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such as rejection or ischemia&#8211;reperfusion injury&#46; Although the first mouse transplantation took place in 1971&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> in the 20th century the procedure was generally performed in dogs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> pigs&#44; sheep<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and monkeys&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> since larger animals offer advantages in the development of surgical techniques and transfer of results to humans in the clinical setting&#46; These species continue to be used today&#44; particularly for surgical training&#44; but smaller species&#44; such as rabbits&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> rats and mice&#44; which have considerable advantages in terms of expense&#44; management and logistics&#44; and are less constrained by ethical considerations&#44; have acquired greater prominence&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Orthotopic transplantation of the left lung was initially developed in rat models&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> while heart&#8211;lung transplant is less common due to high mortality rates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Improvements in surgical and anesthetic techniques&#44; mechanical ventilation and preservation and reperfusion of organs have improved the success rate and reproducibility of the model&#46; Heterotopic transplantation models have also been developed&#44; although ventilation and good graft perfusion have not been achieved&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Finally&#44; the mouse model is enhanced by the availability of a wide range of strains that allow the study of genetic factors that may affect the transplant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this review is to describe the different procedures used in mouse lung transplantation&#44; paying special attention to surgical techniques and perioperative management&#44; including anesthesia&#8211;analgesia&#44; mechanical ventilation&#44; post-operative care&#44; and prevention of complications&#46; We also review the main clinical contributions of lung transplantation in rodents&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Anesthesia and Perioperative Care</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anesthetic protocols must provide sufficient anesthesia and analgesia to maintain the physiological stability of the animal&#44; and they must be easily reversible after surgery is completed&#46; Although induction and recovery from inhalation anesthesia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> &#40;1&#46;5&#37;&#8211;2&#37; isoflurane or 2&#46;5&#37;&#8211;3&#37; sevoflurane&#44; both known to protect the lung<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#41; is rapid&#44; this technique can be difficult to apply in the absence of proper facilities&#46; Specifically&#44; considerable economic resources are called for&#44; as inhalation anesthetics are costly&#44; and a team specializing in mechanical ventilation must be available to administer the anesthetic gases&#46; When inhalation anesthesia is not an option&#44; parenteral methods can be used instead &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ketamine is one of the most widely used drugs&#46; It provides an analgesic effect which is enhanced when administered together with an &#945;2-adrenergc receptor antagonist&#44; such as xylazine or medetomidine&#44; which simultaneously reduces muscle rigidity&#46; This combination of anesthetics can be easily reversed with the administration of an &#945;2-adrenergic receptor antagonist&#44; such as atipamezole&#46; Other combinations include ketamine and the benzodiazapine diazapam&#44; or fentanyl combined with medetomidine&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diuresis caused by &#945;2-adrenergic receptor antagonists must be compensated with subcutaneous fluid replacement&#46; Ophthalmic ointment must also be applied to prevent corneal dryness&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thoracotomy is a potent nociceptive stimulus&#44; so appropriate analgesia is essential&#46; Analgesia is generally provided in the form of preoperative subcutaneous administration of opioids &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; buprenorphine&#44; 10&#8211;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in rats or 50&#8211;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;kg&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in mice&#41; combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs &#40;meloxicam 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#41;&#46; Finally antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolin &#40;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41; or ceftriaxone &#40;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41; is recommended&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Ventilation</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once anesthetized&#44; the animals must be intubated with 14 G catheters for rats &#62;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; 16 G for rats 200&#8211;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g or 22 G for mice weighing around 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; and mechanically ventilated&#46; For the recipient&#44; the pressure-controlled mode is usually recommended&#44; since the left lung will not be functional during a large part of the surgery&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ventilator should be set to a tidal volume of 7&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;kg &#40;if volume-controlled ventilation is used&#41;&#44; or a maximum pressure of 10&#8211;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O &#40;in the case of pressure-controlled ventilation&#41;&#44; with a respiratory rate of 60&#8211;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>breaths&#47;minute&#46; Moreover&#44; a positive end-expiratory pressure of 2&#8211;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O is highly recommended for avoiding the formation of atelectasis during expiration&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Intraoperative Monitoring</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Equipment specifically designed for rodents is available for recording pulse oximetry&#44; capnography&#44; non-invasive arterial pressure or electrocardiogram&#46; Devices designed for humans or large animals are generally unsuitable for rodents&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also important to monitor body temperature using a thermometer or rectal probe and to maintain it between 37&#46;5 and 38&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Hypothermia is a very common complication in rodents and adverse