Red Cell Distribution Width in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

array:24 ["pii" => "S1579212916303378" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2016.12.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-03-01" "aid" => "1399" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "copyrightAnyo" => "2016" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:114-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1716 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 152 "HTML" => 1130 "PDF" => 434 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0300289616301703" "issn" => "03002896" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2016.05.014" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-03-01" "aid" => "1399" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:114-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 5046 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 129 "HTML" => 4180 "PDF" => 737 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Ancho de distribución eritrocitaria en apnea obstructiva del sueño" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "114" "paginaFinal" => "119" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Red Cell Distribution Width in Obstructive Sleep Apnea" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figura 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1033 "Ancho" => 1385 "Tamanyo" => 68672 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "Correlación simple del índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH) y de ancho de distribución eritrocitaria (ADE) para el conjunto de la población en estudio." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Erica León Subías, Sara Gómara de la Cal, José María Marin Trigo" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Erica" "apellidos" => "León Subías" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sara" "apellidos" => "Gómara de la Cal" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José María" "apellidos" => "Marin Trigo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S1579212916303378" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2016.12.003" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212916303378?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289616301703?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/03002896/0000005300000003/v4_201705130114/S0300289616301703/v4_201705130114/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1579212916303214" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2016.11.023" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-03-01" "aid" => "1476" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:120-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1698 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 140 "HTML" => 1142 "PDF" => 416 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Prognostic Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate pH and Fraction Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Systemic Sclerosis Related Interstitial Lung Disease" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "120" "paginaFinal" => "127" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Valor pronóstico del pH en el condensado de aire exhalado y de la fracción exhalada de óxido nítrico en la enfermedad pulmonar intersticial asociada a esclerosis sistémica" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 921 "Ancho" => 2470 "Tamanyo" => 154799 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "FVC values at baseline and during follow-up. A and B show the unadjusted variation of % predicted FVC during follow up (each point represents a patient) for ILD patients and controls, respectively. In the ILD group, we observed a decrease of 6.4% in the mean unadjusted FVC % predicted values during the 4-year period compared to baseline (95% CI: −11.2 to −1.6; P=0.01) (A), whereas no significant differences were found in the control group (B). A higher decline of FVC % was found in ILD group than controls (P<0.01)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Alfredo Guillen-del Castillo, Sara Sánchez-Vidaurre, Carmen P. Simeón-Aznar, María J. Cruz, Vicente Fonollosa-Pla, Xavier Muñoz" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alfredo" "apellidos" => "Guillen-del Castillo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sara" "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Vidaurre" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carmen P." "apellidos" => "Simeón-Aznar" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María J." "apellidos" => "Cruz" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vicente" "apellidos" => "Fonollosa-Pla" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Xavier" "apellidos" => "Muñoz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0300289616302599" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2016.09.014" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289616302599?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212916303214?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/15792129/0000005300000003/v1_201703240112/S1579212916303214/v1_201703240112/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1579212916301355" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2016.06.027" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-03-01" "aid" => "1410" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:107-13" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2480 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 154 "HTML" => 1705 "PDF" => 621 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Red Blood Cell Distribution Width in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Healthy Subjects" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "107" "paginaFinal" => "113" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y en sujetos sanos" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1514 "Ancho" => 1470 "Tamanyo" => 129890 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Receiver operating characteristic curve. Levels of RDW, obtained before echocardiography, were predictive for the presence of RVD with a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 88%, with a cutoff value >16.9 (RDW, red cell distribution width; RDV, right ventricular dysfunction)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Guler Ozgul, Ekrem Cengiz Seyhan, Mehmet Akif Ozgul, Mehmet Zeki Gunluoglu" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Guler" "apellidos" => "Ozgul" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ekrem Cengiz" "apellidos" => "Seyhan" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet Akif" "apellidos" => "Ozgul" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet Zeki" "apellidos" => "Gunluoglu" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0300289616301818" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2016.05.021" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289616301818?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212916301355?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/15792129/0000005300000003/v1_201703240112/S1579212916301355/v1_201703240112/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:21 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Red Cell Distribution Width in Obstructive Sleep Apnea" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "114" "paginaFinal" => "119" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Erica León Subías, Sara Gómara de la Cal, José María Marin Trigo" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Erica" "apellidos" => "León Subías" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ericaleonsubias@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sara Gómara" "apellidos" => "de la Cal" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José María" "apellidos" => "Marin Trigo" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Ancho de distribución eritrocitaria en apnea obstructiva del sueño" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1033 "Ancho" => 1385 "Tamanyo" => 61647 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Linear correlation of apnea-hypopnea (AHI) index and red cell distribution width (RDW) for the overall study population." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a very common condition in the general population, and is associated with loss of quality of life, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, traffic accidents, and increased mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125">1,2</a> In Spain, between 3% and 6% of the population have symptomatic sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) and 24%–26% have OSA, defined as more than 5 nocturnal apnea-hypopnea events per hour (AHI>5).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">3</a> OSA is associated with variable degrees of hypoxemia, hypercapnia, reduced intrathoracic pressure, and sympathetic and cortical central nervous system activation. These intermediary mechanisms can potentially predispose to the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and premature death. Currently, the diagnosis of clinically suspected OSA must be confirmed with sleep studies. To date, no clinically useful variables for cardiovascular risk specifically associated with OSA have been identified, but such biomarkers would be of great benefit in assisting the physician's decision-making process; for example, when to perform a sleep study or whether to start treatment or monitor the patient instead. Spanish guidelines on the management of OSA recommend a metabolic profile, including complete blood count, basic biochemistry parameters and a lipid profile in all patients undergoing a sleep study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">1</a>One of the variables routinely analyzed in a complete blood count is red cell distribution width (RDW). RDW is a quantitative measure of the variability of red cell sizes. It is obtained using a mathematical calculation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>), so the cost is negligible. Its main application at present is for the differential diagnosis of anemia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">4</a> and values are not affected by the patient's nutritional status, sex or age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">5</a> Recent studies show that increased RDW, even with normal reference ranges, is strongly associated with a greater risk of death and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and elderly individuals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">6–15</a> RDW can act as a biomarker for cardiovascular risk that is sensitive to systemic inflammatory changes and to mobilization of iron deposits during oxidative stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">11</a> A relationship between RDW and OSA severity has been described in patients with and without associated cardiovascular disease,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">16–18</a> and RDW has been reported to diminish with the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">19</a> However, these studies include limited numbers of patients, follow-up is short, and most include patients with comorbidities other than OSA.