Validity of a Spanish Version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Children With Cystic Fibrosis

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] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionCystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic, progressive, genetic disease that affects the exocrine glands, causing multiple organ damage in the respiratory tract, pancreas, liver, sweat glands and reproductive system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">1</a> Pulmonary pathophysiology is characterized by an absent or defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein (CFTR) function, which causes abnormal regulation of periciliary liquid volume, decreasing mucociliary clearance and producing mucus plugging and lung obstruction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">2</a> Productive cough is a universal symptom in CF that becomes chronic as the disease progresses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">3</a> Pulmonary exacerbations are defined as an increase in cough and sputum production with loss of appetite and exercise capacity, which has a global impact on school absenteeism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">4</a> As CF progresses, exacerbations occur more frequently and cough becomes a common daily symptom.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">5</a>Cough also has a direct influence on survival, and is an important measure of the progress and effective treatment of the disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">6–8</a> Clinical experience suggests that chronic cough interferes in three dimensions of patients’ lives, namely the physical, the emotional and the social, causing considerable loss of quality of life and affecting social relations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">9,10</a> By monitoring health-related quality of life and the impact of cough, it may be possible to improve treatment efficiency, prolong longevity and decrease the economic impact of the disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">11</a> Furthermore, cough might be an important factor for predicting and preventing possible exacerbations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">12</a>Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) assessment provides the basis for evaluating the impact of the disease and treatment on activities of daily living not reflected by conventional clinical tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">11,13</a> Although HRQoL questionnaires correlate with chronic cough, it is poorly represented in these questionnaires,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">10</a> so its impact on patients’ lives is not fully characterized, especially in children. Cough is an exacerbation marker which significantly alters HRQoL, and becomes more significant in adolescents with CF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">14</a>NThe Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) was designed for the objective evaluation of chronic cough and its impact on daily life. It is divided into three domains: physical, psychological and social.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">15</a> Murray et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">16</a> reported good results when it was applied in adults with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. LCQ has been translated into multiple languages, including Dutch and Chinese,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235">17,18</a> and is commonly used for assessing the impact of cough in different respiratory diseases. The results are robust, even when cough is acute.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">19</a> However, little is known about cough assessment in CF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">20</a>; these evaluations are generally limited to exacerbations and it is poorly analyzed in children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">21</a>According to recent evidence, the LCQ may be an appropriate tool for assessing cough in a young CF population, but it has not been investigated previously in this specific group.The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Spanish Version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in children and teenagers with cystic fibrosis, in order to provide a new tool for analyzing the impact of cough on this population. The Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire could constitute a simple, easily administered instrument for the assessment of cough in young CF patients.MethodsParticipantsThe study population was recruited in Spain from the Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària Universitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell (Barcelona), Hospital Ramón y Cajal and the Asociación Madrileña de Fibrosis Quística in Madrid. All participants were enrolled between May and September 2013. Inclusion criteria were clinically stable CF patients aged 7 to 18 years old, with no exacerbations during the month before study inclusion, who could read and understand the questionnaires. Initially, 60 patients were included, but 2 were excluded due to a respiratory exacerbation during the course of the study (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària Universitària Parc Taulí and Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, Spain. Before the study, patients over 14 years of age signed the informed consent form, and for children under 14, consent was signed by parents who agreed to allow their child to participate in the study.For the purpose of characterization, all patients performed conventional lung function tests<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">22</a> using a portable spirometer Easyone™ Bluetooth Cradle model 2010BLT (Zurich, Switzerland) in the Madrid hospitals, and Datospir-600 Sibelmed (Barcelona Spain) in Sabadell.Cough QuestionnaireThe Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) measures the impact of cough on quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">15</a> It is a self-administered questionnaire composed of 19 items divided into three domains: physical (8 items), psychological (7 items), and social (4 items). Answers are recorded on a 7-point Likert scale. The total score, ranging from 3 to 21, is obtained by adding the domain scores and dividing by three: higher scores represent lower cough impact on quality of life. Each domain may also be analyzed independently.Quality of LifeThe Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R) consists of a quality of life questionnaire specifically designed for cystic fibrosis patients older than 6 years of age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">23</a> It has been translated to several languages, including Spanish.