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Red Blood Cell Distribution Width in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Healthy Subjects
Amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y en sujetos sanos
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Los valores de amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria obtenidos antes del ecocardiograma fueron predictivos de la presencia de DVD, con una sensibilidad del 71% y una especificidad del 88%, y un valor de corte ><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16,9.</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ADE: amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria; DVD: disfunción ventricular derecha.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Guler Ozgul, Ekrem Cengiz Seyhan, Mehmet Akif Özgül, Mehmet Zeki Günlüoğlu" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Guler" "apellidos" => "Ozgul" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ekrem Cengiz" "apellidos" => "Seyhan" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet Akif" "apellidos" => "Özgül" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet Zeki" "apellidos" => "Günlüoğlu" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S1579212916301355" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2016.06.027" "estado" => 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class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Severity prevalence of COPD according to ALAT stages.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "María Montes de Oca, María Victorina López Varela, María Eugenia Laucho-Contreras, Alejandro Casas, Eduardo Schiavi, Alejandra Rey, Alejandra Silva" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María" "apellidos" => "Montes de Oca" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Victorina" "apellidos" => "López Varela" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Eugenia" "apellidos" => "Laucho-Contreras" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro" "apellidos" => "Casas" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eduardo" "apellidos" => "Schiavi" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandra" "apellidos" => "Rey" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandra" "apellidos" => "Silva" ] 7 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "on behalf of equipo del estudio PUMA" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0300289616302526" 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Ekrem Cengiz Seyhan, Mehmet Akif Ozgul, Mehmet Zeki Gunluoglu" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Guler" "apellidos" => "Ozgul" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Ekrem Cengiz" "apellidos" => "Seyhan" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "drekremcs@gmail.com" 1 => "drekremcs@yahoo.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet Akif" "apellidos" => "Ozgul" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet Zeki" "apellidos" => "Gunluoglu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Bağcılar Teaching Hospital, Estambul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Chest Diseases, Medical Faculty, Medipol University, Estambul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Yedikule Teaching Hospital for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Estambul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y en sujetos sanos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1514 "Ancho" => 1470 "Tamanyo" => 129890 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Receiver operating characteristic curve. Levels of RDW, obtained before echocardiography, were predictive for the presence of RVD with a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 88%, with a cutoff value >16.9 (RDW, red cell distribution width; RDV, right ventricular dysfunction).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmia, and coronary artery disease, has been reported to be common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> Therefore, COPD is known to be associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The most obvious explanation for the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates seen in COPD patients is the high prevalence among this group of smoking and other known risk factors for CVD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In addition, COPD is associated with oxidative stress, and inflammation that may also initiate or worsen co-morbid diseases, such as CVD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a measure of the variability in size of circulating erythrocytes, and is routinely reported as a component of a complete blood count in the differential diagnosis of anemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Recently, studies have reported that RDW might provide useful information for the prognosis of patients with CVD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–10</span></a> as well as for those with noncardiac diseases, including stroke and pulmonary hypertension, and also in the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11–13</span></a>All these studies hypothesized that higher RDW levels might reflect an underlying chronic inflammation, which would result in an increased risk of CVD and increased mortality.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COPD also has a systemic inflammatory effect. The inflammatory process may extend beyond the pulmonary system, resulting in a state of persistent low-grade systemic inflammation which has been implicated in various complications of COPD including cachexia, CVD, and arrhythmias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,14,15</span></a> Inflammation has been proposed as a key element in the association of COPD and CVD. It can be concluded that RDW levels, which is considered to be a marker of inflammation, may be elevated in patients with COPD as well as in CVD. Two recent studies have reported that high RDW levels in patients with COPD correlated with right ventricular dysfunction and overall survival.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Smokers also have systemic inflammation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Clinical and experimental studies have noted that systemic markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 are elevated in smokers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Only 1 study found high RDW levels in smokers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Very few studies in COPD patients have measured RDW levels. In this study, we aimed to find; (1) RDW levels in COPD patients, (2) the effect of biochemical, nutritional, cardiac and respiratory parameters, and of smoking on RDW levels in patients with COPD, (3) the effect of smoking on RDW values in healthy people, and (4) the benefit of RDW, as a routinely available marker, as a predictor of CVD in COPD patients.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Study Population</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One hundred and seventy-five consecutive patients with stabilized COPD, admitted to hospital or 8 weeks after discharge, were enrolled in the study. The cause of the admission was routine follow-up. In addition, 110 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were enrolled as a control group. Subjects with a history of cancer, sleep apnea syndrome, primary valvular heart disease, connective tissue disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, renal failure, liver diseases, hematological system diseases, history of iron or vitamin deficiencies (such as B12 or folate), history of exacerbation during the last 2 months, anti-inflammatory drug (systemic steroids, immunosuppressive drugs) use in the last 2 months, and blood transfusion were excluded. The study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1989) of the World Medical Association, and was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic characteristics (age, sex, body mass index [BMI], current smoking status, history of preexisting diseases, and current drug use), and medical history, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, medication use, and habits were recorded (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). CVD was identified if the patients had heart failure, coronary artery disease, or arrhythmia. CVD was defined by history, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and clinical evaluation by an expert cardiologist (IO).