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Changes in Ventilatory Response to Exercise in Trained Athletes: Respiratory Physiological Benefits Beyond Cardiovascular Performance
Cambios en la respuesta ventilatoria al esfuerzo en deportistas entrenados: efectos beneficiosos sobre la fisiología respiratoria más allá del rendimiento cardiovascular
a Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Weaning Center, Auxilium Vitae, Volterra, Pisa, Italy
b Rehabilitation Bioengineering Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna and Auxilium Vitae, Volterra, Pisa, Italy
c Département de Médecine, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada
d Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, UMRS_1158 Neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique, París, France
e Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles de la Respiration, de l’Exercice et de la Dyspnée (Département «R3S», Pôle PRAGUES), París, France
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El gráfico indica los valores medios al inicio (a 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h), a velocidad fija (16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h), en los puntos de inflexión<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 y<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 de V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/ V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> y en el momento de esfuerzo máximo. 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array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Weaning Center, Auxilium Vitae, Volterra, Pisa, Italy" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Rehabilitation Bioengineering Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna and Auxilium Vitae, Volterra, Pisa, Italy" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Département de Médecine, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, UMRS_1158 Neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique, París, France" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles de la Respiration, de l’Exercice et de la Dyspnée (Département «R3S», Pôle PRAGUES), París, France" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cambios en la respuesta ventilatoria al esfuerzo en deportistas entrenados: efectos beneficiosos sobre la fisiología respiratoria más allá del rendimiento cardiovascular" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1197 "Ancho" => 1578 "Tamanyo" => 73205 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tidal volume (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>) is plotted as a function of ventilation (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>) in response to symptom-limited treadmill exercise in all study subjects before (filled circles) and after (open circles) 8 months of training and competition. The graph shows mean values at baseline (starting at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h), iso-speed (16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h), V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection 1, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection 2 and peak exercise. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> values before vs after training and competition at the same measurement point are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">Tables 2 and 3</a>. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: L, liters; min, minutes; km, kilometers; h, hours.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Training programs that include exercising the leg muscles with walking, stationary cycling, or treadmill exercise are commonly used in sedentary populations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic heart failure (CHF) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) to improve exercise performance, reduce symptom perception (shortness of breath and leg discomfort) and improve quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effects of training on the cardiovascular, metabolic and ventilatory adaptation/response to exercise are largely known in these populations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a> and also in sport elite athletes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,6,7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ventilatory response to exercise can be evaluated in terms of ventilatory demand, ventilatory efficiency and ventilatory profile. Ventilatory demand can be assessed as the relative contribution of tidal volume (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>) and respiratory frequency (fR) to total ventilation (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>), ventilatory efficiency as the rate of increase of V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> with respect to carbon dioxide production (VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) (i.e., the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> slope and ratio), and ventilatory response profile as the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> to V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection points during exercise, which are usually determined by examining individual Hey plots.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In healthy subjects, 1 and sometimes 2 inflection points (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection 1 and 2) can be observed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In addition, the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point corresponds to the attainment of critical constraints on V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> expansion, and marks the point where both dyspnea intensity and selection of perceived unsatisfied inspiration escalate sharply in asthma and COPD patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–11</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Little is known of the effects of training on the ventilatory profile during exercise, and whether this may affect exercise performance in elite athletes. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the effects of 8 months of training and competition on the ventilatory profile response to treadmill exercise in elite athletes from the Italian soccer “Serie A” league.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We hypothesized that 8 months of training and competition would have a beneficial impact (reduction) on the ventilatory response to exercise in these athletes by postponing the occurrence of V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection 1 and 2, thus ameliorating the ventilatory profile. This, in turn, would likely help improve exercise performance under these circumstances.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study Design and Subjects</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is an exploratory, observational, follow-up study of 14 professional male soccer players, aged between 21 and 33 years, belonging to 2 Italian “Serie A” league soccer teams. The population was examined before the start of the championship (July 2014) and after 8 months of competition during the championship (March 2015) according to a standardized protocol consisting of clinical and functional assessment parameters. The clinical assessment included history of risk behavior and physical examination, and the functional assessment included spirometry and ergospirometry. After receiving the description of the procedures and potential risks, all subjects gave their written informed consent. The study was approved by the Internal Institutional Review Boards of both teams. All procedures performed in the study complied with the ethical standards of the Internal Institutional Review Board Committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its subsequent amendments or with comparable ethical standards.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Spirometry and Ergospirometry</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pneumotachograph was used to measure dynamic volume indices such as forced vital capacity (FVC) and indices derived from it such as the forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s (FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>) and its correlation with FVC (FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>/FVC ratio). The observed values were expressed as a percentage of the predicted values based on the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society reference values.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> For heart rate (HR) monitoring, a polar heart rate monitor was used (Polar, Kempele, Finland).