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>We postulated that RDW may be a biomarker that can identify the presence and severity of OSA in patients with suspected sleep-disordered breathing.MethodsStudy SubjectsData from a prospective study on epigenetic abnormalities in OSA currently under analysis (EPIOSA, ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="ctgov:NCT02131610">NCT02131610</a>) were used. The study included patients aged 18–60 years referred to the Sleep-Disordered Breathing Unit (SDBU) of the Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza with suspected OSA between February 2013 and July 2014. The general methodology and inclusion/exclusion criteria of this study have been described elsewhere.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">20</a> In summary, the following subjects were excluded: active smokers or individuals with a smoking history of >5 pack-years, regular consumption of alcohol (mean ≥20g/day), and subjects with sleep disorders other than OSA or any comorbidity requiring the regular administration of any drug. Patients with blood pressure ≥140/90mmHg, blood glucose >126mg/ml or body mass index (BMI) ≥35kg/m2 in the first visit were also excluded. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics and Clinical Research Committee of Aragon (03/2013).ProceduresIn the first visit, all subjects underwent a standardized protocol of study tests as follows: (1) clinical questionnaires (general health, nutrition, quality of life, daytime sleepiness, comorbidities, sleep hygiene); (2) anthropometrics and general examination (blood pressure, weight, height, and neck, waist and hip circumferences); (3) cardiorespiratory polygraph at home; (4) spirometry; (5) ultrasonography of internal carotid arteries, carotid sinus, and common carotid artery; (6) full blood analysis. RDW was determined using a blood cell counter (Coulter® LH 780). Additional tests, including complete blood count, were repeated in all patients after 1 year, irrespective of OSA diagnosis, severity or treatment received. Polygraphy was performed and analyzed according to SEPAR recommendations and the Spanish SAOS1 initiative.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">1</a>The diagnosis of OSA and severity were established according to the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of recording (apnea/hypopnea index [AHI]). Subjects with an AHI<5 were considered healthy. After receiving a diagnosis of OSA, patients were prescribed CPAP according to the routine recommendations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">1</a> A patient was considered appropriately treated when CPAP was delivered for an average of more than 4h/day throughout the follow-up period. CPAP use was evaluated in each visit by recording the readings on the CPAP unit counter.Statistical AnalysisCategorical variables are shown as case numbers and percentages. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to assess the distribution of the quantitative variables. Variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean±standard deviation and variables with non-normal distribution as median and interquartile range. Comparison between groups was performed using the Student t test and ANOVA or the Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis test, depending on the distribution of the variable. Differences between variables with categorical data were established using the Chi-squared test. The relationship between the individual RDW value and other variables of clinical interest was evaluated using adjusted linear regression models. Statistical analyses were performed using version 20 of the SPSS statistical package (IBM Corporation, Somers NY, USA).ResultsCharacteristics of Study Population<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a> shows the study patient disposition. A total of 172 individuals meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> describes the population characteristics, distributed by presence or absence of OSA.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Ninety-two percent of the subjects were of Caucasian ethnic origin. Controls with OSA were on average older (40.5 vs. 45.6 years P=.004), with higher BMI (26 vs. 31, P<.001) and significantly higher levels of blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP) (P<.05 for all differences).Red Cell Distribution WidthMedian RDW and interquartile range in the overall population at the beginning of the study were 13.3 (12.3–14.3): in healthy subjects, 13.15 (12.07–14.23) and in OSA patients, 13.40 (12.40–14.40) (P=.036). The correlation between RDW and baseline characteristics of the study subjects is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. RDW is significantly associated with the following: BMI (r=0.190; P=.014); CRP (r=0.197; P=.011); time SaO2<90% (CT90) (r=0.215; P=.007); and AHI (r=0.212; P=.006) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> also shows an adjusted multiple regression model in which the presence of age, hemoglobin (Hb) and BMI are forced. RDW maintained a positive independent relationship with AHI (r=0.223; P=.002) and with CT90 (r=0.232; P=.002). In these models, BMI and CRP also persist as independent variables associated with RDW. A secondary analysis was performed among OSA patients only to establish relationships between RDW and OSA severity. After adjusting for the multiple regression model, RDW remains significantly associated with CT90 (r=0.255; P=.002) and AHI (r=0.231; P=.005). In this analysis of OSA patients only, BMI and CRP are not independently related with RDW.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Follow-Up<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the characteristics of the participants at the initial visit and after 1 year of follow-up. Of the 34 healthy subjects, 32 attended for re-evaluation.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>None of the OSA patients were lost-to-follow-up. Of these, 85 began CPAP treatment. Seventy-one of these adhered appropriately to treatment and were included in the group “OSA treated with CPAP”.Of the other 14 patients who began CPAP, 4 subsequently rejected this treatment and the other 10 were withdrawn due to lack of compliance. These 14 patients were included in the group “OSA not treated with CPAP”. The remaining patients in this group did not receive CPAP as they did not meet the medical criteria (n=21), or because they refused to use the system (n=9).Not included in this table are data from 23 OSA patients who received alternative treatment to CPAP (18 received different forms of upper airway surgery, and 2 used mandibular advancement devices) and 3 who refused a repeat CRP determination. After 1 year, no changes were observed in study variables, including RDW, in healthy subjects or in OSA patients not treated with CPAP. In OSA patients treated with CPAP, daytime sleepiness measured according to the Epworth questionnaire and diastolic pressure reduced significantly during the 1-year study period, while RDW levels were not significantly affected. A subanalysis grouping patients according to their OSA severity, based on AHI (i.e., 5–15, 15–30, or >30), did not reveal any RDW changes, irrespective of whether they had received CPAP treatment or not.DiscussionThe main finding of the study suggests that RDW is greater in patients with OSA than in healthy subjects, and that it is independently associated with the level of OSA severity determined by AHI or by recorded time of hypoxemia. However, further studies are required to determine the potential utility of RDW as a biomarker capable of distinguishing between healthy subjects and those with OSA. The other result of interest is that RDW levels are not modified with effective CPAP treatment. RDW has recently been evaluated as a possible biomarker in various types of heart disease, due to its positive relationship with cardiovascular death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155">7–14</a> The few studies that have evaluated the relationship between RDW and OSA suggest that RDW levels rise in association with the degree of severity of OSA.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">16–19</a> The hypothesis proposed to explain high RDW levels in OSA is the presence of systemic inflammation that mobilizes iron deposits, and, as a result, may lead to increased RDW values. The association between OSA and systemic inflammation continues to be a topic of debate. Research primarily conducted in laboratory animals indicates that intermittent hypoxia plays a role in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis, and one of the main intermediate mechanisms of this is systemic inflammation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">21</a> Carotid ultrasonography has been used to show how CPAP reduces carotid intima-media thickness as an expression of improvement in subclinical atherosclerosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">22</a> However, controlled studies have not shown any reduction in the level of systemic inflammation evaluated using various proinflammatory cytokines after 6 months of treatment with CPAP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">23</a> Thus, the role of inflammation as a factor explaining the consistent increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in OSA patients is currently in question.