events can occur if temperatures fall below 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; including delayed recovery from anesthesia&#46; An electric blanket or hot water bottle can be used to maintain body temperature&#44; although the animal must be monitored to avoid possible hyperthermia&#46; Oxygen saturation tends to remain at levels above 99&#37; when the inspired fraction of oxygen is increased to between 30&#37; and 60&#37;&#44; compared to 21&#37; ambient air&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Surgical Aspects of Orthotopic Lung Transplantation in Mice and Rats</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The left lung orthotopic transplantation model is the most widely used&#44; thanks to its viability and greater simplicity&#44; since the left lung is formed of a single lobe&#44; while the right lung is divided in 4&#46; However&#44; orthotopic transplantation of the right lung has also been performed in mice&#46;</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Preparation of the Donor</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Extraction of the complete heart&#8211;lung block is generally recommended&#46; The animal is anesthetized and placed in a supine position&#44; and the operative field is prepared by shaving the skin of the chest and applying povidone iodine or chlorhexidine in an outward movement from the center of the chest&#46; A median sternotomy is then performed with inferior vena cava&#44; subcutaneous or intracoronary heparin delivery &#40;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; to prevent clots forming in the lung for transplant&#46; Using an optical microscope&#44; the lung hilum is dissected to locate the aortic arch&#44; which is then clamped&#46; Incisions are simultaneously made in the atria and the inferior vena cava&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In most models&#44; anterograde perfusion is performed via the right ventricle<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> or the pulmonary trunk<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;21&#8211;23</span></a>although it is advisable to combine this procedure with retrograde perfusion from the left atrium<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> to simulate physiological conditions&#46; The lungs may be perfused at a constant&#44; uniform pressure &#40;10&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41; with cold preservation fluid &#40;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#44; consisting of low potassium dextran glucose &#40;LPDG&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The trachea is then ligated and dissected for extraction of the entire heart&#8211;lung block&#44; with the lung inflated to prevent the formation of atelectasis and to improve oxygenation and the presence of surfactant in order to reduce ischemia&#8211;reperfusion injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> Recommendations for inflation range between 50&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;25</span></a> and 75&#37;&#8211;100&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> of total lung capacity&#44; taking care to avoid barotrauma&#46; Inflation before preservation also reduces the expression of proinflammatory markers after reperfusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For preservation&#44; the donor lung is generally maintained at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C to minimize ischemic injury to the graft&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> The most commonly used preservation solution is low potassium dextran &#40;Perfadex&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;28&#8211;30</span></a> although others are available&#44; including Celsior&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Euro-Collins or Wisconsin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Preparation of the Graft</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the lung block has been extracted&#44; the left lung must be separated&#44; clamping the bronchus to keep it inflated&#46; The bronchus&#44; the artery and the pulmonary veins are dissected as distally as possible to the lung to assist anastomosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Preparation of the left lung will vary depending on the anastomosis method used&#58; vascular and bronchial anastomosis with sutures&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;19&#44;21&#44;32</span></a> bronchial anastomosis with sutures and vascular anastomosis with cuffs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;33&#8211;36</span></a> and vascular and bronchial anastomosis with cuffs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;22&#44;23&#44;35&#8211;39</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; In the first case&#44; the lung hilum is dissected&#44; separating each structure for anastomosis&#44; while maintaining the lung in the low temperature preservation medium&#46; In the latter 2 cases&#44; rather than using sutures&#44; the vascular and bronchial anastomoses are simplified by using cuffs designed for transplantation of lungs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> and other organs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#8211;42</span></a> These are ring-shaped devices made of polyvinyl chloride or Teflon&#174;&#44; prepared from cannulae or catheters&#46; Sizes for rats range from 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G to 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G&#44; the larger ones being used in the bronchus and the smaller ones in the pulmonary artery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Conventional cuffs consist of a main body&#44; on which the vessels or the bronchus are joined and an extension tab to facilitate manipulation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The cuff is 2&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in length &#40;body 1&#44; 1&#46;5 or 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and the tab 1 or 1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; A modified&#44; tabless cuff model has been developed&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;36&#44;42</span></a> but this makes it more complicated to manipulate&#46; For this reason&#44; some groups use the standard cuff&#44; and remove the tab after anastomosis has been performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Irrespectively of the type of cuff used&#44; the procedure is conducted by introducing the vein&#44; artery or bronchus of the donor lung through the hole of the cuff&#46; It is then everted over the cuff and fixed to the cuff with a polypropylene ligature&#44; 7&#47;0 or 8&#47;0 in rats<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> and 10&#47;0 in mice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The bronchus is occasionally prepared at the moment of implantation