</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the ergospirometric test (Vmax Encore, Yorba Linda, CA, USA), a “ramp” protocol at a constant treadmill incline (1%) (starting at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h and increasing speed by 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h every 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s) was used. Using “breath by breath” analysis of the flows and concentrations of respiratory inhaled and exhaled gases (VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) obtained via mass flow and fast-responding gas analyzers (fuel cell and infrared analyzers), the following variables were obtained: oxygen uptake (VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) and its relationship to heart rate (oxygen pulse or VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/HR), the derived ventilatory variables (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> and V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>) and the ventilatory equivalents for O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>). The anaerobic threshold (AT or ventilatory threshold) was evaluated using non-invasive measurements of respiratory variables derived from the VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> slope method<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and verified against the increase in V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> without change in V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> during exercise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> test was rigorously performed to verify the attainment of maximal VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (V′O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max), accordingly to established procedures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The breathing respiratory reserve (BRR) was expressed as the difference in liters between the maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) of each athlete and ventilation achieved at peak exercise (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> peak), where the predicted MVV was defined as FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>×40. Exercise tolerance was expressed as the maximum speed reached (maximal exercise velocity: MEV), adjusted according to a modified Kuiper's equation (Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">(1)</a>):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">v</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">l</span></span> represents the speed achieved on the last exercise step, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> the number of seconds attained during the last stage.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> inflection point of each subject was manually identified on the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> graph.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All functional measurements were performed before and after 8 months of competition during the championship. Specialized sports physicians individualized the training regimens for each player. Both soccer clubs specifically requested that investigators be blinded to their physical training programs to prevent any disclosure of these regimens. All measurements were performed according to standardized criteria of the American Thoracic Society and American College of Chest Physicians (ATS/ACCP).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We studied 14 soccer players with a normal body mass index (BMI) and no spirometric evidence of obstructive ventilatory defects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> This sample size provides an 80% power to detect a significant difference (2-tailed, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">α</span>=0.05) in V′E measured at a standardized speed (iso-speed) during incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing, on the basis of a relevant difference in V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> of ∼8–10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L/min, based on the use of a standard deviation of ∼9–12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L/min for V′E changes in published studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data are reported as mean±standard deviation. Baseline differences between groups were evaluated using independent sample Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> tests. Differences before and after 8 months of competition were evaluated using related samples Wilcoxon signed rank tests. A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value of less than .05 was used as the threshold of statistical significance. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 21 (IBM, USA). Four main evaluation time points during the treadmill exercise were considered for comparisons between “before and after 8 months of competition”: iso-speed (16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h), V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection 1, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection 2 and peak exercise. Iso-speed (16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h) was chosen to compare each variable of interest in each test for each athlete at a standardized stimulus “before and after 8 months of competition” to reveal the real effects of training, thus avoiding the confounding factors related to a potential amelioration in VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> peak and MEV after 8 months of training and competition.</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Baseline Characteristics and Changes in Cardiopulmonary Response After Training</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 14 soccer players were non-smokers (never smokers), with normal blood hemoglobin, with no respiratory or cardiac conditions (asthma and other). None were taking medication/treatment, such inhalers or other therapies.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anthropometric characteristics of the subjects are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">Tables 2 and 3</a> summarize the differences observed during exercise before and after 8 months of training and competition in team 1 and team 2 and in the study population as a whole (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Analyzing exercise responses according to teams allowed us to better appreciate the amplitude of training- and competition-related response to exercise in each variable.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were no differences in baseline age, weight, height and BMI between teams. FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> increased significantly after 8 months of training and competition in team 1, but not in team 2.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the cardiopulmonary measurements during incremental treadmill exercise at baseline (8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h), at iso-speed, and at maximum exercise before and after 8 months of training and competition.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall, there were no differences in resting cardiopulmonary variables before and after 8 months of training and competition, except for a decrease in V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>. At iso-speed, there were overall improvements in VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> and fR after 8 months of training and competition. VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at ventilatory threshold was comparable before training and competition between teams (59.7±4.9 vs 58.6±5.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg/min respectively, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.7); after training and competition, VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at ventilatory threshold increased significantly only in team 2 (58.6±5.7 vs 72.3±5.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg/min respectively, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.004) compared with team 1 (59.7±4.9 vs 60.8±6.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg/min respectively, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.7). After 8 months of training and competition there were overall improvements in MEV, VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at ventilatory threshold, peak VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, peak VCO2, peak fR and peak O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-pulse. These changes were driven by subjects from team 2, who showed greater improvements after 8 months of training and competition than subjects from team 1.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Change in V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> Inflection Points After Training</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Individual Hey plots<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> showed that V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 1 was discernible in all athletes, whereas V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 2 was discernible only in 11/14 athletes before training and in 12/14 after 8 months of training and competition.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When considering all subjects, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 1 occurred with greater exercise time, VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and, notably, with greater V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> and V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>) after 8 months of training and competition.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similarly, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 2 also occurred with greater exercise time, VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> and V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, but also with higher HR.