a 1.5-fold chance of receiving a provisional diagnosis of COPD, a bias that is significantly reduced when abnormal spirometry results are available.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Risk Factors</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main risk factor for developing COPD is smoking (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Numerous studies have evaluated the hypothesis that women are more susceptible to the toxic effects of tobacco than men. A study published in 1997 that included 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>987 individuals from 2 populations in Denmark<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> concluded that smoking has a greater impact on the deterioration of lung function in women than in men, a result that corroborated earlier findings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> Later, Sorheim et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> observed that in a group of COPD patients aged under 60 years, women who smoked less (<20 pack-years) had lower absolute and percentage values for forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>) than men; while women with a smoking history of more than 25–30 pack-years had similar figures to men (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Greater susceptibility to tobacco may be determined by anatomical (smaller airways), genetic and hormonal factors, and this difference may manifest already in childhood, since girls undergo greater lung function deterioration than boys when exposed to smoke or environmental pollution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Foreman et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> analyzed the data from 2500 individuals included in the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study, and concluded that women and African Americans may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of smoking, since they experience more severe disease forms with earlier onset. The results of this study also indicate that a maternal history of smoking or respiratory diseases were also significantly associated with earlier and more severe forms of COPD.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In biological terms, studies conducted in animals confirm that females may be more susceptible to the deleterious effects of smoking. Estrogens and other related compounds may increase the expression of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme, which is directly involved in the metabolism of some of the components of tobacco smoke, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Bioactivation of these compounds by CYP produces reactive substances that are highly toxic to the lung and potentially carcinogenic.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other risk factors for the development of COPD, in addition to smoking, include <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">environmental pollution</span>, which is increasing in developed countries, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">occupational exposure</span> to organic dusts, coal, heavy metals, textiles, tin, ceramics, and glass. One etiological factor that is growing in importance is exposure to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">smoke from biomass combustion</span>, which primarily affects women in rural areas and/or in developing countries, who cook in poorly ventilated environments where concentrations of material particles in room air are higher than the recommended levels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Published data emerging mainly from Latin American cohorts in Mexico and Colombia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a> suggest that the clinical presentation of COPD caused by this exposure has a greater component of chronic bronchitis and less emphysema, while survival rates are similar to those of women with COPD caused by smoking.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Clinical Presentation</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dyspnea</span> is one of the characteristic symptoms of COPD and one of the main prognostic factors determining survival and quality of life of these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to several published studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,24</span></a> women report higher grades of dyspnea than men, measured according to the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale, even with similar airflow obstruction and less exposure to tobacco. A study published by De Torres et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> shows that in women, but not in men, the best predictor of dyspnea is the central respiratory drive, suggesting that other non-physiological factors, such as anxiety or depression may be involved and should be systematically evaluated in these patients.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cough</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">chronic expectoration</span> are other symptoms that also characterize respiratory diseases and COPD in particular. A study published in 2012 in 4500 COPD patients, 740 of which were women, concluded that female patients reported higher grades of dyspnea than males, but less cough and expectoration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> The results of the EPI-SCAN also found that women with COPD have comparatively less sputum production than men, a factor that may be affected by social factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wheezing</span> is more common in women with COPD than in men,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> probably because they have more airway involvement and greater bronchial hyperreactivity, which may be a reason for the high incidence of the mixed COPD-asthma phenotype among women smokers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28,29</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exercise capacity</span> is determined with a submaximal exertion test, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and, like dyspnea, is another predictor of mortality in COPD patient. Several studies have found that both male and female COPD patients have lower than expected exercise capacity, and this parameter is more useful as a prognostic factor in men.