to prevent preservation solution from infiltrating the airway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Recipient Preparation</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The animal is anesthetized&#44; given appropriate analgesia and placed in right lateral decubitus position&#46; The surgical field is prepared in the same way as for the donor animal and a lateral thoractomy is made through the fourth intercostal space&#46; The left lung is extracted and the principal structures are isolated&#44; clamping the left pulmonary artery&#44; vein and bronchus&#44; as distally as possible to the lung&#46; These structures are dissected as close as possible to the pulmonary parenchyma&#46; To avoid the formation of thrombi&#44; heparinized saline &#40;0&#46;5&#8211;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;ml&#41; is administered to the artery and vein&#46; All structures must be handled carefully to avoid vascular tears&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The vascular structures and the bronchus are then anastomosed&#46; Cuff anastomosis is shown in the photograph in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the bronchus has been anastomosed&#44; the donor lung must be ventilated to avoid the formation of atelectasis and to enhance alveolar recruitment&#46; Rapid lung reperfusion indicates that the anastomosis is patent&#46; Finally&#44; the native lung is extracted from the recipient animal&#44; leaving only the donor lung&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A drainage tube must be inserted so that remains of blood&#44; fluid or air around the lungs can be eliminated and the lungs can expand normally&#46; The chest cavity is then closed by layers&#44; and the drainage tube is withdrawn when the animal recovers from anesthesia and begins to breathe spontaneously&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The time to complete surgery varies&#44; depending on the group of professionals and the technique used&#46; In general&#44; the procedure is faster with the cuff technique than with conventional sutures&#44; particularly when sutures are applied to vessels and the bronchus&#46; Similarly&#44; the survival rate is higher when anastomosis is performed with cuffs&#44; compared to sutures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Postoperative Care</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After surgery&#44; analgesic and antibiotic treatment must be administered for at least 5&#8211;6 days&#44; and analgesia can be increased in case of pain&#46; The surgical wound must be cleaned and disinfected to aid healing&#46; Protocols for monitoring and assessment of endpoint criteria must be established&#44; including aspects such as loss of weight&#44; physical appearance&#44; ventilatory pattern&#44; presence of cyanosis&#44; or the behavior of the animal&#46; If any of these variables changes&#44; corrective actions must be immediately implemented&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Perioperative Complications and Management</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most significant complications occur as a result of the surgical procedure&#44; in the preparation of both the donor and the recipient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> A relatively long learning curve is required before skills are acquired in the use of microsurgical equipment and success in the technique is achieved&#44; and mortality can be high during the training period&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Some authors set 50 transplantations as the threshold for perfecting the procedure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The duration of the surgery and time spent performing anastomoses impact on the appearance of complications and on the animal&#39;s survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;16&#44;30&#44;32&#44;44</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; the use of cuffs requires less skill and experience&#44; and the procedure is faster than with sutures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;45</span></a> Vascular cuffs reduce the risk of bleeding and with it the formation of granulation tissue&#44; reducing the long-term risk of thrombosis or stenosis in the anastomosis sites&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> Bronchial leaks&#44; a factor causing pneumothorax which compromises the functionality of the graft&#44; are rarer with cuff anastomosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> However&#44; the diameter of the cuff must be adequate to avoid reducing the size of the lumen&#44; and moreover&#44; a foreign-body reaction may occur&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;38&#44;45</span></a> Modified cuffs&#44; without extension handles or tabs&#44; reduce the risk of twisting of the vessels or bronchi after anastomosis and injury caused by these extensions themselves&#46; They are also smaller&#44; so less foreign-body reaction is produced&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> Other perioperative complications include vena cava rupture&#44; pleural empyema&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> respiratory arrest&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> and venous thrombosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most significant postoperative complications include respiratory failure&#44; hemoptysis&#44; thrombosis of a bronchial vein or artery&#44; pneumothorax&#44; respiratory infections&#44; pleural effusion&#44; pulmonary edema&#44; and graft rejection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;46</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Main Scientific Contributions</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the complexity of the surgery&#44; rodent lung transplantation models are sufficiently standardized and reproducible to be useful in the evaluation of different surgical techniques and the mechanisms of the main transplantation complications in humans&#46; To date&#44; mouse lung transplantation has helped generate knowledge on donor characteristics&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;47</span></a> lung conservation and preservation models&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;48&#44;49</span></a> ischemia&#8211;reperfusion injury&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;50&#8211;52</span></a> and particularly&#44; acute and chronic rejection &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;53&#8211;66</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Primary Graft Dysfunction due to Ischemia&#8211;Reperfusion Injury</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary graft dysfunction occurs in the first 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and severity depends on the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio and the presence of radiological