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) exercise performance (peak symptom-limited VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and MEV) significantly improved and ventilatory demand to treadmill exercise diminished at a given speed in the sample as a whole after 8 months of training and competition; (2) ventilatory profile was characterized by a significant delay in the appearance of V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection points during exercise after 8 months of training and competition.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Peak symptom-limited VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at ventilatory threshold and MEV significantly increased by approximately 10%, 14% and 5% respectively after 8 months of training and competition (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). We were satisfied that exercise tests were maximal in the sample as a whole: RER was greater than 1.15 at the peak of exercise, and athletes generally demonstrated significant encroachment on their cardiac and metabolic reserves. Although the improvement of exercise performance was likely multifactorial and the proximate cause likely varied among athletes (effect and intensity of training, initial exercise performance at the beginning of the training session, etc.), significant improvement in the ventilatory response to exercise in terms of ventilatory demand, ventilatory efficiency and ventilatory profile were evident in the majority.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our findings of an ameliorated ventilatory demand and efficiency after 8 months of training and competition in our athletes confirm previously published training-related studies in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and in athletes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,6,7</span></a> V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> decreased significantly by approximately 8–10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L/min at a given submaximal treadmill speed (iso-speed), and was accompanied by an increased V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> at iso-speed. The mechanisms of the ameliorated ventilatory response to exercise are likely to be multifactorial, but as they were beyond the scope of the present study they were not fully clarified. Nevertheless, it is conceivable that a combination of factors may have contributed to this, such as (1) increased FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> after 8 months of training and competition, which allowed athletes to increase their “ventilatory ceiling” during exercise and to better adapt V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> expansion and fR; (2) the known effects of locomotor muscle training on reduced ventilatory demand via reduced metaboreceptor and mechanoreceptor stimulation after training<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>; and (3) improved ventilatory efficiency, as demonstrated by reduced V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, which may reflect better ventilation/perfusion coupling during exercise in our soccer players after 8 months of training and competition. Other factors contributing to the ventilatory demand on exercise, such as the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) set point and the dead space-to-tidal volume ratio (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">D</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>), were not assessed in this study, and our data give no insight into the relative contribution of these different factors to reducing exercise ventilation in our athletes.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, the finding of a modified ventilatory profile after 8 months of training and competition is new and novel and deserves some discussion. The contribution of V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> and fR to the ventilatory response to incremental exercise can be usefully discerned from the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> relationship,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,18,19</span></a> although it is now more usual in clinical practice for V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> to be plotted as a function of V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> relationship).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two and sometimes even 3 ranges can normally be discerned in the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> relationship. In normal unfit subjects, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> initially increases linearly with respect to V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> (range 1) up to ∼50%–60% of vital capacity (VC), with the contribution of fR being modest in this range.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,19–22</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When subjects train with a constant fR despite increasing work rate, the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> relationship typically becomes markedly steeper (range 2); this increase in V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> is achieved largely by progressive increases in fR.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,18</span></a> As peak exercise approaches, especially in extremely fit subjects, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> may be seen to actually decrease (range 3), with the increasing V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> being sustained by disproportionately large increases in fR.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,24</span></a> The point at which range 1 becomes range 2 and range 2 becomes range 3 can be taken as V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 1 and V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 2, respectively. We can only speculate on the mechanisms behind this behavior in both normal healthy subjects or elite athletes, but they may include: the influence of respiratory-mechanical factors related to the disproportionately large increase in the elastic work of breathing as V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> encroaches on the flatter region of the pulmonary compliance curve, especially as respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis develops above the ventilatory threshold (or lactic threshold) and volume-related activation of vagal pulmonary mechanoreceptors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7,21</span></a> The disproportionately large contribution of fR to the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> response that is often seen in mild to more severe COPD,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11,25,26</span></a> in restrictive lung disease,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25,27</span></a> in asthma,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> in CHF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> and PAH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> is also associated with a disproportionately large increase in fR during exercise, and supports these suggestions.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 1 was discernible in all elite athletes, whereas V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 2 was discernible only in 11/14 athletes before training. After 8 months of training and competition, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 1 occurred at a greater exercise time and treadmill speed than before start of training. Notably, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 2 was discernible in 12/14 athletes after 8 months of training and competition, and also occurred with greater exercise time and treadmill speed than before start of training. What possible benefit could there be in delaying the appearance of V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection point 1 and 2 in elite sport athletes after 8 months of training and competition? The answer is unclear, but we speculate that it may be related to: (1) an attempt to delay attainment of a disproportionately large increase in the elastic and resistive work of breathing as V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> encroaches on the flatter region of the pulmonary compliance curve, especially as respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis develops above the ventilatory threshold; and (2) an attempt to delay or hamper the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>-related activation of vagal pulmonary mechanoreceptors. However, these hypotheses are speculative, and our data provide no insight into the relative contribution of these different factors to amelioration of the ventilatory profile/behavior in our athletes after training.</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regardless of the mechanisms, the improved ventilatory profile after training likely contributed to the greater exercise performance in our soccer athletes as a whole, despite no significant changes in heart rate at a standardized speed and a negligible improvement in VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and MEV after 8 months of training and competition.