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">2</a> Data from our study indicate that CRP levels are higher in OSA patients than in healthy individuals; however, effective CPAP treatment did not help reduce CRP or RDW levels. This supports the findings of the randomized trial by Stradling et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">23</a> in which CPAP failed to reduce OSA-related systemic inflammation.The finding of a positive correlation between RDW and CRP in the overall population and among OSA patients reinforces the idea that RDW may be a biomarker for systemic inflammation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). However, no independent relationship between RDW and CRP was identified in OSA patients. This suggests that these 2 biomarkers, at least in OSA, reflect different physiopathological processes. After 1 year of CPAP treatment, RDW remained unchanged in OSA patients, so our results do not confirm previous results in which RDW was modified with the use of CPAP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">19</a> In this study, follow-up was only 6 months, the population was smaller (n=58), only patients with AHI>30 were included, and most patients had other comorbidities confounding the interpretation of results that RDW, like other circulating biomarkers such as CRP, do not change with CPAP. Our results do not confirm the effect of CPAP on RDW levels. However, the study populations are different, since our patients were selected with the aim of avoiding potential causes of systemic inflammation other than OSA, thus avoiding bias in interpretation. The lack of effect of CPAP on RDW did not indicate a lack of treatment efficacy. On the contrary, after 1 year of therapy, OSA patients receiving CPAP showed statistically significant reductions in Epworth scale values and diastolic blood pressure figures, findings similar to those repeatedly described in association with CPAP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">24</a>Some limitations must be taken into account when interpreting the results of this study, mainly its observational nature and the lack of randomization to evaluate the effect of CPAP. However, the sample size was, according to the literature, sufficient to allow changes due to the CPAP intervention to be detected. The groups of healthy subjects and OSA patients are not fully comparable, since the healthy subjects were somewhat younger, more of them were women, and they presented a lower BMI, lower blood pressure and lower blood lipid levels.The inclusion/exclusion criteria of our series are also very restrictive, and the population was limited to subjects aged 18–60 years. This prevents any generalization of results to the overall OSA population.On the other hand, as the screening of participants was restrictive, selection bias was avoided (subjects with chronic diseases associated with an increase in RDW were excluded), so robust associations between RDW and OSA can be established.ConclusionsRDW was higher among a population of OSA patients with no associated comorbidity than among healthy individuals without OSA. The RDW level was independently associated with the severity of OSA in the absence of associated comorbidity.However, RDW was not modified by effective treatment of OSA with CPAP, and this study brings into question the clinical utility of RDW in the management of patients with OSA.FundingEPIOSA is a research project funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI12/01275), the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR 71/2012), and the Aragon Respiratory Tract Society (SADAR 02/2013).AuthorshipLeón E. had access to the data, completed them and entered them in a database, and subsequently performed the statistical analysis. León E. was the principal author. Marin J.M. supervised and helped to complete the study. Gómara S. contributed to data analysis and interpretation. All participated in the preparation of the manuscript.Conflict of InterestsThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interests related with the topic of this manuscript." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres819542" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec816604" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres819543" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec816605" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study Subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Procedures" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Characteristics of Study Population" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Red Cell Distribution Width" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Follow-Up" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Authorship" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interests" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-07" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-05-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec816604" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Red cell distribution width" 1 => "Obstructive sleep apnea" 2 => "Biomarker" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec816605" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Ancho de distribución eritrocitaria" 1 => "Apnea obstructiva del sueño" 2 => "Biomarcador" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionRed cell distribution width (RDW) describes heterogeneity in the size of red blood cells. An increase in RDW has been associated with excess mortality in heart failure and other chronic diseases. Since there is an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), it is possible that these patients have a high RDW. MethodWe recruited subjects aged 18–60 years referred to the sleep-disordered breathing unit for suspected OSA. Subjects with any comorbidity were excluded. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was calculated from the respiratory polygraphy. The RDW was obtained from the complete blood count. Changes in RDW after one year of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) were determined. ResultsWe included 34 healthy subjects and 138 with OSA, aged 40.5±9.8 and 45.6±9.2 (P=.004) years, respectively. The RDW was higher in subjects with OSA compared to healthy subjects: 13.40 (12.40–14.40) vs. 13.15 (12.07–14.23) (P=.036). AHI showed a positive independent relationship with RDW in both the whole population (r=0.223; P=.002) and the OSA group (r=0.231; P=.005). No significant changes were found in RDW after one year of CPAP therapy. ConclusionsRDW increase in patients with OSA is directly associated with severity, although levels are not modified by the effective treatment of OSA with CPAP." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónEl ancho de distribución eritrocitaria (ADE) describe el grado de heterogeneidad en el tamaño de los hematíes. Un incremento de ADE se ha asociado con exceso de mortalidad en insuficiencia cardiaca y otras enfermedades crónicas. Dado que existe mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad cardiovascular en apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS), es posible que estos pacientes presenten un ADE elevado. MétodoSe reclutaron sujetos de 18 a 60 años remitidos a la Unidad de Trastornos Respiratorios del Sueño (UTRS) por sospecha de AOS. Se excluyeron sujetos con cualquier comorbilidad. En la poligrafía respiratoria se determinó el índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH). El ADE se obtuvo a partir del hemograma. Al año de seguimiento se determinaron los cambios de ADE tras tratamiento con presión positiva continua en la vía respiratoria (CPAP). ResultadosSe incluyeron 34 sujetos sin AOS y 138 con AOS con una edad de 40,5±9,8 y 45,6±9,2 (p=0,004) respectivamente. El ADE fue mayor en sujetos con AOS que en sujetos sanos: 13,40 (12,40-14,40) vs 13,15 (12,07-14,23) (p=0,036). El IAH mostró una relación positiva e independiente con ADE tanto en el conjunto de la población (r=0,223; p=0,002) como en el grupo con AOS (r=0,231; p=0,005). No se observaron cambios significativos de ADE tras un año de tratamiento con CPAP. ConclusionesEl ADE está aumentado en AOS en relación directa con su gravedad, sin embargo, sus niveles no se ven modificados por el tratamiento efectivo de la AOS con CPAP." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: León Subías E, Gómara de la Cal S, Marin Trigo JM. Ancho de distribución eritrocitaria en apnea obstructiva del sueño. Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:114–119." ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 516 "Ancho" => 2208 "Tamanyo" => 125582 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Red cell distribution width (RDW) formula." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1095 "Ancho" => 1503 "Tamanyo" => 87707 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Study patient disposition." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1033 "Ancho" => 1385 "Tamanyo" => 61647 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Linear correlation of apnea-hypopnea (AHI) index and red cell distribution width (RDW) for the overall study population." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean±standard deviation and variables with non-normal distribution are expressed as median (interquartile range).BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1s; FVC, forced vital capacity; Hb, hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OSA, sleep obstructive apnea; PYI, pack-year index; RDW, red cell distribution width; SBP, systolic blood pressure." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No OSA (n=34) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OSA (n=138) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age, years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40.5±9.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">45.6±9.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Men, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19 (52.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">110 (80.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI, kg/m2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.9±3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31.1±4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epworth \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10.3±5.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10.3±4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.973 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP, mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">118.5±15.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">129.3±14.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP, mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">74.0±11.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">80.1±11.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC, l \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.48±0.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.38±1.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.611 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1, l \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.59±0.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.46±0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.369 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol, mg/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">200±36.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">214.2±39.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL cholesterol, mg/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">120 (72–162) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">132 (89–175) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL cholesterol, mg/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54.2±9.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">48.5±10.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">93.5 (50.5–136.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">128.5 (42.5–214.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blood glucose, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">86.5 (76.5–96.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">92 (73–111) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.82±0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.87±0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hb, g/l \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.6 (12.7–16.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.9 (13.6–16.