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> It was initially thought that this limitation was due to respiratory dysfunction (airflow resistance and pulmonary hyperinflation as an independent mortality factor both in men and in women<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>), although we now know that it is due in large part to differences in the use of oxygen by skeletal muscle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> In a study measuring the results of cardiopulmonary exercise tests performed on a cycle ergometer, women with COPD showed lower peak anaerobic power and lower optimal velocity than men, probably related with loss of lean muscle mass in the lower limbs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have shown significant differences in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">prevalence and distribution of emphysema</span> between men and women with COPD. Martínez et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group (NETT) included 1053 patients (409 women) undergoing screening for a lung volume reduction surgery program, and compared clinical, physiological, radiological, and histological data from a small subgroup of patients. Comparatively, women had smaller airway diameters with proportionately thicker walls; emphysema was less extensive than in men, and predominantly central in distribution. Dransfield et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> found that, irrespective of disease severity, male COPD patients who were smokers or former smokers had greater areas of emphysema on radiography than women with the same disease. However, a study published by Hardin et al. in 2016 concluded that women in 3 phenotype subgroups (early-onset COPD, severe emphysema, and grade IV COPD according to Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Diseases (GOLD) criteria) had a comparable grade of emphysema to men, despite a lower pack-year index.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nutritional status</span> is a basic clinical parameter that must be evaluated in COPD patients using body mass index (BMI) or fat-free mass index (FFMI) measured with bioimpedance. A study published in 1999 showed that COPD-related mortality increased considerably when BMI was lower than 21.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Several subsequent papers indicate that nutritional changes are more prevalent in women with COPD than in men.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24,30</span></a> According to a study published in 2006, a reduced FFMI in patients with normal BMI is closely related with the female sex, so the complete and systematic evaluation of the nutritional status in women is recommended, in view of its potential as a prognostic factor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exacerbations</span> are episodes of clinical instability that cause significant deterioration in health-related quality of life among COPD patients, affecting disease progression and increasing the risk of death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> According to the available data, women have a greater number of exacerbations,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24,40,41</span></a> but hospitalization rates are similar in both women and men, and readmission and survival rates after exacerbation are better in women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Concomitant Disease</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COPD is a complex disease with multisystem manifestations, and is associated throughout its course with other diseases or comorbidities that complicate the health status and prognosis of these patients. Some of the most common include cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and affective disorders (anxiety and depression).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the ECLIPSE study,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> cardiovascular diseases are less prevalent in women with COPD, while osteoporosis and affective disorders are more common in women than in men. The results of the ECCO study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> indicate that there are significant sex-dependent differences in the comorbidities of these patients, and these may be underestimated if the only method of quantification used is the Charlson index. According to this study, women with COPD have a lower prevalence of ischemic heart disease than men, but a higher rate of heart failure, osteoporosis, and diabetes.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anxiety and depression</span> are very common among COPD patients and have a significant impact on the disease because of their effect on symptom management, quality of life, and prognosis. Studies in this area indicate that women have much higher rates of anxiety and depression, even when disease involvement is moderate in terms of airflow obstruction and respiratory symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> Anxiety and depression in women with COPD is associated with a greater risk of exacerbation, longer hospital stays, persistent smoking habit, less physical activity, greater mortality, and possibly poorer treatment adherence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Osteoporosis</span> is one of the most important comorbidities associated with COPD, with a prevalence of around 35%. It predominantly affects women, particularly after menopause. Factors such as age, smoking, and the use of systemic corticosteroids are involved in the development of osteoporosis in these patients and are associated with more severe forms of the disease and a poor nutritional status. Clinical management of COPD patients, then, must include a bone scan and determination of bone mineralization markers, so that early treatment with bisphosphonates, calcium (if dietary intake is insufficient), and vitamin D supplements can be started if deficiencies are detected.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Prognosis</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Health-related quality of life</span> is a parameter directly associated with hospitalization, use of healthcare resources, response to treatment or mortality in COPD patients, and can be evaluated with the Saint George's respiratory quality of life questionnaire (SGRQ). Health-related quality of life is poorer among women with COPD than men, and women begin to experience symptoms at an earlier age and with less severe airflow obstruction. In men, parameters such as dyspnea, exercise capacity, degree of hyperinflation, or comorbidities are significantly associated with the overall SGRQ score, whereas in women only dyspnea and arterial oxygen tension are significantly correlated, suggesting the need to find other factors for evaluation, such as anxiety or depression, that might explain the greater and earlier deterioration in quality of life among women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Until relatively recently, disease prognosis was evaluated purely on the basis of lung function involvement measured according to the predicted percentage of FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>. This changed drastically with the introduction of multidimensional indexes, such as BODE (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Body mass index</span> [BMI], <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Airflow obstruction</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dyspnea</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exercise capacity</span>), which have greater prognostic value and better represent the heterogeneous nature of the disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> A study published in 2007 suggested that the proportional weight of each of the components of the BODE index varied between men and women, and that in women the most important parameter was dyspnea grade according to the mMRC scale and BMI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Despite these variations, BODE is an excellent predictor of mortality (respiratory and all-cause) in both sexes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Treatment</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Smoking is the major risk factor for COPD in the developed world, so <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">smoking cessation</span> is the main intervention for delaying the progressive decline in lung function seen with this disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> As mentioned above, women appear to be more susceptible than men to the toxic effects of tobacco, and some studies show that they are less likely to give up smoking, and that their long-term cessation rate is lower than in men, probably because they experience less symptomatic benefit after smoking cessation. However, according to the results of the Lung Health Study, women who give up smoking definitively experience an improvement in lung function (FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>) 2.5 times greater than that of men.