</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Study Limitations</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has certain limitations that must be acknowledged. First, lack of measurement of PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">D</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> during exercise prevented us from reaching a definite conclusion on the relative contributions of these different factors to improved ventilatory demand and efficiency during exercise in our athletes after 8 months of training and competition. Second, the lack of respiratory mechanics-related pressure measurements, the absence of dynamic lung volume measurements during exercise, and the lack of measurements of locomotor muscle oxygenation and lean body mass prevented us from reaching a definite conclusion on the relative contribution of these different factors to the improved ventilatory profile/behavior during exercise in our athletes after 8 months of training and competition. However, it should be noted that these choices were largely justified by the exploratory nature of the study, our efforts to restrict the study to observational data, the tight time schedule imposed by each football club on each athlete (these soccer players had “no time” to come to our laboratory and perform a complete study involving measures of inspiratory and expiratory pressure, lactates and so on; therefore, the investigators had to conduct exercise testing in their respective football clubs. This was done as rigorously as possible, given the time restraints and limited equipment). Last but not least, investigators were blinded to the physical training program used by each soccer team (as specifically requested by each football club to prevent disclosure of these regimens). This was an important limitation, given that the ventilatory improvement seen cannot be attributed to any particular exercise protocol; this, therefore, greatly limits the applicability, feasibility and potential benefits of these protocols in patients with cardiorespiratory disorders.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Perspectives</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the effects of 8 months of training and competition on the ventilatory profile response to treadmill exercise in elite soccer athletes. The ventilatory effects were more pronounced than the effects on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems in these athletes. As such, this study paves the way for training programs that focus more on recording and assessing ventilatory profile response and breathing activity than heart rate, lactic threshold and other metabolic variables that may not change significantly. The subjects included in this study were elite athletes who started the training season with an above-normal cardiovascular and metabolic capacity. However, as observed, the benefits to the ventilatory system were largely out of proportion to those obtained by the cardiovascular and metabolic systems.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lung plays a fundamental role in exercise performance in patients with ventilatory limitations. This is quite often neglected in athletes (except for those presenting with exercise-induced bronchospasm), in healthy subjects and in some patients suffering from cardiorespiratory disorder such as CHF and PAH, because it is erroneously believed that the ventilatory system has enough “reserve” to cope with exercise. This may not, in fact, be the case in some healthy asymptomatic subjects and in some endurance athletes, in whom expiratory flow limitation and diaphragm fatigue can impair exercise performance as much as dynamic lung hyperinflation and mechanical constraints on tidal volume expansion can impair exercise performance in patients with cardiovascular and respiratory disorders.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite this, ventilatory response to exercise has never been considered a crucial tool for assessing performance. Further evidence of this is shown by a PubMed search using the terms “Exercise, Athletes, Heart”, which retrieved 1536 studies in the last ten years, compared to 157 studies retrieved when “Heart” is replaced with “Lung”. In addition, attention is almost always focused on the lung as a “gas exchanger” rather than on the “ventilatory response to exercise”.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In light of this, the assessment of ventilation, its response and profile/behavior to exercise using measurements derived from tidal breathing and respiratory frequency (such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing) could perhaps complement heart rate-based training programs, provide a simple, accurate picture of the status of the respiratory system, and help reveal the mechanisms behind improved exercise performance in elite athletes. This should also prompt respiratory physicians focused on respiratory pathophysiology to (1) address the important question of whether ventilatory changes during exercise represent a physiological mechanism for the improvement seen in patients after pulmonary rehabilitation; (2) attach more importance to the role the ventilatory system may play in some patients in whom it is not thought (erroneously) to contribute to exercise limitation.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further studies are required to determine whether evaluation of the ventilatory response to exercise could give insight into the potential improvement of technical, tactical, psychological and athletic skills in these elite athletes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, this is the first study to demonstrate that an improved ventilatory profile response after training likely contributes to the greater exercise performance observed in our soccer athletes, despite no significant changes in heart rate at a given speed and a negligible improvement in VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and MEV after 8 months of training and competition.</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Authorship</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the authors meet the ICMJE Recommendations requirements for authorship. Adriano Di Paco and Bruno-Pierre Dubé have equally contributed to the paper and are both first authors.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Funding</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study did not receive any funding.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adriano Di Paco received personal fees for consulting from Juventus FC and Genoa CFC.</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bruno-Pierre Dubé and Pierantonio Laveneziana declare no conflict of interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres834115" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec830153" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres834114" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec830154" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and Methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study Design and Subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Spirometry and Ergospirometry" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Baseline Characteristics and Changes in Cardiopulmonary Response After Training" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Change in V/V Inflection Points After Training" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Study Limitations" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Perspectives" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Authorship" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-07-26" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-11-14" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec830153" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Ventilatory profile" 1 => "Exercise" 2 => "Breathing pattern" 3 => "Soccer players" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec830154" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Perfil ventilatorio" 1 => "Esfuerzo" 2 => "Patrón respiratorio" 3 => "Jugadores de fútbol" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The beneficial impact of an 8-month competitive season on the ventilatory profile response to exercise in soccer players has never been evaluated.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ventilatory profile (evaluated by determining individual tidal volume [V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>] relative to minute ventilation [V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>] inflection points during exercise) and metabolic responses to incremental exercise were evaluated in 2 professional soccer teams before and after an 8-month competitive season.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No differences between teams in anthropometric characteristics or in resting cardiopulmonary variables, included oxygen uptake (VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) and heart rate (HR), before and during the competitive season were found. At iso-speed, there were overall improvements in carbon dioxide output (VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>), V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> and respiratory frequency (fR) during the season. The V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection points 1 and 2 occurred with greater exercise time, HR, VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> and V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> during the competitive season.