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.058 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CRP, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.08 (0–0.24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.23 (0–0.58) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RDW, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.15 (12.07–14.23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.40 (12.40–14.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.036 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1377568.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Baseline Characteristics of Study Subjects." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; CT90, time SaO2<90%; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Hb, hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PYI, pack-year index; RDW, red cell distribution width; SBP, systolic blood pressure." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Linear Regression</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Multiple Regression (Model With AHI)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Multiple Regression (Model With CT90)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age, years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.082 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.291 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI, kg/m2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.190 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.181 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.151 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epworth \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.151 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.054 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PYI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.071 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.366 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP, mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.022 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.783 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP, mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.085 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.280 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol, mg/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.857 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL cholesterol, mg/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.095 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.232 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL cholesterol, mg/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.150 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.053 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.949 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blood glucose, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.109 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.163 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.038 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.627 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hb, g/l \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.074 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.343 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CRP, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.197 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.236 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.146 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.035 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CT90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.215 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.232 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">AHI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.212 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.223 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1377570.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relationship of RDW With Baseline Variables in Overall Population (n=172)." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean±standard deviation and variables with non-normal distribution are expressed as median (interquartile range).AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; BMI, body mass index; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1s; FVC, forced vital capacity; Hb, hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OSA, sleep obstructive apnea; PYI, pack-year index; RDW, red cell distribution width; SBP, systolic blood pressure." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No OSA (n=32)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OSA Not Treated With CPAP (n=44)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OSA Treated With CPAP (n=71)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 Year \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 Year \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 Year<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">AHI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.1±1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.3±2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.648 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28±45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29±43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.144 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44±39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.7±3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epworth \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10±5.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.3±4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.029 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.1±4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.1±4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.5±4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.9±5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI, kg/m2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.5±3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.6±3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.749 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28.4±4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28.5±4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.687 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33.1±5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32.7±4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.025 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP, mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">117.9±16.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">112.4±13.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.055 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">122.7±14.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">121.9±11.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.701 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">132.7±13.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">131.4±14.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.468 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP, mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">73.7±11.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68.5±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">74.1±10.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">73.7±8.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.815 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83.4±11.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78.1±9.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol, mg/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">201.5±39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">201.3±39.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.977 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">211.6±37.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">210±32.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.648 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">216.7±39.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">211.9±36.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.248 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL cholesterol, mg/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">119 (102–141) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">124 (98–141) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.864 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">129 (109–156) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">128 (113–146) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.971 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">137 (117–161.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">129 (110–152) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.205 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL cholesterol, mg/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54.3±9.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">52.9±10.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.303 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">51.1±9.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">50.8±10.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.790 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">46.8±11.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">46.9±10.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.830 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">94 (76–122) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">92 (71–125) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.546 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">114 (88–167) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">125 (81–168) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.683 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">137 (102–192) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">140 (98–194) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.425 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blood glucose, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">88 (82–97) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">84 (76–93) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.039 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">89 (82–101) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">90 (85–98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.054 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">95 (85–102) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">95 (90–102) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.529 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.83±0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.83±0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.823 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.86±0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.83±0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.098 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.8±0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.8±0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.979 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hb, g/l \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16.6 (13.4–15.