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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A key element in personalized medicine in chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; or obstructive sleep apnea &#40;OSA&#41; has been the hunt for new biomarkers that are easy to obtain and determine&#44; that are reproducible&#44; precise&#44; inexpensive&#44; and associated with the key physiopathological processes involved in disease progression&#44; and that can improve patient risk stratification and provide potential therapeutic benefit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Studies in COPD patients have examined the association of analytical parameters obtained from such routine procedures as a complete blood count&#44; including total eosinophil and leukocyte counts or hemoglobin concentration&#44; with therapeutic response or the prediction of complications or disease course&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Old biomarkers&#44; that we thought were of little use in these diseases&#44; are once again in the limelight&#46; The 2 original studies published in this edition of Archivos de Bronconeumolog&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> suggest that something similar may be happening with red cell distribution width &#40;RDW&#41;&#46; This parameter is determined from a standard blood test and measures variability in the size of circulating erythrocytes&#46; It is calculated from a mathematical formula&#44; so it does not involve any added cost&#46; Although values may vary slightly depending on the laboratory&#44; distribution is generally normal and the range is from 11&#37; to 16&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RDW&#44; as part of the complete blood count&#44; provides valuable information on anemias&#44; but some recent studies have also shown that high RDW values may reflect underlying chronic inflammatory processes associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> A meta-analysis of studies associating RDW and mortality in the elderly revealed that for each 1&#37; increment in RDW&#44; the overall risk of death rose by 14&#37;&#44; and elevated values were consistently associated with the risk of cardiovascular or cancer death &#40;13&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Even in elderly individuals with no underlying disease&#44; RDW is a strong predictor of mortality&#44; although the biological mechanisms that might explain this phenomenon remain unclear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More and more studies are relating RDW with different diseases&#46; For example&#44; it has been shown to be useful in predicting sepsis&#44; where elevated RDW has been associated with positive blood cultures&#44; or in predicting mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and patients undergoing hemodialysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Patients who suffer panic attacks were found to have higher RDW values than healthy individuals&#44; and the authors of the study proposed RDW as a new marker for this psychiatric disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Another study also showed an association between RDW and smoking&#58; RDW values were higher in healthy smokers than in non-smokers&#44; and correlated positively with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and smoking duration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> It seems&#44; then&#44; that raised RDW is a good marker of inflammatory activity in smokers&#44; so it may also have an important role in diseases such as COPD and OSA&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this edition of Archivos de Bronconeumolog&#237;a&#44; Ozgul et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> published a paper in which they analyze RDW values in a large cohort of stable COPD patients and healthy individuals&#46; One of the variables they explore is the presence of cardiovascular disease&#44; determined by an expert cardiologist on the basis of a clinical evaluation&#44; electrocardiogram&#44; and echocardiogram&#46; RDW in these COPD patients was significantly higher than in the group of healthy controls&#44; and showed a weak but significant correlation with C-reactive protein &#40;CRP&#41;&#44; right ventricular dysfunction&#44; pulmonary arterial hypertension&#44; cardiovascular disease&#44; and hemoglobin levels&#46; The correlation with serum albumin was negative&#46; In the healthy population&#44; a moderately significant positive correlation was found between RDW and number of cigarettes smoked per day&#44; in line with previously published data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The physiopathological mechanism of this association&#44; in COPD at least&#44; is thought to be associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines that might affect bone marrow function&#44; inhibiting erythropoietin-induced erythrocyte maturation&#44; and as a consequence&#44; increasing RDW&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In COPD&#44; RDW is an independent predictive factor for cardiovascular disease&#46; Using an RDW cut off point of 16&#46;9&#44; sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of right ventricular dysfunction in this study were 78&#37; and 89&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the second study&#44; Le&#243;n Sub&#237;as et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> analyzed the utility of RDW as a biomarker for identifying the presence and severity of OSA in subjects with suspected sleep-disordered breathing&#46; In addition to a domiciliary cardiorespiratory polygraphy&#44; they determined RDW from a complete blood count at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up&#46; The most significant results were that RDW was higher in OSA patients than in healthy individuals&#44; and that RDW values in these subjects were independently associated with severity&#44; measured by the apnea&#8211;hypopnea index or by time of hypoxemia&#44; although these correlations were weak&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; RDW values were curiously unaffected by effective treatment of OSA with CPAP&#44; which would support previous findings on the limited efficacy of CPAP in reducing OSA-related systemic inflammatory status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advantage of RDW over other inflammatory markers&#44; such as interleukins or TNF&#44; is that it is already included in the routine complete blood count performed in all patients&#44; it is inexpensive&#44; and may be even more sensitive than CRP for predicting right ventricular dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in COPD patients&#46; Although RDW has been around for many years&#44; it appears to be a promising biomarker&#46; However&#44; more studies will have to be performed in larger patient populations if its real predictive value is to be determined&#44; and if it is to be included in COPD prognostic scores or as a parameter for guiding decision-making in patients with suspected OSA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p></span>"
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Editorial
New Uses for Old Biomarkers in COPD and Obstructive Sleep Apnea?
Viejos biomarcadores, ¿nuevas utilidades en epoc y apnea obstructiva del sueño?