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Despite very high baseline performance and a negligible improvement in VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, an 8-month competitive season improved ventilatory profile response to exercise in elite athletes.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El efecto beneficioso de una temporada de competición de 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses sobre el perfil ventilatorio en respuesta al esfuerzo no se ha evaluado en jugadores de fútbol.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se evaluó el perfil ventilatorio (analizando los puntos de inflexión específicos de la razón entre el volumen corriente [V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>] y la ventilación [V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>] durante el esfuerzo) y la respuesta metabólica al esfuerzo gradual en 2 equipos de fútbol profesional, antes y después de una temporada de competición de 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No se observaron diferencias entre equipos en las características antropométricas ni en las variables cardiopulmonares en reposo, incluidos el consumo de oxígeno (VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) y la frecuencia cardíaca (FC). Durante la temporada de competición, a velocidad estándar (iso), se observaron mejorías globales en la producción de dióxido de carbono (VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>), las razones V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> y V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, la V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> y la frecuencia respiratoria (FR). Los puntos de inflexión 1 y 2 de la razón V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> se observaron tras un mayor tiempo de ejercicio y mayores FC, VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> y V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> durante la temporada de competición.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A pesar del elevado rendimiento inicial y de la escasa mejoría del VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, la temporada de competición de 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses mejoró el perfil ventilatorio en respuesta al esfuerzo de estos deportistas de élite.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as: Di Paco A, Dubé B-P, Laveneziana P. Cambios en la respuesta ventilatoria al esfuerzo en deportistas entrenados: efectos beneficiosos sobre la fisiología respiratoria más allá del rendimiento cardiovascular. Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:237–244.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1643 "Ancho" => 2499 "Tamanyo" => 156331 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oxygen uptake (VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, upper left panel), heart rate (HR, upper right panel), ventilation (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>, lower left panel) and ventilatory equivalents of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, lower right panel) are plotted in response to symptom-limited treadmill exercise in all study subjects before (filled circles) and after (open circles) 8 months of training and competition. The graph shows mean values at baseline (starting at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h), iso-speed (16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h), V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection 1, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection 2 and peak exercise. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> values before vs after training and competition at the same measurement point are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">Tables 2 and 3</a>. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: L, liters; min, minutes; kg, kilograms.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1197 "Ancho" => 1578 "Tamanyo" => 73205 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tidal volume (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>) is plotted as a function of ventilation (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>) in response to symptom-limited treadmill exercise in all study subjects before (filled circles) and after (open circles) 8 months of training and competition. The graph shows mean values at baseline (starting at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h), iso-speed (16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h), V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection 1, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> inflection 2 and peak exercise. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> values before vs after training and competition at the same measurement point are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">Tables 2 and 3</a>. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: L, liters; min, minutes; km, kilometers; h, hours.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values are means±SD.</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: BMI, body mass index; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>, forced expiratory volume at first second; SD, standard deviation.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Height (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">BMI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> Pre-training (L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> Post-training (L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Team 1</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">194 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">187 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">191 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">177 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">177 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">182 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">183 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean (SD) for team 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">84 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">184 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.5 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.57 (0.74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.99 (0.66)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Team 2</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">179 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">183 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">182 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">180 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">165 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">186 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Athlete 7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">186 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean (SD) for team 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">79 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">180 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.3 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.13 (0.74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.17 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Overall mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">182 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.4 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.85 (0.77) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.08 (0.70)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1406630.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><0.05 by related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anthropometric, Demographic and Resting Physiological Characteristics of the Study Population.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: fR, respiratory frequency; HR, heart rate; MEV, maximal exercise velocity; SD, standard deviation; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, oxygen consumption; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/HR, oxygen pulse; VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, carbon dioxide production; V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>, minute ventilation; V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ventilatory equivalent for oxygen; V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide; V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, tidal volume. VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> predicted from: Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Stringer WW, Whipp BJ: Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation. Fourth edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005; HR predicted from: Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Jan;37(1):153–6; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/HR predicted derived from VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> predicted/HR predicted.