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Laboratory Measurements</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RDW and hemoglobin levels were determined using the Beckman Coulter LH-750 Hematology Analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA), in the context of a hemogram. The normal range for RDW in our laboratory was 11.5%–15.5%. Serum albumin levels (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>: 3.5–5.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL) were measured using Abbot-labeled kits (catalog no: 30-3050/R2), and CRP levels (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>: 0–1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL) were measured by immunoturbidimetric methods in Beckman Coulter Synchron LX-20 chemistry autoanalyser in the biochemistry laboratory of our hospital. Blood gases were measured on room air (Rapid lab 348, Biobak, Chiron, Bayer Diagnostic, UK).</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Pulmonary Function Tests</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Spirometry results, if performed during hospital stay or 8 weeks after discharge, were taken from patient records. A respiratory function test was performed with the same kind of spirometer at each center (V Max Series 20C, Sensor Medics, Yorba Linda, CA/Fukuda Denshi Spirosift 500). Spirometry was performed with equipment that met American Thoracic Society performance criteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The disease severity of patients was evaluated according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria by 2 chest physicians blinded to the study dates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Echocardiographic Findings</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Echocardiography was performed by SONOS 4500 echocardiogram using 3.5 and 2.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz transducers. (Sonos 5500, Philips, MA, USA). Standardized projections and measurements were performed for the evaluation of cardiac anatomy, ventricular function, and valve competence; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured by Simpson's method, using second harmonic imaging. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure was calculated by adding the estimated right atrial pressure to the tricuspid regurgitation gradient. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was defined as a higher than 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg systolic pulmonary artery pressure. Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) was diagnosed in the presence of any of the followings: dilatation of the RV (diastolic diameter >30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm), abnormal motion of the interventricular septum, hypokinesis of RV, or tricuspid valve regurgitation (jet velocity, 92.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m/s).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) was defined as lower than 50% of LVEF and higher than 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm of diastolic diameter.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Nutritional Evaluation</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were taken to assess the nutritional and biochemical status of study patients. For anthropometric measurement, BMI [weight (kg)/height (m)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>] was calculated. For biochemical measurements albumin level (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>: 3.5–5.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL) was quantified.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Statistical Analyses</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Variables are expressed as means with standard deviation or medians with interquartile range. Student's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test was used to compare means and Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test was used to compare medians. Frequencies were compared with chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Spearman's and Pearson's correlation tests were used for correlation analyses. The median RDW value was calculated, and patients with COPD were classified into 2 groups, namely, those above and equal to or below the median RDW. Independent variables with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> values of 0.15 from the univariate analysis were re-analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Stepwise multivariate linear regression was also performed to determine the factors independently associated with elevated RDW levels. A ROC analysis was performed to determine the RDW cut-off value for RVD.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with COPD had significantly higher RDW values compared with control subjects (patients with COPD, 15.04±2.3; range, 10.4–24.5; control subjects, 13.8±2.5; range, 10–17.2; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Seventy patients (40%) and 23 (11%) control subjects had an RDW>15.5%.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In COPD patients, RDW levels positively correlated with CRP levels (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.27, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.001), RVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.24, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0.001</span>), PAH (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.1, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.02), presence of CVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.24, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.002), and inversely correlated with hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=−0.26, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.01), and serum albumin levels (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=−0.23, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.04) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). In healthy population, correlation analyses showed a significant correlation between RDW and the cigarette pack years (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.57, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.001), and inversely correlated with Hgb concentration (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=−0.38, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.01) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparing patients with elevated (>15.5%) RDW values and nonelevated (≤15.5%) RDW values showed that the former were more likely to have higher CRP and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels, and lower FEV1 levels. In addition RVD, PAH, and presence of CVD were significantly higher in patients with elevated RDW (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). In the healthy population, RDW values were significantly higher in smokers compared to non-smokers (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>). Additionally, in healthy subjects, only pack-year of smoking was statistically significant between those with high RDW levels and not. In COPD patients, univariate analysis showed elevated (>15.5%) RDW values were most closely associated with higher CRP levels (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.001), higher PaCO2 levels (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.02), lower Hgb levels (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.01), presence of PAH (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.1), presence of CVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.001), and presence of RVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.004). In the multivariate analysis, patients with an elevated RDW value were significantly more likely to have presented CVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.01), and RVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.02) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>). ROC analysis showed 16.9 RDW value is as optimum cut-off value for diagnosis of RVD. When using this cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of RDW in diagnosis of RVD was 78% and 88.7%, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the last few years, numerous studies have shown that RDW is a strong prognostic factor for all-cause mortality and CVD events in patients with a history of heart disease or chronic heart failure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–10</span></a> In addition, RDW is strong predictor of all-cause mortality in population cohorts.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11,13</span></a> All these studies suggest that the pathophysiology leading to increased RDW may reflect underlying chronic inflammation, which would result in an increased risk of CVD and increased mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,14,15</span></a> We hypothesized that a chronic inflammatory state may be a mechanistic link between higher RDW and in COPD patients with CVD. In the present study, we have shown that COPD patients have elevated levels of RDW compared to controls. An addition, RDW was found to be an independent predictor of CVD in COPD patients.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increased RDW is the result of heterogeneity of erythrocyte size and erythrocyte fragmentation in the circulation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Factors that contribute to increased erythrocyte size heterogeneity include iron or vitamin B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span>, folate deficiency, decreased erythrocyte life span, impaired erythropoiesis, or blood transfusion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Inflammation can also elevate RDW levels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22,23</span></a> Very recently, studies have shown that increased RDW values are also associated with adverse outcomes in CVD as well as noncardiovascular disease states, even in patients with heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, sleep apnea, and in patients in the intensive care unit.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,9,12,13,24–26</span></a> Elevated RDW levels have also been strongly associated with increased risk of death and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in middle-aged and older adults.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,27</span></a> In the 2 studies focusing on RDW levels in COPD published to date,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a> the authors concluded that RDW could be a marker of long-term prognosis and RVD. We found in our study that RDW levels were significantly higher in patients with COPD compared to healthy subjects. Our primary goal was not to discriminate COPD patients from healthy subjects. However, the discriminative capacity is not high when comparing COPD patients and healthy subjects. In line with Dincer et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> we found high RDW levels to be associated with CVD in patients with COPD.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CVD is more common among patients with COPD than in the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> It is also a major risk factor for the development of CVD. Additionally, hypoxemia, oxidative stress and systemic inflammation are thought to contribute to the development of CVD in COPD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> Through all these pathways, COPD has a potential link with CVD from the point of view of inflammation, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Inflammatory cytokine release in COPD could affect bone marrow function, and erythropoietin-induced erythrocyte maturation is inhibited, thus elevating RDW.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Therefore, <span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">h</span>igher RDW levels might reflect an underlying chronic inflammation, which would result in an increased risk of CVD in COPD patients. In the present study, we found that CRP and RDW are significantly correlated. This finding may show a possible link between inflammation in COPD and RDW values. Co-existing CVD was detected in 34% of COPD patients in this study. We also concluded that the primary cause of high RDW levels in COPD patients was co-existing CVD.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary hypertension (PH) leads to right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular enlargement, and finally to RVD. Hampole et al. investigated the relationship between RDW and mortality in 162 patients with PH, and found that RDW was independently associated with death in patients with PH, and that it performs better as a prognostic indicator than N-terminal pro-natriuretic peptide.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> A different study in COPD showed that high RDW levels were associated with RVD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> In Dincer's study, 17.7 was established as the cut-off value for detecting RVD in COPD patients. In line with these studies, we concluded that high RDW is closely correlated with PH and RVD in COPD patients. Additionally, we found that an RDW level of 16.9 is highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of RVD, and that – by multivariate analysis – RVD was one of 2 factors influencing RDW levels in patients with COPD. We believe that high RDW value may be an indicator of RVD.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Smoking is the leading risk factor for COPD. It is also a major risk factor for the development of CVD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Smoking itself may cause systemic inflammation and, for example, increased total leukocyte count, but in COPD patients the degree of systemic inflammation is higher.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Local inflammation is characterized by increased numbers of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages, and higher TNF-α and IL-8 concentrations in smokers than healthy controls.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> These results suggest that smoking may be associated with higher CRP production in the liver of subjects, and also with mechanisms related to systemic inflammation. A recent study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> exploring the association between smoking and RDW levels in healthy subjects showed that smoking raised RDW levels, and duration of smoking habit along with the number of pack-years correlated highly with RDW levels. In the present study, we detected a positive correlation between pack-years and RDW in healthy subjects. Additionally, RDW values were significantly higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. This finding suggests that systemic inflammation may also occur in healthy smokers who do not develop COPD. Therefore, we hypothesized that elevated RDW is associated with smoking, and may be a useful indicator of inflammatory activity in healthy smokers.