Cristina Represas-Represas, Maribel Botana-Rial, Alberto Fernández-Villar
Corresponding author
Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, EOXI Vigo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Galicia Sur (IIBGS), Vigo, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A key element in personalized medicine in chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; or obstructive sleep apnea &#40;OSA&#41; has been the hunt for new biomarkers that are easy to obtain and determine&#44; that are reproducible&#44; precise&#44; inexpensive&#44; and associated with the key physiopathological processes involved in disease progression&#44; and that can improve patient risk stratification and provide potential therapeutic benefit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Studies in COPD patients have examined the association of analytical parameters obtained from such routine procedures as a complete blood count&#44; including total eosinophil and leukocyte counts or hemoglobin concentration&#44; with therapeutic response or the prediction of complications or disease course&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Old biomarkers&#44; that we thought were of little use in these diseases&#44; are once again in the limelight&#46; The 2 original studies published in this edition of Archivos de Bronconeumolog&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> suggest that something similar may be happening with red cell distribution width &#40;RDW&#41;&#46; This parameter is determined from a standard blood test and measures variability in the size of circulating erythrocytes&#46; It is calculated from a mathematical formula&#44; so it does not involve any added cost&#46; Although values may vary slightly depending on the laboratory&#44; distribution is generally normal and the range is from 11&#37; to 16&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RDW&#44; as part of the complete blood count&#44; provides valuable information on anemias&#44; but some recent studies have also shown that high RDW values may reflect underlying chronic inflammatory processes associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> A meta-analysis of studies associating RDW and mortality in the elderly revealed that for each 1&#37; increment in RDW&#44; the overall risk of death rose by 14&#37;&#44; and elevated values were consistently associated with the risk of cardiovascular or cancer death &#40;13&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Even in elderly individuals with no underlying disease&#44; RDW is a strong predictor of mortality&#44; although the biological mechanisms that might explain this phenomenon remain unclear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More and more studies are relating RDW with different diseases&#46; For example&#44; it has been shown to be useful in predicting sepsis&#44; where elevated RDW has been associated with positive blood cultures&#44; or in predicting mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and patients undergoing hemodialysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Patients who suffer panic attacks were found to have higher RDW values than healthy individuals&#44; and the authors of the study proposed RDW as a new marker for this psychiatric disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Another study also showed an association between RDW and smoking&#58; RDW values were higher in healthy smokers than in non-smokers&#44; and correlated positively with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and smoking duration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> It seems&#44; then&#44; that raised RDW is a good marker of inflammatory activity in smokers&#44; so it may also have an important role in diseases such as COPD and OSA&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this edition of Archivos de Bronconeumolog&#237;a&#44; Ozgul et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> published a paper in which they analyze RDW values in a large cohort of stable COPD patients and healthy individuals&#46; One of the variables they explore is the presence of cardiovascular disease&#44; determined by an expert cardiologist on the basis of a clinical evaluation&#44; electrocardiogram&#44; and echocardiogram&#46; RDW in these COPD patients was significantly higher than in the group of healthy controls&#44; and showed a weak but significant correlation with C-reactive protein &#40;CRP&#41;&#44; right ventricular dysfunction&#44; pulmonary arterial hypertension&#44; cardiovascular disease&#44; and hemoglobin levels&#46; The correlation with serum albumin was negative&#46; In the healthy population&#44; a moderately significant positive correlation was found between RDW and number of cigarettes smoked per day&#44; in line with previously published data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The physiopathological mechanism of this association&#44; in COPD at least&#44; is thought to be associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines that might affect bone marrow function&#44; inhibiting erythropoietin-induced erythrocyte maturation&#44; and as a consequence&#44; increasing RDW&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In COPD&#44; RDW is an independent predictive factor for cardiovascular disease&#46; Using an RDW cut off point of 16&#46;9&#44; sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of right ventricular dysfunction in this study were 78&#37; and 89&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the second study&#44; Le&#243;n Sub&#237;as et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> analyzed the utility of RDW as a biomarker for identifying the presence and severity of OSA in subjects with suspected sleep-disordered breathing&#46; In addition to a domiciliary cardiorespiratory polygraphy&#44; they determined RDW from a complete blood count at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up&#46; The most significant results were that RDW was higher in OSA patients than in healthy individuals&#44; and that RDW values in these subjects were independently associated with severity&#44; measured by the apnea&#8211;hypopnea index or by time of hypoxemia&#44; although these correlations were weak&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; RDW values were curiously unaffected by effective treatment of OSA with CPAP&#44; which would support previous findings on the limited efficacy of CPAP in reducing OSA-related systemic inflammatory status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advantage of RDW over other inflammatory markers&#44; such as interleukins or TNF&#44; is that it is already included in the routine complete blood count performed in all patients&#44; it is inexpensive&#44; and may be even more sensitive than CRP for predicting right ventricular dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in COPD patients&#46; Although RDW has been around for many years&#44; it appears to be a promising biomarker&#46; However&#44; more studies will have to be performed in larger patient populations if its real predictive value is to be determined&#44; and if it is to be included in COPD prognostic scores or as a parameter for guiding decision-making in patients with suspected OSA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p></span>"
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ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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