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">24</a> We used three different versions of the questionnaire according to age groups: CFQ-R 6–11 (from 6 to 11 years), CFQ-R 12–13 (from 12 to 13 years) and CFQ-R 14+ (adolescents). The questionnaire consists of self-reported items with different domains, including physical functioning, vitality, health perceptions, respiratory symptoms, treatment burden, role functioning, emotional functioning, and social functioning. Answers are reported on 4-point Likert scale rating frequency, difficulty, or truth, by selecting statements that best describe the patient's situation. Final score is obtained by domains, each domain has a score from 0 to 100; the higher the score, the higher the patient quality of life.Validation ProcessFor the validation process, we followed the standard forward-backward translation method. First, we translated the original version into Spanish and then a native English official translator retranslated it to English. A panel of experts in respiratory diseases and cough discussed and compared the two versions in order to find the best expressions for better patient understanding. After this process, the preliminary version of the questionnaire was tested by a group of patients (n=8) to obtain their impressions and comments. During the final procedure, some simple modifications were introduced without changing the meaning of the questionnaire. Only two questions were adapted by including a simple common word, in parentheses, similar to the original, in order to facilitate comprehension (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).To validate the Spanish version of the LCQ, the final version was applied twice within a period of 15–30 days to compare both results. During this period, patients were asked not to change their routine management, initiate physical activities, change medication, or participate in any unusual activity that could interfere with their cough status during the validation period. If they did, they were automatically excluded from the study.Floor or ceiling effects may be considered if more than 15% of the patients achieve the lowest score, meaning higher impact of cough, or the highest possible score, meaning lower impact of cough on quality of life, respectively. Absence of floor or ceiling effects indicates good content validity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">25</a>Statistical AnalysisStatistical analysis was performed with PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc., IBM., USA). Demographic characteristics are represented as median and interquartile range. The Saphiro–Wilk test was used to analyze the distribution of the data. Non-parametric statistics were used because most data were not normally distributed (P<.05).For reliability, internal consistency and reproducibility were examined. The questionnaire validity (internal consistency) was assessed by Cronbach alpha coefficient and item total correlation coefficients, while the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for reliability. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was assumed to be >0.70. Reliability levels were based on the following classification: high reliability, ICC≥0.90; good reliability, ICC≥0.70 and <0.90; acceptable reliability, ICC≥0.40 and <0.70; poor reliability, <0.40. Agreement over time was assessed by constructing a Bland–Altman plot for the LCQ total score by calculating the mean difference between two measurements and the standard deviation (SD) of the difference.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">26</a> In this plot, 95% of the differences are expected to be less than 2 SDs.The minimal important difference (MID) is given as: MID=±1.96×√2×SEM, where 1.96 is derived from the 95% confidence interval (CI).Measurement error is expressed as a standard error of measurement (SEM), which is calculated as: SD×(√1−ICC), where SD is the standard deviation of values from all participants and ICC is the reliability coefficient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">27</a>The convergent validity was assessed with Spearman's correlation coefficient between the LCQ and the CFQ-R scores. A strong correlation was considered to be over 0.60; a moderate correlation between 0.30 and 0.60; and a low (very low) correlation below 0.30.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">25</a>ResultsDemographicsThe final group comprised 58 clinically stable CF patients, 38% girls, mean age 11.7±3.1 years, body mass index (BMI) 19±3kg/m2, with preserved lung function: forced vital capacity (FVC) 2.68±0.93L; forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) 2.25±0.79L; and FEV1/FVC ratio 83.85±6.9%.Demographics and clinical characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>LCQ ValidationIn terms of reproducibility, the Spanish version of the LCQ shows no significant differences in median and interquartile range between both administrations of the questionnaire (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The results obtained in the three domains and in the total score were similar in both administrations: LCQphysical 6.19 vs 6.50; LCQpsychological 6.43 vs 6.43; LCQsocial 6.75 vs 6.75; and LCQtotal 19 vs 19 [1st vs 2nd administration (P=ns)]. The Bland and Altman analysis showed a higher concordance between total score results when both administrations were compared. A Bland–Altman plot of the LCQ total score is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>. The validity and reliability results obtained from Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. Results showed acceptable reliability, ICC≥0.40 and <0.70, except for the ICC of the LCQtotal domain, which was 0.71, showing good reliability. It is important to note that the questionnaire did not present floor effect (0%) in any of the domains.