Letter to the Editor
Cigarette Butts: The Collateral Effects of Cigarettes on Humans, Animals and the Environment
Las colillas: efectos colaterales de los cigarrillos sobre los humanos, los animales y el medioambiente
José Ignacio de Granda-Orive
, Walther Girón-Matute, Luis López-Yepes
Corresponding author
Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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López-Yepes" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "José Ignacio" "apellidos" => "de Granda-Orive" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "igo01m@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Walther" "apellidos" => "Girón-Matute" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Luis" "apellidos" => "López-Yepes" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Las colillas: efectos colaterales de los cigarrillos sobre los humanos, los animales y el medioambiente" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not only cigarettes, but also the remains of cigarettes, the butts, should be a target for anti-smoking campaigns, due to their collateral effects on both smokers and non-smokers. Cigarette butts (CB) are a widespread source of pollution in cities, parks, country areas, rivers, beaches, and seas, and cause severe environmental damage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> They contain toxins which can filter into soil and water and are slow to break down. In a recent study, Bonanomi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> demonstrated the slow degradation process of CBs in a 2-year experiment in a standard decomposing organic substrate, showing the resistance of the materials to attack by microorganisms. Novotny et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> published an excellent comprehensive review of the toxic effects of CBs in humans, animals, and the environment. They concluded that this ubiquitous litter has such a potentially toxic effect on health that further research and clear-cut legislation should be implemented to protect the environment and mankind. Numerous substances have been isolated from CBs, including pesticides (present in filters at potentially toxic environmental levels with capacity for bioaccumulation in the human food chain), ethylphenol (a potentially lethal flavor enhancer that accumulates in the filter), nicotine (toxic in humans and animals), menthol (an additive), diethylene glycol (a moistening agent), various metals (Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, and Zn), tar, and carcinogenics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Rath et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> published an interesting study in which they asked smokers about their attitude and beliefs regarding CBs. They found that most smokers (74.1%) admitted to sometimes carelessly discarding CBs and that those who did not think of CBs as litter were 3.5 times more likely to throw them on the ground. This mindset was more common among men, and not seeing CBs as litter was the only attitude which predicted throwing CBs on the ground.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a significant problem. CBs are globally the most common item of litter, and it is thought that 4.5 trillion CBs from the 6 trillion cigarettes smoked every year worldwide end up in the environment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Given the media bombardment of news and reports on protecting the environment, it is surprising to note the scant mention made by policy makers, health authorities and the media to the pollution caused by CBs. New environmental interventions and alliances between anti-smoking and environmental groups are needed to reduce the effects of CBs. These interventions will help to further denormalize smoking, reduce consumption, and will also raise awareness of the noxious effects of CBs on the environment, by promoting and supporting continued tobacco control and recycling activities.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: de Granda-Orive JI, Girón-Matute W, López-Yepes L. Cigarette butts: The collateral effects of cigarettes on humans, animals and the environment. Arch Bronconeumol. 2016;52:285.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Covering their butts: responses to the cigarette litter problem" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "E.A. Smith" 1 => "P.A. McDaniel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/tc.2010.036491" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Tob Control" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "100" "paginaFinal" => "106" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966130" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cigarette butt decomposition and associated chemical changes assessed by 13C CPMAS NMR" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "G. Bonanomi" 1 => "G. Incerti" 2 => "G. Cesarano" 3 => "S.A. Gaglione" 4 => "V. Lanzotti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0117393" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "PLoS One" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "e0117393" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25625643" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tobacco and cigarette butt consumption in humans and animals" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "T.E. Novotny" 1 => "S.N. Hardin" 2 => "L.R. Hovda" 3 => "D.J. Novotny" 4 => "M.K. McLean" 5 => "S. 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Cartwright" 5 => "Cigarette litter: smokers’ attitudes and behaviors" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "2189" "paginaFinal" => "2203" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/15792129/0000005200000005/v1_201604270052/S1579212916300076/v1_201604270052/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "45358" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15792129/0000005200000005/v1_201604270052/S1579212916300076/v1_201604270052/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212916300076?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ]
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