infiltrates&#46; It is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immediate postoperative period&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of this phenomenon in mouse models has led to a better characterization of the causative mechanisms&#44; in which the primary lesion of the neutrophils caused by ischemia&#8211;reperfusion appears to play a fundamental role&#46; Thus&#44; neutrophils isolated from the airways of transplant recipient have been seen to stimulate the donor&#39;s dendritic cells by a contact-dependent mechanism to induce IL-12 production and to expand alloantigen-specific T cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> This phenomenon&#44; in turn&#44; has been shown to be regulated by the degranulation induced by TNF-&#945; associated with the neutrophil plasma membrane&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> Furthermore&#44; some factors which modulate this cell-mediated response have been identified&#44; which may be of potential interest in the design of future therapeutic approaches&#46; The transcriptional factor Bc13 has been seen to limit granulopoiesis via a dependent NF-kB pathway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Acute Cell-mediated Rejection</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mouse models provide an ideal medium for the study of acute cell-mediated rejection&#44; as the grade of concordance or discordance of the major histocompatibility antigen can be evaluated in pure strains&#46; This is of particular interest in the development of specific monitoring systems for this transplantation model&#46; In addition to using bronchoalveolar lavages for the study of airway cellularity and measuring oxygenation capacity with arterial blood gases&#44; specific imaging techniques have been developed&#44; such as volumetric tomography<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> or ultra-short magnetic resonance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> These&#44; together with the histological evaluation of the ultrastructural changes in acute rejection using scanning electron microscopy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> improve the monitoring of the transplanted lung&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complementary procedures have also been developed for the evaluation of lung function&#46; The forced oscillation technique is very useful in mouse models&#44; since dynamic elastance and its frequency dependence appear to have the ability to predict the grade of acute rejection&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> and can be used as non-invasive indices for detecting and monitoring disease progression&#46; In an image-function setting&#44; micro-positron emission tomography can be used to identify increased <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by neutrophils and CD8 lymphocytes&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> providing a more precise picture of acute rejection from the evaluation of T cell metabolism&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The evaluation of the pathogenic mechanisms of acute rejection in mouse models has fostered the development of interventions for prolonging graft survival&#44; for example&#44; by blocking anti-CD28-B7 costimulators and the CD40&#8211;CD40 ligand&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> Other authors have shown in an MHC-mismatched orthotopic mouse lung transplantation model that monotherapy with anti-CD154 antibodies may be sufficient to attenuate acute rejection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> by blocking CD154&#47;CD40 costimulation&#44; which fosters a shift in the graft environment toward a predominance of CD4&#40;&#43;&#41; CD25&#40;&#43;&#41; Foxp3&#40;&#43;&#41; regulatory T cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> Some pulmonary nonhematopoietic cells have also been reported to play an important role in the in vivo suppression of CD4&#40;&#43;&#41; T cell immune-mediated responses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although it still early&#44; these findings may be transferred to clinical practice in the form of N-acetylcysteine therapy&#46; The administration of this compound in mouse models has been shown to diminish acute lung rejection by reducing the macrophage and T cell infiltration that is intimately related with reduction of the NF-kB-mediated inflammatory signaling pathway&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Chronic Rejection</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic rejection usually manifests as the development of bronchiolitis obliterans&#44; caused by lymphocyte and neutrophils cell infiltration attributable to a series of factors&#44; such as excessive activation of the innate immune system&#44; abnormal angiogenesis&#44; or inadequate epithelial regeneration and remodeling of the lymphoproliferative tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although each animal model has its advantages and limitations in the study of bronchiolitis obliterans&#44; the mouse model of bronchiolitis obliterans associated with lung transplantation mimics more closely chronic rejection in humans than other models of bronchiolitis obliterans induced by chemical agents&#46; Moreover&#44; it can be used to make serial evaluations of both lung function and multiple morphological changes or altered cell function&#44; and for testing the efficacy of different drugs&#46; Another important advantage is the availability of models with knock-out and transgenic strains of multiple human diseases&#44; that can be used to reproduce situations of chronic rejection relatively similar to those that occur in different end-stage respiratory diseases&#44; and for evaluating the contribution of potential signaling pathways&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; some anatomical and physiological factors of the mouse lung cause translational difficulties&#46; Compared to human lungs&#44; mouse bronchioles have fewer submucosal glands and a greater number of Clara cells&#46; This environment protects against bronchiolar epithelial injury&#44; primarily due the production of Clara cell secretory protein and a solution similar to lung surfactant&#44; so more vascular injury than epithelial injury is generated in these rejection models&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; significant advances have been made in recent years in the development of different bronchiolitis obliterans mouse models<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63&#8211;65</span></a> and DNA microarrays for evaluating chronic rejection after transplantation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; techniques in mouse lung transplantation have developed significantly&#44; contributing to a range of different surgical alternatives with excellent viability of transplanted animals&#46; These experimental surgical models that have demonstrated their utility in generating knowledge on the pathogenic mechanisms of ischemia&#8211;reperfusion injury and rejection are now more widely accessible&#44; and may be translated to humans in the medium term&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Funding</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This project received assistance with grant <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">FPU2013-01638</span>&#44; awarded to Daniel Ruiz-P&#233;rez by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Spanish Ministry of Education&#44; Culture and Sport</span>&#46; The grant provider played no part in study design&#44; data collection and analysis&#44; or the preparation of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that they have no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Anesthesia and Perioperative Care"