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.3 (13.5–15.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.534 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 (14.3–15.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15.2 (14.3–15.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.447 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.9 (14.3–15.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.7 (13.8–15.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.042 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CRP, mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.09 (0.04–0.23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.11 (0.05–0.27) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.673 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.16 (0.1–0.35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.18 (0.09–0.52) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.28 (0.14–0.49) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.38 (0.15–0.57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.540 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RDW, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.1 (12.4–13.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.2 (12.6–13.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.942 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.3 (12.8–13.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.3 (12.9–13.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.571 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.4 (13.05–14.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.6 (13.1–14.05) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.234 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1377569.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Polygraphs were performed during CPAP administration." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Baseline Characteristics and After 1 Year of Follow-Up in Healthy Subjects and Patients Treated or Not Treated with CPAP." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:24 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "P. 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Original Article

Red Cell Distribution Width in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Ancho de distribución eritrocitaria en apnea obstructiva del sueño

Erica León Subías

Corresponding author

ericaleonsubias@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Sara Gómara de la Cal, José María Marin Trigo

Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obstructive sleep apnea &#40;OSA&#41; is a very common condition in the general population&#44; and is associated with loss of quality of life&#44; arterial hypertension&#44; cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases&#44; traffic accidents&#44; and increased mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> In Spain&#44; between 3&#37; and 6&#37; of the population have symptomatic sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome &#40;SAHS&#41; and 24&#37;&#8211;26&#37; have OSA&#44; defined as more than 5 nocturnal apnea-hypopnea events per hour &#40;AHI&#62;5&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> OSA is associated with variable degrees of hypoxemia&#44; hypercapnia&#44; reduced intrathoracic pressure&#44; and sympathetic and cortical central nervous system activation&#46; These intermediary mechanisms can potentially predispose to the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and premature death&#46; Currently&#44; the diagnosis of clinically suspected OSA must be confirmed with sleep studies&#46; To date&#44; no clinically useful variables for cardiovascular risk specifically associated with OSA have been identified&#44; but such biomarkers would be of great benefit in assisting the physician&#39;s decision-making process&#59; for example&#44; when to perform a sleep study or whether to start treatment or monitor the patient instead&#46; Spanish guidelines on the management of OSA recommend a metabolic profile&#44; including complete blood count&#44; basic biochemistry parameters and a lipid profile in all patients undergoing a sleep study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the variables routinely analyzed in a complete blood count is red cell distribution width &#40;RDW&#41;&#46; RDW is a quantitative measure of the variability of red cell sizes&#46; It is obtained using a mathematical calculation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; so the cost is negligible&#46; Its main application at present is for the differential diagnosis of anemia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and values are not affected by the patient&#39;s nutritional status&#44; sex or age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Recent studies show that increased RDW&#44; even with normal reference ranges&#44; is strongly associated with a greater risk of death and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and elderly individuals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;15</span></a> RDW can act as a biomarker for cardiovascular risk that is sensitive to systemic inflammatory changes and to mobilization of iron deposits during oxidative stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> A relationship between RDW and OSA severity has been described in patients with and without associated cardiovascular disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;18</span></a> and RDW has been reported to diminish with the use of continuous positive airway pressure &#40;CPAP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> However&#44; these studies include limited numbers of patients&#44; follow-up is short&#44; and most include patients with comorbidities other than OSA&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We postulated that RDW may be a biomarker that can identify the presence and severity of OSA in patients with suspected sleep-disordered breathing&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study Subjects</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data from a prospective study on epigenetic abnormalities in OSA currently under analysis &#40;EPIOSA&#44; ClinicalTrials&#46;gov&#58; <a href="ctgov:NCT02131610">NCT02131610</a>&#41; were used&#46; The study included patients aged 18&#8211;60 years referred to the Sleep-Disordered Breathing Unit &#40;SDBU&#41; of the Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet&#44; Zaragoza with suspected OSA between February 2013 and July 2014&#46; The general methodology and inclusion&#47;exclusion criteria of this study have been described elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In summary&#44; the following subjects were excluded&#58; active smokers or individuals with a smoking history of &#62;5 pack-years&#44; regular consumption of alcohol &#40;mean &#8805;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day&#41;&#44; and subjects with sleep disorders other than OSA or any comorbidity requiring the regular administration of any drug&#46; Patients with blood pressure &#8805;140&#47;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; blood glucose &#62;126<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml or body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; &#8805;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> in the first visit were also excluded&#46; The study protocol was approved by the Ethics and Clinical Research Committee of Aragon &#40;03&#47;2013&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Procedures</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the first visit&#44; all subjects underwent a standardized protocol of study tests as follows&#58; &#40;1&#41; clinical questionnaires &#40;general health&#44; nutrition&#44; quality of life&#44; daytime sleepiness&#44; comorbidities&#44; sleep hygiene&#41;&#59; &#40;2&#41; anthropometrics and general examination &#40;blood pressure&#44; weight&#44; height&#44; and neck&#44; waist and hip circumferences&#41;&#59; &#40;3&#41; cardiorespiratory polygraph at home&#59; &#40;4&#41; spirometry&#59; &#40;5&#41; ultrasonography of internal carotid arteries&#44; carotid sinus&#44; and common carotid artery&#59; &#40;6&#41; full blood analysis&#46; RDW was determined using a blood cell counter &#40;Coulter<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> LH 780&#41;&#46; Additional tests&#44; including complete blood count&#44; were repeated in all patients after 1 year&#44; irrespective of OSA diagnosis&#44; severity or treatment received&#46; Polygraphy was performed and analyzed according to SEPAR recommendations and the Spanish SAOS1 initiative&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of OSA and severity were established according to the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of recording &#40;apnea&#47;hypopnea index &#91;AHI&#93;&#41;&#46; Subjects with an AHI&#60;5 were considered healthy&#46; After receiving a diagnosis of OSA&#44; patients were prescribed CPAP according to the routine recommendations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> A patient was considered appropriately treated when CPAP was delivered for an average of more than 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day throughout the follow-up period&#46; CPAP use was evaluated in each visit by recording the readings on the CPAP unit counter&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical variables are shown as case numbers and percentages&#46; The Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test was used to assess the distribution of the quantitative variables&#46; Variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation and variables with non-normal distribution as median and interquartile range&#46; Comparison between groups was performed using the Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test and ANOVA or the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test and Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test&#44; depending on the distribution of the variable&#46; Differences between variables with categorical data were established using the Chi-squared test&#46; The relationship between the individual RDW value and other variables of clinical interest was evaluated using adjusted linear regression models&#46; Statistical analyses were performed using version 20 of the SPSS statistical package &#40;IBM Corporation&#44; Somers NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Characteristics of Study Population</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a> shows the study patient disposition&#46; A total of 172 individuals meeting the inclusion&#47;exclusion criteria were included in the final analysis&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> describes the population characteristics&#44; distributed by presence or absence of OSA&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninety-two percent of the subjects were of Caucasian ethnic origin&#46; Controls with OSA were on average older &#40;40&#46;5 vs&#46; 45&#46;6 years <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;004&#41;&#44; with higher BMI &#40;26 vs&#46; 31&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41; and significantly higher levels of blood pressure&#44; cholesterol&#44; triglycerides&#44; blood glucose&#44; C-reactive protein &#40;CRP&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;05 for all differences&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Red Cell Distribution Width</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Median RDW and interquartile range in the overall population at the beginning of the study were 13&#46;3 &#40;12&#46;3&#8211;14&#46;3&#41;&#58; in healthy subjects&#44; 13&#46;15 &#40;12&#46;07&#8211;14&#46;23&#41; and in OSA patients&#44; 13&#46;40 &#40;12&#46;40&#8211;14&#46;40&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;036&#41;&#46; The correlation between RDW and baseline characteristics of the study subjects is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; RDW is significantly associated with the following&#58; BMI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;190&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;014&#41;&#59; CRP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;197&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;011&#41;&#59; time SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#60;90&#37; &#40;CT90&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;215&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;007&#41;&#59; and AHI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;212&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;006&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> also shows an adjusted multiple regression model in which the presence of age&#44; hemoglobin &#40;Hb&#41; and BMI are forced&#46; RDW maintained a positive independent relationship with AHI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;223&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;002&#41; and with CT90 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;232&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;002&#41;&#46; In these models&#44; BMI and CRP also persist as independent variables associated with RDW&#46; A secondary analysis was performed among OSA patients only to establish relationships between RDW and OSA severity&#46; After adjusting for the multiple regression model&#44; RDW remains significantly associated with CT90 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;255&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;002&#41; and AHI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;231&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;005&#41;&#46; In this analysis of OSA patients only&#44; BMI and CRP are not independently related with RDW&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Follow-Up</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the characteristics of the participants at the initial visit and after 1 year of follow-up&#46; Of the 34 healthy subjects&#44; 32 attended for re-evaluation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None of the OSA patients were lost-to-follow-up&#46; Of these&#44; 85 began CPAP treatment&#46; Seventy-one of these adhered appropriately to treatment and were included in the group &#8220;OSA treated with CPAP&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the other 14 patients who began CPAP&#44; 4 subsequently rejected this treatment and the other 10 were withdrawn due to lack of compliance&#46; These 14 patients were included in the group &#8220;OSA not treated with CPAP&#8221;&#46; The remaining patients in this group did not receive CPAP as they did not meet the medical criteria &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#61;21&#41;&#44; or because they refused to use the system &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#61;9&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not included in this table are data from 23 OSA patients who received alternative treatment to CPAP &#40;18 received different forms of upper airway surgery&#44; and 2 used mandibular advancement devices&#41; and 3 who refused a repeat CRP determination&#46; After 1 year&#44; no changes were observed in study variables&#44; including RDW&#44; in healthy subjects or in OSA patients not treated with CPAP&#46; In OSA patients treated with CPAP&#44; daytime sleepiness measured according to the Epworth questionnaire and diastolic pressure reduced significantly during the 1-year study period&#44; while RDW levels were not significantly affected&#46; A subanalysis grouping patients according to their OSA severity&#44; based on AHI &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 5&#8211;15&#44; 15&#8211;30&#44; or &#62;30&#41;&#44; did not reveal any RDW changes&#44; irrespective of whether they had received CPAP treatment or not&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main finding of the study suggests that RDW is greater in patients with OSA than in healthy subjects&#44; and that it is independently associated with the level of OSA severity determined by AHI or by recorded time of hypoxemia&#46; However&#44; further studies are required to determine the potential utility of RDW as a biomarker capable of distinguishing between healthy subjects and those with OSA&#46; The other result of interest is that RDW levels are not modified with effective CPAP treatment&#46; RDW has recently been evaluated as a possible biomarker in various types of heart disease&#44; due to its positive relationship with cardiovascular death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;14</span></a> The few studies that have evaluated the relationship between RDW and OSA suggest that RDW levels rise in association with the degree of severity of OSA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;19</span></a> The hypothesis proposed to explain high RDW levels in OSA is the presence of systemic inflammation that mobilizes iron deposits&#44; and&#44; as a result&#44; may lead to increased RDW values&#46; The association between OSA and systemic inflammation continues to be a topic of debate&#46; Research primarily conducted in laboratory animals indicates that intermittent hypoxia plays a role in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis&#44; and one of the main intermediate mechanisms of this is systemic inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Carotid ultrasonography has been used to show how CPAP reduces carotid intima-media thickness as an expression of improvement in subclinical atherosclerosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> However&#44; controlled studies have not shown any reduction in the level of systemic inflammation evaluated using various proinflammatory cytokines after 6 months of treatment with CPAP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Thus&#44; the role of inflammation as a factor explaining the consistent increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in OSA patients is currently in question&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Data from our study indicate that CRP levels are higher in OSA patients than in healthy individuals&#59; however&#44; effective CPAP treatment did not help reduce CRP or RDW levels&#46; This supports the findings of the randomized trial by Stradling et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> in which CPAP failed to reduce OSA-related systemic inflammation&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The finding of a positive correlation between RDW and CRP in the overall population and among OSA patients reinforces the idea that RDW may be a biomarker for systemic inflammation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; no independent relationship between RDW and CRP was identified in OSA patients&#46; This suggests that these 2 biomarkers&#44; at least in OSA&#44; reflect different physiopathological processes&#46; After 1 year of CPAP treatment&#44; RDW remained unchanged in OSA patients&#44; so our results do not confirm previous results in which RDW was modified with the use of CPAP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In this study&#44; follow-up was only 6 months&#44; the population was smaller &#40;n&#61;58&#41;&#44; only patients with AHI&#62;30 were included&#44; and most patients had other comorbidities confounding the interpretation of results that RDW&#44; like other circulating biomarkers such as CRP&#44; do not change with CPAP&#46; Our results do not confirm the effect of CPAP on RDW levels&#46; However&#44; the study populations are different&#44; since our patients were selected with the aim of avoiding potential causes of systemic inflammation other than OSA&#44; thus avoiding bias in interpretation&#46; The lack of effect of CPAP on RDW did not indicate a lack of treatment efficacy&#46; On the contrary&#44; after 1 year of therapy&#44; OSA patients receiving CPAP showed statistically significant reductions in Epworth scale values and diastolic blood pressure figures&#44; findings similar to those repeatedly described in association with CPAP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some limitations must be taken into account when interpreting the results of this study&#44; mainly its observational nature and the lack of randomization to evaluate the effect of CPAP&#46; However&#44; the sample size was&#44; according to the literature&#44; sufficient to allow changes due to the CPAP intervention to be detected&#46; The groups of healthy subjects and OSA patients are not fully comparable&#44; since the healthy subjects were somewhat younger&#44; more of them were women&#44; and they presented a lower BMI&#44; lower blood pressure and lower blood lipid levels&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion&#47;exclusion criteria of our series are also very restrictive&#44; and the population was limited to subjects aged 18&#8211;60 years&#46; This prevents any generalization of results to the overall OSA population&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; as the screening of participants was restrictive&#44; selection bias was avoided &#40;subjects with chronic diseases associated with an increase in RDW were excluded&#41;&#44; so robust associations between RDW and OSA can be established&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusions</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RDW was higher among a population of OSA patients with no associated comorbidity than among healthy individuals without OSA&#46; The RDW level was independently associated with the severity of OSA in the absence of associated comorbidity&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; RDW was not modified by effective treatment of OSA with CPAP&#44; and this study brings into question the clinical utility of RDW in the management of patients with OSA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Funding</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EPIOSA is a research project funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III &#40;PI12&#47;01275&#41;&#44; the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery &#40;SEPAR 