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> Some of the most widely used drugs in smoking cessation, such as bupropion and varenicline, appear to be as effective in women as in men, while nicotine replacement therapy is more effective in men.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pharmacological treatment for COPD is based on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">long-acting bronchodilators</span> administered via inhalation devices, and a good inhalation technique is essential to ensure their efficacy. A study published in 1994 found that inhalation technique was poorer among women than men in the same age group, and errors in each of the inhalation procedures were observed. Proper training in the use of these devices is essential to optimize treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> In the past, few studies on the use of pharmacological agents in COPD were designed to evaluate efficacy by sex, so the information available on the peculiarities of inhaled treatment in women is scant and occasionally contradictory. In the TRISTAN study, Vestbo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> reanalyzed the efficacy of the combination of salmeterol/fluticasone on lung function (FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>), exacerbation rates and quality of life of COPD patients, and found no differences between sexes. However, a more recent meta-analysis published by Soriano et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> reported greater improvement in lung function in COPD patients in the first 6 months of treatment with inhaled corticosteroid in women (this finding again supports the idea of greater bronchial hyperreactivity among women), and in patients who had given up smoking. The results of the UPLIFT study, which evaluated the effects of tiotropium bromide on lung function, quality of life, and exacerbations, found no significant differences according to sex.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> Although these studies contribute significant information with possibly therapeutic implications, new studies are needed to draw a more accurate picture of the appropriate medical treatment of women with COPD.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Respiratory rehabilitation</span> has been shown to be a mainstay in the treatment of COPD, since it improves dyspnea, quality of life, exercise tolerance, and reduces exacerbations and the use of health resources. Rehabilitation programs must combine peripheral muscle training with specific respiratory muscle training, psychosocial/behavioral education, and nutritional interventions, among others. The minimum recommended duration of programs is 8 weeks or 20 sessions, at a rate of 2–5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>sessions/week.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39,54</span></a> Studies that evaluate the response of COPD patients to pulmonary rehabilitation programs have found no significant differences in benefit with regard to sex, but it must be mentioned that women obtain a much greater benefit in the initial months of physical training, similar to the long-term effect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Long-term home oxygen therapy</span> (LTOT) is indicated in patients with COPD and severe resting hypoxemia as it improves quality of life and survival, but differences in the effect of this treatment between the sexes is not clearly defined. Studies, such as that of Miyamoto et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> found that women receiving LTOT had improved survival compared to men, irrespective of the etiology of their respiratory failure. These results were subsequently confirmed by Crockett et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> and Franklin et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> In contrast, a recently published study by Machado et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> showed that among patients with COPD receiving LTOT, survival is significantly lower in women, in individuals with lower BMI, and in those with higher grades of respiratory failure. These conflicting results underline the need for new studies to evaluate the possible existence of a difference between sexes in response to LTOT.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unfortunately, we do not have any specific information on the effect of sex on the results of surgical (lung volume reduction) or endoscopic (valves or coils) treatment for reducing lung volume in patients with emphysema. However, given the unique characteristics of the clinical presentation of COPD in women, differences in response to these treatments are only to be expected.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusions</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COPD is a growing health issue among women. Our priority is to design educational programs and training courses to emphasize the importance of COPD in the female sex and to help raise clinical suspicion and reduce underdiagnosis. Similarly, the therapeutic management of these patients must be optimized with better differential characterization and special attention to comorbidities such as osteoporosis, anxiety or depression.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction. Epidemiology" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Risk Factors" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Clinical Presentation" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Concomitant Disease" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Prognosis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Treatment" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Alonso T, Sobradillo P, de Torres JP. Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en mujeres: ¿somos diferentes? Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:222–227.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Adapted from Ancochea et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1035 "Ancho" => 1636 "Tamanyo" => 122935 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Underdiagnosis of COPD in EPI-SCAN, by sex and area.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "European Health Survey in Spain 2014." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 956 "Ancho" => 2252 "Tamanyo" => 107888 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentage of daily smokers by sex and age group.