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          "titulo" => "Surgical Aspects of Orthotopic Lung Transplantation in Mice and Rats"
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              "titulo" => "Preparation of the Donor"
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          "titulo" => "Main Scientific Contributions"
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              "titulo" => "Primary Graft Dysfunction due to Ischemia&#8211;Reperfusion Injury"
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              "titulo" => "Acute Cell-mediated Rejection"
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              "titulo" => "Chronic Rejection"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-02-04"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-04-15"
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            0 => "Transplantation"
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            2 => "Experimental"
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            0 => "Trasplante"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; the number of lung transplantations performed as the last option for many respiratory diseases has grown considerably&#44; both in adults and children&#46; However&#44; the causes for the relatively short survival of lungs compared to other organ transplants still need to be studied&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Techniques have improved since the 1950s when experimental lung transplantation began&#44; and the different animal species used now include rodents&#46; The advantage of using these small species is that the surgical model has been expanded and standardized&#44; and different respiratory problems can be studied&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this review we examine the different technical strategies used in experimental transplantation in rats and mice&#44; focusing on surgical techniques and anesthesia and monitoring methods&#44; and highlighting the major contributions of mouse lung transplantation to the field&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A lo largo de las &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas&#44; el n&#250;mero de trasplantes pulmonares realizados como terapia final de muchas enfermedades respiratorias ha ido creciendo considerablemente&#44; tanto en la poblaci&#243;n adulta como a nivel pedi&#225;trico&#46; Sin embargo&#44; se hace muy necesario estudiar las causas por las que su supervivencia es relativamente baja en comparaci&#243;n con otros trasplantes de &#243;rganos&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Por ello&#44; desde mediados del siglo pasado comenzaron a realizarse trasplantes pulmonares experimentales&#44; cuya t&#233;cnica ha ido mejorando&#44; y se ha ampliado a distintas especies animales hasta llegar a los roedores&#46; La ventaja que presentan estas especies peque&#241;as ha facilitado que el modelo quir&#250;rgico se haya extendido y estandarizado&#44; permitiendo estudiar diferentes aspectos relacionados con las enfermedades respiratorias&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En esta revisi&#243;n se analizan las distintas modalidades t&#233;cnicas disponibles de trasplante experimental en rata y rat&#243;n&#44; destacando tanto la t&#233;cnica quir&#250;rgica como la anest&#233;sica o la monitorizaci&#243;n&#44; as&#237; como las principales aportaciones generadas por el trasplante pulmonar murino&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Please cite this article as&#58; Ruiz-P&#233;rez D&#46; Aspectos t&#233;cnicos y utilidades del trasplante pulmonar experimental murino&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2016&#59;52&#58;596&#8211;604&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Extraction and preparation of the donor lung&#46; Median sternotomy and dissection and extraction of the heart&#8211;lung block&#46; Dissection of the left pulmonary artery &#40;LPA&#41;&#44; left pulmonary veins &#40;LPV&#41;&#44; and the left bronchus &#40;LBr&#41;&#46; AO&#58; thoracic aorta&#59; IVC&#58; inferior vena cava&#59; LA&#58; left atrium&#59; L SVC&#58; left superior vena cava&#59; LL&#58; left left&#59; RA&#58; right atrium&#59; R SVC&#58; right superior vena cava&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dose &#40;mg&#47;kg&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Duration &#40;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ketamine<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>medetomidine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&#8211;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#8211;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#8211;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ketamine<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>diazepam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&#8211;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anesthestic Combinations Used in Rats and Mice During Surgical Procedures&#44; Including Lung Transplantation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Technique&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cuff Length &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cuff Diameter &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Survival &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Suture</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Asimacopoulos&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> 1971&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Suture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B-A-V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Marck&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> 1982&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">240&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Suture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">V-A-B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><br>50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Prop&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> 