71&#47;2012&#41;&#44; and the Aragon Respiratory Tract Society &#40;SADAR 02&#47;2013&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Authorship</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Le&#243;n E&#46; had access to the data&#44; completed them and entered them in a database&#44; and subsequently performed the statistical analysis&#46; Le&#243;n E&#46; was the principal author&#46; Marin J&#46;M&#46; supervised and helped to complete the study&#46; G&#243;mara S&#46; contributed to data analysis and interpretation&#46; All participated in the preparation of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests related with the topic of this manuscript&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Red cell distribution width &#40;RDW&#41; describes heterogeneity in the size of red blood cells&#46; An increase in RDW has been associated with excess mortality in heart failure and other chronic diseases&#46; Since there is an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in obstructive sleep apnea &#40;OSA&#41;&#44; it is possible that these patients have a high RDW&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We recruited subjects aged 18&#8211;60 years referred to the sleep-disordered breathing unit for suspected OSA&#46; Subjects with any comorbidity were excluded&#46; Apnea-hypopnea index &#40;AHI&#41; was calculated from the respiratory polygraphy&#46; The RDW was obtained from the complete blood count&#46; Changes in RDW after one year of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure &#40;CPAP&#41; were determined&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We included 34 healthy subjects and 138 with OSA&#44; aged 40&#46;5&#177;9&#46;8 and 45&#46;6&#177;9&#46;2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;004&#41; years&#44; respectively&#46; The RDW was higher in subjects with OSA compared to healthy subjects&#58; 13&#46;40 &#40;12&#46;40&#8211;14&#46;40&#41; vs&#46; 13&#46;15 &#40;12&#46;07&#8211;14&#46;23&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;036&#41;&#46; AHI showed a positive independent relationship with RDW in both the whole population &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;223&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;002&#41; and the OSA group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;231&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;005&#41;&#46; No significant changes were found in RDW after one year of CPAP therapy&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RDW increase in patients with OSA is directly associated with severity&#44; although levels are not modified by the effective treatment of OSA with CPAP&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Method"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El ancho de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria &#40;ADE&#41; describe el grado de heterogeneidad en el tama&#241;o de los hemat&#237;es&#46; Un incremento de ADE se ha asociado con exceso de mortalidad en insuficiencia cardiaca y otras enfermedades cr&#243;nicas&#46; Dado que existe mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad cardiovascular en apnea obstructiva del sue&#241;o &#40;AOS&#41;&#44; es posible que estos pacientes presenten un ADE elevado&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se reclutaron sujetos de 18 a 60 a&#241;os remitidos a la Unidad de Trastornos Respiratorios del Sue&#241;o &#40;UTRS&#41; por sospecha de AOS&#46; Se excluyeron sujetos con cualquier comorbilidad&#46; En la poligraf&#237;a respiratoria se determin&#243; el &#237;ndice de apnea-hipopnea &#40;IAH&#41;&#46; El ADE se obtuvo a partir del hemograma&#46; Al a&#241;o de seguimiento se determinaron los cambios de ADE tras tratamiento con presi&#243;n positiva continua en la v&#237;a respiratoria &#40;CPAP&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 34 sujetos sin AOS y 138 con AOS con una edad de 40&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;8 y 45&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;2 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;004&#41; respectivamente&#46; El ADE fue mayor en sujetos con AOS que en sujetos sanos&#58; 13&#44;40 &#40;12&#44;40-14&#44;40&#41; vs 13&#44;15 &#40;12&#44;07-14&#44;23&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;036&#41;&#46; El IAH mostr&#243; una relaci&#243;n positiva e independiente con ADE tanto en el conjunto de la poblaci&#243;n &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;223&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41; como en el grupo con AOS &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;231&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;005&#41;&#46; No se observaron cambios significativos de ADE tras un a&#241;o de tratamiento con CPAP&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El ADE est&#225; aumentado en AOS en relaci&#243;n directa con su gravedad&#44; sin embargo&#44; sus niveles no se ven modificados por el tratamiento efectivo de la AOS con CPAP&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todo"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as&#58; Le&#243;n Sub&#237;as E&#44; G&#243;mara de la Cal S&#44; Marin Trigo JM&#46; Ancho de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria en apnea obstructiva del sue&#241;o&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2017&#59;53&#58;114&#8211;119&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Red cell distribution width &#40;RDW&#41; formula&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study patient disposition&#46;</p>"
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      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear correlation of apnea-hypopnea &#40;AHI&#41; index and red cell distribution width &#40;RDW&#41; for the overall study population&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation and variables with non-normal distribution are expressed as median &#40;interquartile range&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; CRP&#44; C-reactive protein&#59; DBP&#44; diastolic blood pressure&#59; FEV1&#44; forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; FVC&#44; forced vital capacity&#59; Hb&#44; hemoglobin&#59; HDL&#44; high-density lipoprotein&#59; LDL&#44; low-density lipoprotein&#59; OSA&#44; sleep obstructive apnea&#59; PYI&#44; pack-year index&#59; RDW&#44; red cell distribution width&#59; SBP&#44; systolic blood pressure&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No OSA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#61;34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OSA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#61;138&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&#46;5&#177;9&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45&#46;6&#177;9&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Men&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;52&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">110 &#40;80&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#46;9&#177;3&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#46;1&#177;4&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epworth&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#46;3&#177;5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#46;3&#177;4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;973&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118&#46;5&#177;15&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">129&#46;3&#177;14&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74&#46;0&#177;11&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80&#46;1&#177;11&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC&#44; l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;48&#177;0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;38&#177;1&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;611&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV1&#44; l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;59&#177;0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;46&#177;0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;369&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">200&#177;36&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">214&#46;2&#177;39&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">120 &#40;72&#8211;162&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">132 &#40;89&#8211;175&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54&#46;2&#177;9&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&#46;5&#177;10&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93&#46;5 &#40;50&#46;5&#8211;136&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">128&#46;5 &#40;42&#46;5&#8211;214&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blood glucose&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">86&#46;5 &#40;76&#46;5&#8211;96&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92 &#40;73&#8211;111&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;82&#177;0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;87&#177;0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hb&#44; g&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;6 &#40;12&#46;7&#8211;16&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;9 &#40;13&#46;6&#8211;16&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;058&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CRP&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;08 &#40;0&#8211;0&#46;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;23 &#40;0&#8211;0&#46;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RDW&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;15 &#40;12&#46;07&#8211;14&#46;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;40 &#40;12&#46;40&#8211;14&#46;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;036&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AHI&#44; apnea-hypopnea index&#59; BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; CRP&#44; C-reactive protein&#59; CT90&#44; time SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#60;90&#37;&#59; DBP&#44; diastolic blood pressure&#59; Hb&#44; hemoglobin&#59; HDL&#44; high-density lipoprotein&#59; LDL&#44; low-density lipoprotein&#59; PYI&#44; pack-year index&#59; RDW&#44; red cell distribution width&#59; SBP&#44; systolic blood pressure&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Linear Regression</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Multiple Regression &#40;Model With AHI&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Multiple Regression &#40;Model With