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Adapted from Sorheim et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1158 "Ancho" => 1623 "Tamanyo" => 90416 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dose–response relationship between number of pack-years and predicted percentage of forced expiratory volume in first second after bronchodilation (post-PBD FEV1% predicted) in female COPD subjects and male COPD subjects, expressed by linear regression with 95% confidence interval.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:59 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0300" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Guía Española de la EPOC (GesEPOC). Tratamiento farmacológico de la EPOC estable" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Miravitlles" 1 => "J.J. Soler-Cataluña" 2 => "M. Calle" 3 => "J. Molina" 4 => "P. Almagro" 5 => "J.A. Quintano" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2012.04.001" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "48" "paginaInicial" => "247" "paginaFinal" => "257" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22561012" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0305" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available from: <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="http://www.goldcopd.org/">www.goldcopd.org</span> [accessed 14.04.16]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD)" ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2015" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0310" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Risk of COPD from exposure to biomass smoke: a metaanalysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "G. Hu" 1 => "Y. Zhou" 2 => "J. Tian" 3 => "W. Yao" 4 => "J. Li" 5 => "B. Li" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.10-0645" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "138" "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "6" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605806" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0315" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "T. Vos" 1 => "A.D. Flaxman" 2 => "M. Naghavi" 3 => "R. Lozano" 4 => "C. Michaud" 5 => "M. Ezzati" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "380" "paginaInicial" => "2163" "paginaFinal" => "2196" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23245607" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0320" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Estudio EPI-SCAN: resumen del protocolo de un estudio para estimar la prevalencia de EPOC en personas de 40 a 80 años en España" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Ancochea" 1 => "C. Badiola" 2 => "E. Duran-Tauleria" 3 => "F. García Río" 4 => "M. Miravitlles" 5 => "L. Muñoz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2008.06.001" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "41" "paginaFinal" => "47" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19186298" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0325" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Infradiagnóstico de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en mujeres: cuantificación del problema, determinantes y propuestas de acción" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Ancochea" 1 => "M. Miravitlles" 2 => "F. García Río" 3 => "L. Muñoz" 4 => "G. Sánchez" 5 => "V. Sobradillo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2012.11.010" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "49" "paginaInicial" => "223" "paginaFinal" => "229" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23317767" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0330" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chronic pulmonary disease surveillance-United States, 1971–2000" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "D.M. Mannino" 1 => "D.M. Homa" 2 => "L.J. Akinbami" 3 => "E.S. Ford" 4 => "S.C. Redd" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Morb Mortal Wkly Rep" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "SS6" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0335" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender bias in the diagnosis of COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K.R. Chapman" 1 => "D.P. Tashkin" 2 => "D.J. Pye" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "119" "paginaInicial" => "1691" "paginaFinal" => "1695" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11399692" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0340" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Problemas con el diagnóstico de la EPOC en atención primaria" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Miravitlles" 1 => "C. de la Roza" 2 => "K. Naberan" 3 => "M. Lamban" 4 => "E. Gobartt" 5 => "A. Martín" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "8" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16426516" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0345" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender difference in smoking effects on lung function and risk of hospitalization for COPD: results from a Danish longitudinal population study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "E. Prescott" 1 => "A.M. Bjerg" 2 => "P.K. Andersen" 3 => "P. Lange" 4 => "J. Vestbo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "822" "paginaFinal" => "827" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9150319" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0350" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender difference in smoking effects on adult pulmonary function" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "X. Xu" 1 => "B. Li" 2 => "L. Wang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "477" "paginaFinal" => "483" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8013605" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0355" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Smoking, changes in smoking habits, and rate of decline in FEV1: new insight into gender differences" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "X. Xu" 1 => "S.T. Weiss" 2 => "B. Rijcken" 3 => "J.P. Schouten" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "1056" "paginaFinal" => "1061" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7925873" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0360" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender differences in COPD: are women more susceptible to smoking effects than men?