1984&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">210<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31 and 238<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Suture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">V-A-B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89 and 75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7521<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Suture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B-A-V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><br>50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vascular cuffs and bronchial suture</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mizuta&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> 1989&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">V-A-B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;body&#58; 1&#59; tab&#58; 1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 and 1&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Kubisa&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> 2003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">120&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">V-A-B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mizobuchi&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> 2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">116<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">V-A-B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;body&#58; 2&#46;5&#59; tab&#58; 1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Zhai&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> 2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Modified cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A-B-V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;5 &#40;body&#58; 1&#59; tab&#58; 1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Habertheuer&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B-A-V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100 &#40;70&#8211;90&#8211;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vascular and bronchial cuffs</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mizuta&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> 1991&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> 1995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">108&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A-V-B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;body&#58; 2&#59; tab&#58; 1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Santana Rodr&#237;guez&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> 2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">V-B-A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;body&#58; 1&#46;5&#59; tab&#58; 1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;2 and 1&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mizobuchi&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> 2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">84&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">V-B-A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;body&#58; 2&#46;5&#59; tab&#58; 1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;1 and 1&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">91&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Zhai<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#44; 2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Modified cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A-B-V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;5 &#40;body&#58; 1&#59; tab&#58; 1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sugimoto&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> 2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">110 approx&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A-B-V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Jungraithmayr&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> 2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A-B-V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Different sizes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;64&#8211;0&#46;51&#8211;0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Santana Rodr&#237;guez&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> 2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">107&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A-B-V&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;body&#58; 1&#46;5&#59; tab&#58; 1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Zheng&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Conventional cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A-V-B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Different sizes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;81&#8211;0&#46;64&#8211;0&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Zheng&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Modified cuff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A-V-B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not described&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;81&#8211;0&#46;64&#8211;0&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Author and Year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Strains&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Objective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Aeba et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> 1992&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lewis &#40;donor and recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Left orthotopic lung transplantation after 6 or 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of cold ischemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Comparison of different lung preservation solutions &#40;Wisconsin and Euro-Collins&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Zweers et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> 2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fisher 344 &#40;donor&#41;&#59; Wistar Kyoto WKY &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with conventional suture technique and induced brain death in the donor for 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study of effect of induced brain death on chronic rejection after lung transplantation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Okazaki et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> 2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BALB&#47;c&#44; C57BL&#47;6 &#40;B6&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> &#40;donor&#41;&#59; B6 &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique and heterotopic trachea transplantation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Comparison of trachea transplantation and lung transplantation in acute rejection study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Greschus