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline (8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Iso-Speed (16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km/h)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Peak Exercise</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pre-training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Post-training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pre-training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Post-training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pre-training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Post-training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Team 1</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MEV, km/h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.1 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.3 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ml/kg/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.3 (4.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.5 (8.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55.5 (4.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.2 (3.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62.5 (4.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64.1 (3.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">154 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">159 (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ml/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1114 (46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1080 (188) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4507 (611) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4372 (402) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5505 (246) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5749 (280)<span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.06</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>, L/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.2 (7.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.3 (14.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">119.2 (14.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">110.9 (11)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">150 (17.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">156.1 (10.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.5 (5.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.4 (10.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.5 (1.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.4 (1.1)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.2 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.2 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 (0.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.5 (0.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.9 (0.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.0 (0.5)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2 (0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.1 (0.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fR, breaths/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38 (6)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HR, beats/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">97 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">166 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">165 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">179 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">181 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HR, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">94 (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95 (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/HR, ml/beat \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.3 (2.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.2 (8.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.9 (1.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.5 (2.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.1 (1.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.2 (2.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/HR, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">169 (13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">169 (14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Team 2</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MEV, km/h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.7 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.5 (0.8)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ml/kg/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.8 (8.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.4 (5.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.5 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.6 (4.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.0 (3.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.7 (3.6)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">158 (14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">182 (11)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ml/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">860 (313) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1043 (216) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4658 (769) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4466 (447) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5603 (875) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6357 (777)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>, L/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.1 (12.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.0 (4.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">125.6 (24.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">117.1 (18.8)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">165 (32.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">179.8 (27.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29.2 (9.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.3 (3.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.0 (3.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.1 (2.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29.3 (2.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.2 (2.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.9 (0.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.2 (0.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.8 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.7 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fR, breaths/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">47 (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 (9)<span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.05</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57 (7)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HR, beats/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80 (16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82 (16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">171 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">169 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">185 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">183 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HR, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">97 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/HR, ml/beat \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.6 (6.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.5 (4.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.0 (3.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.7 (3.3)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.7 (3.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.8 (4.2)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/HR, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">168 (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">192 (9)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">All subjects</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MEV, km/h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.4 (1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.4 (0.9)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ml/kg/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.1 (7.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.5 (7.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.0 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.9 (5.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63.8 (4.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69.9 (6.9)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">156 (13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">170 (16)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ml/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">987 (252) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1061 (195) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4582 (672) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4419 (411)<span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.08</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5554 (620) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6053 (644)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>, L/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.2 (11.