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has some limitations: the sample size is small, and some correlations are weak. A longitudinal study to determine a causative relationship between systemic inflammation and CVD is needed to confirm our findings. This paper should be considered a pilot study needing a further validation step.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, elevated RDW may be an indicator of underlying inflammation in COPD, and may in itself be a useful and simple tool to evaluating CVD and RVD in COPD patients. RDW was found to be more sensitive than CRP in predicting right ventricular dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in COPD patients. Additionally, measurement of RDW is more widely available and less expensive than measurement of other inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8, etc.). RDW may also be a biomarker of systemic inflammation in smoking in healthy people.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Authorship</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr. ECS performed all the procedures, prepared the database and drafted the manuscript.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr. GO assisted Dr. ECS in performing the procedures, organized the database and contributed to the drafting of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr. MAO assisted Dr. ECS in performing the procedures and preparing the database.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres819538" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec816601" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres819539" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec816600" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study Population" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Laboratory Measurements" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Pulmonary Function Tests" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Echocardiographic Findings" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Nutritional Evaluation" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Statistical Analyses" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Authorship" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interests" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-09-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-05-10" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec816601" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Red blood cell distribution width" 1 => "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" 2 => "Inflammation marker" 3 => "Cardiovascular disease" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec816600" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria" 1 => "Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica" 2 => "Marcador de inflamación" 3 => "Enfermedad cardiovascular" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is accepted as a powerful predictor of outcomes in patients with CVD.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aims</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To study RDW in patients with COPD, and to compare the value of this measurement with clinical, echocardiographic, nutritional and laboratory status. Secondly, we aimed to determine the effect of smoking on RDW values in healthy subjects.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">One hundred and seventy-five patients with stable COPD and 210 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Demographic, clinical, nutritional status, echocardiographic, and laboratory characteristics, RDW values were recorded and compared.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RDW values were higher in the COPD group than in controls (15±2.3% vs 13.8±2.5%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.001). In COPD patients, RDW levels positively correlated with CRP levels (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.27, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><.001), albumin levels (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.23, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.04), right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.24, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.001), pulmonary hypertension (PAH) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.1, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.02), and presence of CVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.24, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.02). In multivariable logistic regression suggested that presence of CVD (4.3; 95% CI: 1.3–11; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.01), and presence of RVD (3.1; 95% CI: 1.7–8.3; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.02) were independently related to elevated RDW levels in COPD patients. In the healthy population, correlations analysis showed only a significant correlation between RDW and cigarette smoking years (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.57, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><.001).</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RDW is independently associated with CVD and RVD in patients with COPD. In the healthy population, RDW is also associated with smoking status.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducción</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) incrementa el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). La amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria (ADE) se considera un potente factor de predicción de la evolución de los pacientes con ECV.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar los valores de ADE de pacientes con EPOC y compararlos en relación al estado clínico, ecocardiográfico, nutricional y analítico de los pacientes. Por otra parte, nos propusimos analizar el efecto del consumo de tabaco sobre los valores de ADE de sujetos sanos.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En el estudio se incluyeron 175 pacientes con EPOC estabilizados y 210 sujetos sanos. Se registraron y se compararon las características demográficas, clínicas, nutricionales, ecocardiográficas y analíticas, y los valores de ADE.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de ADE fueron más altos en el grupo de pacientes con EPOC que en el grupo control (15±2,3% vs 13,8±2,5%, p<0,001). Los valores de ADE de los pacientes con EPOC mostraron una correlación positiva con las concentraciones de PCR (r=0,27, p<0,001), las concentraciones de albúmina (r=0,23, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0,04) y la presencia de disfunción ventricular derecha (DVD) (r=0,24, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0,001), hipertensión pulmonar (HAP) (r=0,1, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0,02) y ECV (r=0,24, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0,02). El análisis de regresión logística para variables múltiples sugirió una relación independiente de la presencia de ECV (4,3; IC 95%: 1,3-11; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0,01) y de DVD (3,1; IC 95%: 1,7-8,3; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0,02) con valores elevados de ADE en los pacientes con EPOC. En la población sana, el análisis solo mostró una correlación significativa entre la ADE y la duración del consumo de tabaco (r=0,57, p<0,001).</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En pacientes con EPOC, la ADE se asocia de manera independiente con la ECV y la DVD. En la población sana, la ADE también se asocia con el consumo de tabaco.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0045">Please cite this article as: Ozgul G, Seyhan EC, Ozgul MA, Gunluoglu MZ. Amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y en sujetos sanos. Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:107–113.