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "I.C. Sorheim" 1 => "A. Johannessen" 2 => "A. Gulsvik" 3 => "P.S. Bakke" 4 => "E.K. Silverman" 5 => "D.L. DeMeo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/thx.2009.122002" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Thorax" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "65" "paginaInicial" => "480" "paginaFinal" => "485" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20522842" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0365" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Understanding the biological differences in susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease between men and women" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "D.D. Sin" 1 => "S.B. Cohen" 2 => "A. Day" 3 => "H. Coxson" 4 => "P.D. Pare" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1513/pats.200706-082SD" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Proc Am Thorac Soc" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "671" "paginaFinal" => "674" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18073400" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0370" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with female sex, maternal factors, and African American race in the COPDGene Study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.G. Foreman" 1 => "L. Zhang" 2 => "J. Murphy" 3 => "N.N. Hansel" 4 => "B. Make" 5 => "J.E. Hokanson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.201011-1928OC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "184" "paginaInicial" => "414" "paginaFinal" => "420" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21562134" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0375" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The growing burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer in women. Examining sex differences in cigarette smoke metabolism" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "S.B. Cohen" 1 => "P.D. Paré" 2 => "S.F. Man" 3 => "D.D. Sin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200611-1655PP" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "176" "paginaInicial" => "113" "paginaFinal" => "120" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413125" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0380" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sex and race factors in early-onset COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "F. Kamil" 1 => "I. Pinzon" 2 => "M.G. Foreman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/MCP.0b013e32835d903b" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Pulm Med" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "140" "paginaFinal" => "144" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23361195" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0385" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "EPOC en la mujer" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J.P. De Torres" 1 => "C. Casanova" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0300-2896(10)70023-5" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "46" "numero" => "Suppl. 3" "paginaInicial" => "23" "paginaFinal" => "27" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620689" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0390" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "COPD phenotypes in biomass smoke-versus tobacco smoke-exposed Mexican women" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "P.G. Camp" 1 => "A. Ramírez-Venegas" 2 => "R.H. Sansores" 3 => "L.F. Alva" 4 => "J.E. McDougall" 5 => "D.D. Sin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00206112" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "725" "paginaFinal" => "734" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24114962" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0395" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by wood smoke a different phenotype or a different entity?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C.A. Torres-Duque" 1 => "M.C. García-Rodriguez" 2 => "M. González-García" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2016.04.004" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "52" "paginaInicial" => "425" "paginaFinal" => "431" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27207325" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0400" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Survival of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to biomass smoke and tobacco" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Ramírez-Venegas" 1 => "R.H. Sansores" 2 => "R. Pérez-Padilla" 3 => "J. Regalado" 4 => "A. Velázquez" 5 => "C. Sánchez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200504-568OC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "173" "paginaInicial" => "393" "paginaFinal" => "397" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322646" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0405" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K. Nishimura" 1 => "T. Izumi" 2 => "M. Tsukino" 3 => "T. Oga" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "121" "paginaInicial" => "1434" "paginaFinal" => "1440" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12006425" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0410" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Group Coopératif Pollution atmosphérique et afections respiratoires chroniques ou á répétition" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "PAARC" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bull Eur Phisiopathol Respir" "fecha" => "1982" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "87" "paginaFinal" => "99" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0415" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender and COPD in patients attending a pulmonary clinic" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.P. De Torres" 1 => "C. Casanova" 2 => "C. Hernández" 3 => "J. Abreu" 4 => "A. Aguirre-Jaime" 5 => "B.R. Celli" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.128.4.2012" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "128" "paginaInicial" => "2012" "paginaFinal" => "2026" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236849" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0420" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender and respiratory factors associated with dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J.P. De Torres" 1 => "C. Casanova" 2 => "A. Montejo de Garcini" 3 => "A. Aguirre-Jaime" 4 => "B.R. Celli" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/1465-9921-8-18" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Res" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "18" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17341300" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0425" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Impairment of quality of life in women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K. Naberan" 1 => "A. Azpeitia" 2 => "J. Cantoni" 3 => "M. Miravitlles" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2011.09.014" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "106" "paginaInicial" => "367" "paginaFinal" => "373" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22018505" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0430" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender differences in airway hyperresponsiveness in smokers with mild COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R.E. Kanner" 1 => "J.E. Connett" 2 => "M.D. Altose" 3 => "S. Buist" 4 => "W.W. Lee" 5 => "D.P. Tashkin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921469" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "150" "paginaInicial" => "956" "paginaFinal" => "961" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7921469" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0435" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "G.E. Silva" 1 => "D.L. Sherrill" 2 => "S. Guerra" 3 => "R.A. Barbee" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.126.1.59" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "126" "paginaInicial" => "59" "paginaFinal" => "65" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15249443" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0440" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The overlap syndrome of asthma and COPD: what are its features and how important is it?