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.1 (11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">122.4 (19.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">114.0 (15.1)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">157.5 (26.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">168.0 (23.4)<span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.07</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.3 (7.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.2 (8.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.8 (2.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.8 (2.0)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.3 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.7 (1.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.2 (0.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.3 (0.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.8 (0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.9 (0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.1 (0.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fR, breaths/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41 (8)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54 (7)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HR, beats/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">169 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">167 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">182 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">182 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HR, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/HR, ml/beat \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.5 (5.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.4 (6.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.4 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.1 (2.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29.4 (3.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.5 (3.6)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/HR, % predicted \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">169 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">181 (16)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1406631.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05 when comparing pre- and post-training values with related samples Wilcoxon signed rank test. Values expressed as mean±SD.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiopulmonary Measurements During Incremental Cycle Exercise, Before and After Training.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, oxygen consumption, VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, carbon dioxide production, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>, minute ventilation, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, tidal volume, fR, respiratory frequency; SD, standard deviation.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> Inflection Point 1</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>/V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> Inflection Point 2</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pre-training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Post-training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pre-training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Post-training \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Team 1</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/kg, ml/kg/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33.9 (11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.5 (9.3)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.9 (9.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59.8 (8.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ml/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2289 (861) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2788 (807)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4332 (979) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4944 (778) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>, L/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63.4 (24.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74.1 (21.9)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">114.2 (24.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">125.4 (21.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.0 (3.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.6 (1.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.4 (0.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.3 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.1 (0.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.5 (0.6)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.1 (0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.4 (0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fR, breaths/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39 (14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39 (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Heart rate, beats/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">133 (16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">131 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">161 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">170 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Team 2</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/kg, ml/kg/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36.1 (6.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43.8 (10.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.6 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72.6 (7.6)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ml/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2157 (414) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2665 (860) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4971 (704) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5819 (756)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>, L/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.2 (10.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.5 (23.5)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">134.4 (26.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">160.8 (28.4)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.1 (1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.5 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.9 (2.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.5 (2.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.8 (0.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.0 (0.4)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.8 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.1 (0.7)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fR, breaths/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49 (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Heart rate, beats/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">127 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">136 (10)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">176 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">179 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">All subjects</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/kg, ml/kg/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.0 (8.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.1 (10.1)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59.2 (7.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.2 (9.9)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, ml/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2223 (653) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2726 (804)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4739 (830) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5455 (857)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>, L/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59.8 (18.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72.3 (21.9)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">127.0 (26.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">146.0 (30.7)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>/VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.0 (2.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.5 (2.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.7 (2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.6 (2.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.9 (0.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.2 (0.6)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.9 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2 (0.7)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fR, breaths/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2018 November | 111 | 25 | 136 |
| 2018 October | 192 | 16 | 208 |
| 2018 September | 78 | 9 | 87 |
| 2018 May | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2018 April | 36 | 7 | 43 |
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| 2018 February | 27 | 10 | 37 |
| 2018 January | 15 | 3 | 18 |
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| 2017 November | 45 | 13 | 58 |
| 2017 October | 23 | 13 | 36 |
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| 2017 June | 0 | 1 | 1 |
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