et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> 2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">F344&#44; Dark Agouti&#44; WKY &#40;donors&#41;&#59; WKY&#44; Lewis&#44; F344&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with vascular cuff technique and bronchial suture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Volumetric tomography monitoring and evaluation of transplanted lung&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Santana-Rodr&#237;guez et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> 2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sprague-Dawley &#40;donor and recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluation of the effect of estradiol on ischemia&#8211;reperfusion lung injury&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Santana Rodr&#237;guez et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> 2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sprague-Dawley &#40;donor and recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique and induced brain death in the donor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluation of anastomosis patency and signs of ischemia&#8211;reperfusion injury similar to acute rejection in 2 technical models&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kreisel et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> 2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Balb&#47;c&#44; B6&#44; B10&#46;BR CD11c-EYFP &#40;donor&#41;&#59; B6 LysM-GFP&#44; B6 TNF-&#945;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#47;&#8722;</span> &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique after 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of cold ischemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study of primary graft dysfunction due to ischemia&#8211;reperfusion injury&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kreisel et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> 2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B6 &#40;donor&#41;-B6 &#40;B6&#41;&#44; B6 &#40;Bcl3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study of transcription factor Bcl3 and its association with acute rejection after lung transplantation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dodd-o et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> 2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B6&#44; BALB&#47;c &#40;donor&#41;&#59; B6 &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study of reduction of acute rejection with use of anti-CD-154 antibodies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Jungraithmayr et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BALB&#47;c &#40;H-2Kd&#41; &#40;donor&#41;&#59; B6 &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluation of acute rejection using scanning electron microscopy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Santana-Rodr&#237;guez et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sprague-Dawley &#40;donor and recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluation of lung transplantation using DNA microarrays&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Chen et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B6&#44; BALB&#47;c &#40;donor&#41;&#59; B6 &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Identification of acute rejection by studying T cell metabolism with imaging techniques &#40;micro-positron emission tomography&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Erne et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a> 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Brown-Norway &#40;donor&#41;&#59; Lewis &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reduction of acute lung rejection with the administration of N-acetylcysteine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tanaka et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> 2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lewis &#40;donor and recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique after 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of preservation at different percentages of inflation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluation of effect of inflation of donor lungs during pulmonary preservation&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Takahashi et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> 2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Brown-Norway &#40;donor&#41;&#59; Lewis &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study of lung function in acute rejection using noninvasive techniques such as forced oscillation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kreisel et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> 2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B6<span class="elsevierStyleSup">CD45&#46;</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> B6II<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> &#40;donor&#41;&#59; B6&#44; B6Rag<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#47;&#8722;</span>&#44; B6&#47;B6II<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> F1 &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique and bone marrow transplantation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study of effect of pulmonary nonhematopoietic cells and their effect on CD4&#43; T cells&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Zhou et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B6&#44; BALB&#47;c &#40;donor&#41;&#59; B6 &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Relationship between acute rejection and IL-17 production&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Raissadati et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BALB&#47;c &#40;donor&#41;&#59; B6 &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Heterotopic trachea transplantation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study of the effect of CCN1 protein in a bronchiolitis obliterans model&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Wu et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C57Bl&#47;10&#44; B6 &#40;donor&#41;&#59; B6 &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Study of the influence of CD4&#43; T cells and IL-17 production in a bronchiolitis obliterans model&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Chuck et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mouse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B6&#44; BALB&#47;c &#40;H-2Kd&#41; &#40;donor&#41;&#59; B6 &#40;recipient&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Left orthotopic lung transplantation with cuff technique</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluation of changes in the transplanted lung due to acute rejection and ischemia&#8211;reperfusion injury using ultra-short magnetic resonance&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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