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1109 "Ancho" => 1519 "Tamanyo" => 68088 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The RDW values were higher in the COPD group than in the controls [15.04±2.3 vs 13.08±2.5, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=0.01].</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1514 "Ancho" => 1470 "Tamanyo" => 129890 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Receiver operating characteristic curve. Levels of RDW, obtained before echocardiography, were predictive for the presence of RVD with a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 88%, with a cutoff value >16.9 (RDW, red cell distribution width; RDV, right ventricular dysfunction).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s; FVC: forced vital capacity; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, number of cases; NA; not available; NS: statistically nonsignificant.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">COPD patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>=175) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Healthy subjects (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>=210) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61±7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">57.4±11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gender (male), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">110 (63) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">119 (57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.8±3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.8±2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Smoking status</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smoking (pack-years)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">43.4±1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.5±1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.05</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Active smoker, (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77 (44) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">113 (54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.02</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smoker, (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">89 (51) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No smoker, (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">72 (34) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Laboratory variables</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RDW (%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15.04±2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.08±2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.01</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hgb (g/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.3±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.1±3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CRP (mg/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.1 (0.5–2.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.5 (0.4–0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Albumin (g/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.3±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.5±1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (mmHg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">64±11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NA</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (mmHg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47±5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NA</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.37 (7.35–7.43) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NA</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary function tests</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC (% predicted)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">43 (32–60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">96.3 (63–110) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1 (% predicted)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36 (26–57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">91.8 (78–105) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1/FVC (% predicted)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">64 (52–70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">95.1 (77–98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1377561.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Results given as mean±SD.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Results given as median (quarter intervals).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic and Spirometric Characteristics of the Study Group.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s; FVC: forced vital capacity; LVD: left ventricular dysfunction; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>: number of cases; NA: not available; NS: not statistically significant; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; RVD: right ventricular dysfunction.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">COPD Patients</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Healthy Subjects</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RDW</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RDW</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> Coefficient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> Coefficient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographic characteristics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean age (years)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gender (male, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pack-years of smoking<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Active smoker, (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smoker, (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BMI (kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Respiratory findings</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1 (%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1/FVC (% predicted)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC (%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbidity</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NA</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypertension (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.24</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.002</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Laboratory variables</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hgb (g/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.26</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.38</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.01</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CRP (mg/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.27</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Albumin (g/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.23</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.04</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (mmHg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−<span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.07</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">NS</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NA</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (mmHg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.16</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">NS</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NA</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.05</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">NS</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NA</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echocardiographic parameters</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NA</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.24</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Presence of PAH (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.1</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.02</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1377563.