CT90&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;082&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;291&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;190&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;181&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;151&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epworth&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;151&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;054&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PYI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;071&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;366&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;783&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;085&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;280&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;857&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;095&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;232&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;150&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;053&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;949&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blood glucose&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;109&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;163&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;038&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;627&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hb&#44; g&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;074&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;343&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CRP&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;197&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;236&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;146&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;035&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CT90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;232&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">AHI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;223&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation and variables with non-normal distribution are expressed as median &#40;interquartile range&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AHI&#44; apnea-hypopnea index&#59; BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; CPAP&#44; continuous positive airway pressure&#59; CRP&#44; C-reactive protein&#59; DBP&#44; diastolic blood pressure&#59; FEV1&#44; forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; FVC&#44; forced vital capacity&#59; Hb&#44; hemoglobin&#59; HDL&#44; high-density lipoprotein&#59; LDL&#44; low-density lipoprotein&#59; OSA&#44; sleep obstructive apnea&#59; PYI&#44; pack-year index&#59; RDW&#44; red cell distribution width&#59; SBP&#44; systolic blood pressure&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No OSA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#61;32&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OSA Not Treated With CPAP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#61;44&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OSA Treated With CPAP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#61;71&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 Year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 Year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 Year<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">AHI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;1&#177;1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;3&#177;2&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;648&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#177;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#177;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;144&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#177;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;7&#177;3&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epworth&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#177;5&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;3&#177;4&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;1&#177;4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;1&#177;4&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;5&#177;4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;9&#177;5&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#46;5&#177;3&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#46;6&#177;3&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;749&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#46;4&#177;4&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#46;5&#177;4&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;687&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&#46;1&#177;5&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&#46;7&#177;4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;025&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">117&#46;9&#177;16&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">112&#46;4&#177;13&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;055&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">122&#46;7&#177;14&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">121&#46;9&#177;11&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;701&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">132&#46;7&#177;13&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">131&#46;4&#177;14&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;468&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&#46;7&#177;11&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68&#46;5&#177;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74&#46;1&#177;10&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&#46;7&#177;8&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;815&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83&#46;4&#177;11&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&#46;1&#177;9&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">201&#46;5&#177;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">201&#46;3&#177;39&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;977&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">211&#46;6&#177;37&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">210&#177;32&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;648&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">216&#46;7&#177;39&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">211&#46;9&#177;36&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;248&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119 &#40;102&#8211;141&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">124 &#40;98&#8211;141&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;864&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">129 &#40;109&#8211;156&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">128 &#40;113&#8211;146&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;971&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">137 &#40;117&#8211;161&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">129 &#40;110&#8211;152&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;205&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54&#46;3&#177;9&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52&#46;9&#177;10&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;303&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51&#46;1&#177;9&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50&#46;8&#177;10&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;790&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46&#46;8&#177;11&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46&#46;9&#177;10&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;830&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">94 &#40;76&#8211;122&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92 &#40;71&#8211;125&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;546&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">114 &#40;88&#8211;167&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">125 &#40;81&#8211;168&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;683&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">137 &#40;102&#8211;192&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">140 &#40;98&#8211;194&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;425&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blood glucose&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88 &#40;82&#8211;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">84 &#40;76&#8211;93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;039&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89 &#40;82&#8211;101&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90 &#40;85&#8211;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;054&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95 &#40;85&#8211;102&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95 &#40;90&#8211;102&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;529&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;83&#177;0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;83&#177;0&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;823&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;86&#177;0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;83&#177;0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;098&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;8&#177;0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;8&#177;0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;979&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
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Article information

ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.arbr.2016.12.003

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	2	4	6
2024 October	66	35	101
2024 September	62	19	81
2024 August	99	38	137
2024 July	68	25	93
2024 June	85	41	126
2024 May	129	25	154
2024 April	47	42	89
2024 March	54	24	78
2024 February	45	28	73
2023 March	18	2	20
2023 February	78	19	97
2023 January	78	44	122
2022 December	76	26	102
2022 November	93	22	115
2022 October	102	39	141
2022 September	72	35	107
2022 August	65	32	97
2022 July	53	43	96
2022 June	67	40	107
2022 May	87	31	118
2022 April	109	30	139
2022 March	147	37	184
2022 February	168	30	198
2022 January	142	47	189
2021 December	96	50	146
2021 November	103	44	147
2021 October	85	49	134
2021 September	94	42	136
2021 August	39	58	97
2021 July	107	28	135
2021 June	64	49	113
2021 May	64	53	117
2021 April	100	96	196
2021 March	71	24	95
2021 February	49	25	74
2021 January	65	23	88
2020 December	44	32	76
2020 November	53	26	79
2020 October	60	19	79
2020 September	40	16	56
2020 August	35	14	49
2020 July	59	20	79
2020 June	46	9	55
2020 May	43	11	54
2020 April	39	33	72
2020 March	24	10	34
2020 February	41	18	59
2020 January	50	23	73
2019 December	38	18	56
2019 November	54	25	79
2019 October	40	21	61
2019 September	27	7	34
2019 August	36	21	57
2019 July	36	17	53
2019 June	31	13	44
2019 May	52	21	73
2019 April	54	29	83
2019 March	51	19	70
2019 February	37	13	50
2019 January	31	12	43
2018 December	35	15	50
2018 November	73	22	95
2018 October	83	18	101
2018 September	34	11	45
2018 May	15	0	15
2018 April	86	4	90
2018 March	17	9	26
2018 February	21	8	29
2018 January	15	7	22
2017 December	23	6	29
2017 November	29	8	37
2017 October	31	12	43
2017 September	19	12	31
2017 August	22	16	38
2017 July	28	13	41
2017 June	36	20	56
2017 May	1	1	2

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