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "P.G. Gibson" 1 => "J.L. Simpson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/thx.2008.108027" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Thorax" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "64" "paginaInicial" => "728" "paginaFinal" => "735" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19638566" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0445" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "COPD heterogeneity: gender differences in the multidimensional BODE index" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J.P. De Torres" 1 => "C. Casanova" 2 => "A. Montejo de Garcini" 3 => "A. Aguirre-Jaime" 4 => "B.R. Celli" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "151" "paginaFinal" => "155" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044687" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0450" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sex differences in mortality in patients with COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.P. De Torres" 1 => "C.G. Cote" 2 => "M.V. López" 3 => "C. Casanova" 4 => "O. Díaz" 5 => "J.M. Marín" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00096108" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "33" "paginaInicial" => "528" "paginaFinal" => "535" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047315" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0455" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Exercise capacity and ventilatory, circulatory, and symptom limitation in patients with chronic airflow limitation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K.J. Killian" 1 => "P. Leblanc" 2 => "D.H. Martin" 3 => "E. Summers" 4 => "N.L. Jones" 5 => "E.J. Campbell" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm/146.4.935" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis" "fecha" => "1992" "volumen" => "146" "paginaInicial" => "935" "paginaFinal" => "940" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1416421" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0460" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Peak anaerobic power in patients with COPD: gender related differences" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R.J. Yquel" 1 => "F. Tessonneau" 2 => "M. Poirier" 3 => "J. Moinard" 4 => "O. Pillet" 5 => "G. Manier" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00421-006-0181-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Appl Physiol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "97" "paginaInicial" => "307" "paginaFinal" => "315" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16770466" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0465" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sex differences in severe pulmonary emphysema" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "F.J. Martínez" 1 => "J.L. Curtis" 2 => "F. Sciurba" 3 => "J. Mumford" 4 => "N.D. Giardino" 5 => "G. Weinmann" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200606-828OC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "176" "paginaInicial" => "243" "paginaFinal" => "252" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431226" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0470" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender differences in the severity of CT emphysema in COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.T. Dransfield" 1 => "G.R. Wahko" 2 => "M.G. Foreman" 3 => "R.S.J. Estepar" 4 => "J. Reilly" 5 => "W.C. Bailey" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.07-0863" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "132" "paginaInicial" => "464" "paginaFinal" => "470" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573503" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0475" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sex-specific features of emphysema among current and former smokers with COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Hardin" 1 => "M. Foreman" 2 => "M.T. Dransfield" 3 => "N. Hansel" 4 => "M.K. Han" 5 => "M.H. Cho" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1183/13993003.00996-2015" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "47" "paginaInicial" => "104" "paginaFinal" => "112" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26541532" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0480" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C. Landbo" 1 => "E. Prescott" 2 => "P. Lange" 3 => "J. Vestbo" 4 => "T.P. Almdal" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9902115" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "160" "paginaInicial" => "1856" "paginaFinal" => "1861" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10588597" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0485" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Body mass, fat free body mass and prognosis in COPD patients from a random population sample" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Vestbo" 1 => "E. Prescott" 2 => "T. Almdal" 3 => "M. Dahl" 4 => "B.G. Nordest" 5 => "T. Andersen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200506-969OC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "173" "paginaInicial" => "79" "paginaFinal" => "83" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16368793" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0490" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Guía Española de la EPOC (GesEPOC). Actualización 2014" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Miravitlles" 1 => "J.J. Soler-Cataluña" 2 => "M. Calle" 3 => "J. Molina" 4 => "P. Almagro" 5 => "J.A. Quintano" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0300-2896(14)70070-5" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "50" "numero" => "Suppl. 1" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "16" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24507959" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0495" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sex differences in mortality and clinical expressions of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The TORCH experience" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "B. Celli" 1 => "J. Vestbo" 2 => "C.R. Jenkins" 3 => "P.W. Jones" 4 => "G.T. Ferguson" 5 => "P.M. Calverley" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.201004-0665OC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "183" "paginaInicial" => "317" "paginaFinal" => "322" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813884" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0500" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Agustí" 1 => "P.M. Calverley" 2 => "B. Celli" 3 => "H.O. Coxson" 4 => "L.D. Edwards" 5 => "D.A. Lomas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/1465-9921-11-122" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Res" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "122" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20831787" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0505" "etiqueta" => "42" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender differences in survival following hospitalisation for COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.V. González" 1 => "S. Suissa" 2 => "P. Ernst" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/thx.2010.141978" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Thorax" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "66" "paginaInicial" => "38" "paginaFinal" => "42" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113016" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0510" "etiqueta" => "43" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comorbidity and gender-related differences in patients hospitalized for COPD: the ECCO study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "P. Almagro" 1 => "F. López García" 2 => "F.J. Cabrera" 3 => "L. Montero" 4 => "D. Morchón" 5 => "J. Díez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2009.09.019" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "104" "paginaInicial" => "253" "paginaFinal" => "259" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19879744" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0515" "etiqueta" => "44" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anxiety and depression in COPD patients: the roles of gender and disease severity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "F. Di Marco" 1 => "M. Verga" 2 => "M. Reggente" 3 => "F.M. Casanova" 4 => "S.P. Santos" 5 => "F. Blasi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2006.01.026" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "100" "paginaInicial" => "1767" "paginaFinal" => "1774" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16531031" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0520" "etiqueta" => "45" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Current status of research on osteoporosis in COPD: a systematic review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L. Graat-Verboom" 1 => "E.F. Wouters" 2 => "F.W. Smeenk" 3 => "B.E. van der Borne" 4 => "R. Lunde" 5 => "M.A. Spruit" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.50130408" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "209" "paginaFinal" => "218" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19567604" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0525" "etiqueta" => "46" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender associated differences in determinants of quality of life in patients with COPD: a case series study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.P. De Torres" 1 => "C. Casanova" 2 => "C. Hernández" 3 => "J. Abreu" 4 => "A. Montejo de Garcini" 5 => "A. Aguirre-Jaime" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/1477-7525-4-72" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Health Qual Life Outcomes" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "72" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17007639" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0530" "etiqueta" => "47" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Proposal for a multidimensional staging system for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "B.R. Celli" 1 => "P.M. Calverley" 2 => "S.I. Rennard" 3 => "E.F. Wouters" 4 => "A. Agustí" 5 => "N. Anthonisen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2005.03.019" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "99" "paginaInicial" => "1546" "paginaFinal" => "1554" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16291077" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0535" "etiqueta" => "48" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Smoking cessation and lung function in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Health Study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "P.D. Scanlon" 1 => "J.E. Connett" 2 => "L.A. Waller" 3 => "M.D. Altose" 4 => "W.C. Bailey" 5 => "S. Buist" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9901044" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "161" "paginaInicial" => "381" "paginaFinal" => "390" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10673175" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0540" "etiqueta" => "49" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: why it matters" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.K. Han" 1 => "D. Postma" 2 => "D. Mannino" 3 => "N.D. Giardino" 4 => "S. Buist" 5 => "J.L. Curtis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200704-553CC" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "176" "paginaInicial" => "1179" "paginaFinal" => "1184" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17673696" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0545" "etiqueta" => "50" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The influence of age, diagnosis, and gender on proper use of metered-dose-inhalers" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D.E. Goodman" 1 => "E. Israel" 2 => "M. Rosenberg" 3 => "R. Johnston" 4 => "S.T. Weiss" 5 => "J.M. Drazen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.150.5.7952549" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "150" "paginaInicial" => "1256" "paginaFinal" => "1261" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7952549" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 50 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0550" "etiqueta" => "51" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender does not influence the response to the combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate in COPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "colaboracion" => "TRISTAN Study Group" "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Vestbo" 1 => "J.B. Soriano" 2 => "J.A. Anderson" 3 => "P. Calverley" 4 => "R. Pauwels" 5 => "P. Jones" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "98" "paginaInicial" => "1045" "paginaFinal" => "1050" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15526804" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 51 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0555" "etiqueta" => "52" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A pooled analysis of FEV1 decline in COPD patients randomized to inhaled corticosteroids or placebo" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.B. Soriano" 1 => "D.D. Sin" 2 => "X. Zhang" 3 => "P.G. Camp" 4 => "J.A. Anderson" 5 => "N.R. Anthonisen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.06-1696" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "131" "paginaInicial" => "682" "paginaFinal" => "689" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356080" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 52 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0560" "etiqueta" => "53" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of tiotropium in men and women with COPD: results of the 4-year UPLIFT trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "D. Tashkin" 1 => "B.R. Celli" 2 => "S. Kesten" 3 => "T. Lystig" 4 => "M. Decramer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2010.03.033" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "104" "paginaInicial" => "1495" "paginaFinal" => "1504" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20418083" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 53 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0565" "etiqueta" => "54" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Rehabilitación respiratoria" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.R. Güell Rousa" 1 => "S. Díaz Lobato" 2 => "G. Rodríguez Trigo" 3 => "F. Morante Véleza" 4 => "M. San Miguel" 5 => "P. Cejudo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2014.02.014" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "50" "paginaInicial" => "332" "paginaFinal" => "344" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24845559" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 54 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0570" "etiqueta" => "55" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender moderates the effects of exercise therapy on health-related quality of life among COPD patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C.G. Foy" 1 => "J. Rejeski" 2 => "M. Berry" 3 => "D. Zaccaro" 4 => "M. Woodard" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "119" "paginaInicial" => "70" "paginaFinal" => "76" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157586" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 55 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0575" "etiqueta" => "56" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender effect on prognosis of patients receiving long-term home oxygen therapy. The Respiratory Failure Research Group in Japan" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Miyamoto" 1 => "A. Aida" 2 => "M. Nishimura" 3 => "M. Aiba" 4 => "S. Kira" 5 => "Y. Kawakami" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.152.3.7663812" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "152" "paginaInicial" => "972" "paginaFinal" => "976" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7663812" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 56 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0580" "etiqueta" => "57" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Survival on long-term oxygen therapy in chronic airflow limitation: from evidence to outcomes in the routine clinical setting" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A.J. Crockett" 1 => "J.M. Cranston" 2 => "J.R. Moss" 3 => "J.H. Alpers" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Intern Med J" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "448" "paginaFinal" => "454" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11720057" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 57 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0585" "etiqueta" => "58" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Survival and future need of long-term oxygen therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-gender differences" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K.A. Franklin" 1 => "T. Gustafson" 2 => "J. Ranstam" 3 => "K. Strom" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2007.01.009" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "101" "paginaInicial" => "1506" "paginaFinal" => "1511" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17331710" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 58 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0590" "etiqueta" => "59" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sex differences in survival of oxygen-dependent patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.C. Machado" 1 => "J.A. Krishnan" 2 => "S.A. Buist" 3 => "A.L. Bilderbarck" 4 => "G.P. Fazolo" 5 => "M.G. Santarosa" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2005.03.019" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "99" "paginaInicial" => "1546" "paginaFinal" => "1554" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16291077" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "<p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We would like thank María Pilar Ausín (Servicio de Neumología. Hospital del Mar, Barcelona), JB Soriano (Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa [IP], Madrid), and Julio Ancochea (Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa [IP], Madrid) for their important contribution to this manuscript.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/15792129/0000005300000004/v1_201704070039/S1579212917300605/v1_201704070039/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "47123" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Special Article" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15792129/0000005300000004/v1_201704070039/S1579212917300605/v1_201704070039/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212917300605?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ]
Year/Month | Html | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
2024 November | 3 | 1 | 4 |
2024 October | 47 | 26 | 73 |
2024 September | 45 | 30 | 75 |
2024 August | 77 | 57 | 134 |
2024 July | 47 | 22 | 69 |
2024 June | 58 | 27 | 85 |
2024 May | 124 | 21 | 145 |
2024 April | 38 | 35 | 73 |
2024 March | 55 | 29 | 84 |
2024 February | 100 | 27 | 127 |
2023 June | 2 | 2 | 4 |
2023 March | 4 | 5 | 9 |
2023 February | 44 | 25 | 69 |
2023 January | 30 | 31 | 61 |
2022 December | 50 | 33 | 83 |
2022 November | 59 | 32 | 91 |
2022 October | 73 | 33 | 106 |
2022 September | 35 | 39 | 74 |
2022 August | 36 | 39 | 75 |
2022 July | 40 | 53 | 93 |
2022 June | 38 | 40 | 78 |
2022 May | 56 | 45 | 101 |
2022 April | 36 | 24 | 60 |
2022 March | 47 | 42 | 89 |
2022 February | 64 | 44 | 108 |
2022 January | 62 | 55 | 117 |
2021 December | 42 | 43 | 85 |
2021 November | 38 | 35 | 73 |
2021 October | 56 | 53 | 109 |
2021 September | 66 | 52 | 118 |
2021 August | 55 | 49 | 104 |
2021 July | 60 | 41 | 101 |
2021 June | 62 | 45 | 107 |
2021 May | 99 | 75 | 174 |
2021 April | 159 | 59 | 218 |
2021 March | 159 | 48 | 207 |
2021 February | 63 | 23 | 86 |
2021 January | 45 | 15 | 60 |
2020 December | 59 | 28 | 87 |
2020 November | 49 | 27 | 76 |
2020 October | 42 | 13 | 55 |
2020 September | 53 | 12 | 65 |
2020 August | 36 | 15 | 51 |
2020 July | 47 | 22 | 69 |
2020 June | 60 | 14 | 74 |
2020 May | 54 | 21 | 75 |
2020 April | 31 | 22 | 53 |
2020 March | 43 | 12 | 55 |
2020 February | 47 | 20 | 67 |
2020 January | 48 | 21 | 69 |
2019 December | 60 | 31 | 91 |
2019 November | 33 | 37 | 70 |
2019 October | 32 | 13 | 45 |
2019 September | 34 | 31 | 65 |
2019 August | 38 | 35 | 73 |
2019 July | 28 | 31 | 59 |
2019 June | 18 | 20 | 38 |
2019 May | 42 | 15 | 57 |
2019 April | 50 | 35 | 85 |
2019 March | 53 | 21 | 74 |
2019 February | 46 | 16 | 62 |
2019 January | 42 | 23 | 65 |
2018 December | 46 | 13 | 59 |
2018 November | 168 | 26 | 194 |
2018 October | 290 | 16 | 306 |
2018 September | 57 | 15 | 72 |
2018 May | 97 | 1 | 98 |
2018 April | 47 | 7 | 54 |
2018 March | 196 | 11 | 207 |
2018 February | 24 | 10 | 34 |
2018 January | 17 | 6 | 23 |
2017 December | 32 | 10 | 42 |
2017 November | 29 | 32 | 61 |
2017 October | 31 | 15 | 46 |
2017 September | 30 | 10 | 40 |
2017 August | 29 | 25 | 54 |
2017 July | 19 | 8 | 27 |
2017 April | 0 | 1 | 1 |