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Results given as mean±SD.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Results given as median (quarter intervals).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation Coefficients Between Demographic and Laboratory Variables and RDW.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s; FVC: forced vital capacity; LVD: left ventricular dysfunction; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; n: number of cases; NS, not statistically significant; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; RVD: right ventricular dysfunction; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value: elevated versus non-elevated RDW.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RDW>15.5% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>=70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RDW≤15.5% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>=105) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographic characteristics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean age (years)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61.7±7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">60.3±7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gender (male, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47 (68) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">63 (60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pack-years of smoking<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40 (10–60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38 (8–54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Active smoker, (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28 (40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">49 (46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smoker, (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35 (50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54 (46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BMI (kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26.5±6.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26±4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Respiratory findings</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1 (%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33 (20–70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">37 (20–70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.05</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1/FVC (% predicted)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">67 (56–74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68 (56–75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC (%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">41 (30–54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">43 (34–67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbidity</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypertension (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15(20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20 (19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CVD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18 (24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12 (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Blood parameters</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemoglobin (g/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.2±2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.1±3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.011</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MCV (fL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83.7±4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87±7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CRP (mg/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.7 (0.7–10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.5 (0.6–3.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Albumin (g/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.3±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.6±1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.04</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (mmHg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">65±10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (mmHg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47±8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">43±6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.05</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.39 (7.35–7.44) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.4 (7.37–7.42) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Time since onset of disease (years)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14 (7–20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12 (6–20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echocardiographic parameters</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LV dysfunction (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11(10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RV dysfunction (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32(42) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26(25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.001</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Presence of PAH (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">43 (57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">42 (40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">004</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1377564.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Results given as mean±SD.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Results given as median (quarter intervals).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluation of Parameters Between Groups With Normal RDW and Higher RDW in COPD Patients.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s; FVC: forced vital capacity; LVD: left ventricular dysfunction; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; n: number of cases; NS, not statistically significant; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; RVD: right ventricular dysfunction; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value: elevated versus non-elevated RDW.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Smokers (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>=113) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non-smokers (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>=72) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographic characteristics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean age (years)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">55±7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">52.7±3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gender (male, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>, %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59 (52) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40 (55) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BMI (kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.5±3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.5±7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Respiratory findings</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1 (% predicted)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">94.1(56–110) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">97.5 (53–105) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV1/FVC (% predicted)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87.8 (78–105) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">91 (80–105) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC (% predicted)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">95.1 (77–98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">92.3 (80–98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Blood parameters</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RDW<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.09±1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.04±2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.002</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemoglobin (g/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.4±2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.6±3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MCV (fL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83.7±4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87±7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><0.05</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CRP (mg/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.95 (0.7–4.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.3 (0.6–5.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Albumin (g/dL)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.3±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.6±1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1377562.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0035" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Results given as mean±SD.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0040" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Results given as median (quarter intervals).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline Characteristics, Spirometric and Blood Parameters of Healthy Subjects.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at5" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; CVD: cardiovascular disease; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s; FVC: forced vital capacity; LVD: left ventricular dysfunction; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; RVD: right ventricular dysfunction.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Univariate Analysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Multivariate Analysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Age</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.026 (0.98–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Gender</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (0.5–1.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">BMI</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.99 (0.91–1.18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pack-years of smoking</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (0.9–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Active smoker</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.8 (0.3–1.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">CRP</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.3 (1.1–1.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.9 (0.4–1.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.9 (0.95–1.01) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.04</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.04 (1.01–1.91) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.04 (0.98–1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Albumin</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.05</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.36 (0.17–0.75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.9 (0.86–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobin</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.004</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.8 (0.6–0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.8 (0.6–1.01) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">FVC, % predicted</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.6 (0.9–1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">FEV1/FVC, % predicted</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.01 (0.97–1.06) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">FEV1, % predicted</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.97 (0.95–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Presence of PAH</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.08</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.6 (0.3–1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.74 (0.3–1.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Presence of CVD</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.01</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.3 (2.7–9.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4.3 (1.3–11)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Presence of RVD</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.02</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.08 (3.1–11.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3.1 (1.7–8.3)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Presence of LVD</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.58 (0.14–2.45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Presence of hypertension</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.3 (0.6–3.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2024 October | 85 | 18 | 103 |
| 2024 September | 67 | 18 | 85 |
| 2024 August | 103 | 39 | 142 |
| 2024 July | 78 | 21 | 99 |
| 2024 June | 110 | 41 | 151 |
| 2024 May | 149 | 28 | 177 |
| 2024 April | 73 | 32 | 105 |
| 2024 March | 70 | 28 | 98 |
| 2024 February | 42 | 22 | 64 |
| 2023 March | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2023 February | 72 | 33 | 105 |
| 2023 January | 51 | 29 | 80 |
| 2022 December | 83 | 27 | 110 |
| 2022 November | 100 | 23 | 123 |
| 2022 October | 88 | 38 | 126 |
| 2022 September | 86 | 38 | 124 |
| 2022 August | 77 | 39 | 116 |
| 2022 July | 84 | 45 | 129 |
| 2022 June | 120 | 51 | 171 |
| 2022 May | 156 | 39 | 195 |
| 2022 April | 195 | 37 | 232 |
| 2022 March | 242 | 42 | 284 |
| 2022 February | 260 | 28 | 288 |
| 2022 January | 229 | 46 | 275 |
| 2021 December | 111 | 39 | 150 |
| 2021 November | 132 | 47 | 179 |
| 2021 October | 85 | 50 | 135 |
| 2021 September | 60 | 57 | 117 |
| 2021 August | 52 | 51 | 103 |
| 2021 July | 51 | 26 | 77 |
| 2021 June | 82 | 41 | 123 |
| 2021 May | 82 | 51 | 133 |
| 2021 April | 202 | 95 | 297 |
| 2021 March | 117 | 35 | 152 |
| 2021 February | 98 | 27 | 125 |
| 2021 January | 84 | 27 | 111 |
| 2020 December | 90 | 32 | 122 |
| 2020 November | 51 | 26 | 77 |
| 2020 October | 76 | 22 | 98 |
| 2020 September | 60 | 13 | 73 |
| 2020 August | 43 | 26 | 69 |
| 2020 July | 51 | 21 | 72 |
| 2020 June | 62 | 23 | 85 |
| 2020 May | 65 | 24 | 89 |
| 2020 April | 55 | 24 | 79 |
| 2020 March | 64 | 18 | 82 |
| 2020 February | 59 | 19 | 78 |
| 2020 January | 65 | 38 | 103 |
| 2019 December | 82 | 24 | 106 |
| 2019 November | 77 | 36 | 113 |
| 2019 October | 71 | 27 | 98 |
| 2019 September | 64 | 29 | 93 |
| 2019 August | 74 | 20 | 94 |
| 2019 July | 66 | 39 | 105 |
| 2019 June | 51 | 26 | 77 |
| 2019 May | 45 | 26 | 71 |
| 2019 April | 74 | 25 | 99 |
| 2019 March | 80 | 23 | 103 |
| 2019 February | 60 | 20 | 80 |
| 2019 January | 56 | 19 | 75 |
| 2018 December | 54 | 18 | 72 |
| 2018 November | 100 | 34 | 134 |
| 2018 October | 88 | 31 | 119 |
| 2018 September | 72 | 25 | 97 |
| 2018 May | 34 | 0 | 34 |
| 2018 April | 64 | 5 | 69 |
| 2018 March | 55 | 13 | 68 |
| 2018 February | 38 | 12 | 50 |
| 2018 January | 34 | 4 | 38 |
| 2017 December | 35 | 7 | 42 |
| 2017 November | 41 | 9 | 50 |
| 2017 October | 38 | 12 | 50 |
| 2017 September | 42 | 25 | 67 |
| 2017 August | 31 | 16 | 47 |
| 2017 July | 40 | 11 | 51 |
| 2017 June | 42 | 33 | 75 |
| 2017 May | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2017 April | 1 | 1 | 2 |
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