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The minimal important difference (MID) for the LCQ was between 1.07 to 3, with standard error measurements (SEM) between 0.46 and 1.28 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).Relationship Between the Spanish Version of the LCQ and Health-related of Quality of LifeFor a better understanding of LCQ dimensionality, we compared the dimension results with quality of life according to the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R). This was done by analyzing all questionnaire domains (physical capacity, role functioning, vitality, emotion functioning, social functioning, body image perceptions, eating, treatment burden, health perceptions, weight perceptions, and respiratory and digestion symptoms). The most significant and interesting correlations are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>. Significant correlations with CFQ-R were found for physical capacity, respiratory symptoms and body image domains (P<.001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe Spanish LCQ version is a valid and reliable questionnaire for evaluating the impact of cough on quality of life in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. It is interesting to note that this was the first study in which the LCQ was administered to this population of children; no previous references to this group of patients were found.The Spanish LCQ version shows similar results to the original version created by Birring et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">15</a> The original version showed good reliability in all domains and in total score; the Spanish version, however, obtained lower values in both coefficients: Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged between 0.62 and 0.83 and ICC between 0.45 and 0.71. It should be pointed out that social domain coefficients in the Spanish version were inferior to those in the original version and to those reported in other studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">15,16</a> These results may be explained by the young age of the sample. Most LCQ-based studies are conducted in adults, because children and adolescents perceive their surroundings in a different way,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">28</a> and this affects the final score results, as confirmed by the percentage of young patients (50%) who did not think that having a cough presented a problem. Total scores were repeatable, with intraclass correlation coefficients above 0.7. Thus, repeatability of the LCQ in CF patients was adequate and in accordance with previous results.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">29</a>The excellent stability of the Spanish LCQ version reveals lower impact of cough on quality of life in the population studied, most likely due to age and less severe pulmonary disease, suggesting a plausible explanation for the absence of floor effect in the study. Gee et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">30</a> confirm that severely affected patients tend to produce a greater floor effect, while those with moderate and mild levels generate ceiling effects in most items. A ceiling effect was seen in 15% of our patients in all domains, and could limit the internal validity of the Spanish version. However, these results may be explained by the patients’ mild respiratory severity and young age. Furthermore, sex and age are strong predictors of health-related quality of life, and children reported a lower treatment burden than perceived by their parents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">31</a> Consequently, the lower social domain coefficient obtained in the Spanish version may be due to the patients’ young age (the social impact of cough may still be unimportant in this population, and cough is not an obstacle for their normal activities).The LCQ is a robust tool for measuring the impact of cough on quality of life, as demonstrated by the strong, significant correlations observed between LCQ and CFQ-R, especially in the physical domain and respiratory symptoms. It is safe to say, then, that the LCQ truly reflects quality of life related to the impact of cough in CF patients.Subjective tools such as cough visual analog scales, scores, and diaries are widely used to measure the impact of cough. Although the best way of evaluating cough severity is not known, it is likely that a combination of subjective and objective assessments is necessary, and well-validated cough severity assessment tools must be investigated further. It is important to emphasize the utility of validating the Spanish version, confirming its reliability even when completed by minors. This area has not been explored in previous studies.LimitationsThere were some limitations to the study that are worth mentioning.First of all, researchers detected difficulties younger patients had some difficulty understanding some of the items. This was solved in the final version by adding a synonym in parentheses next to the misunderstood word.Another difficulty was that the uneven age distribution that could lead to misinterpretation of some data, since the perception of disease differs between teenagers and children. In addition, our patients had low-grade disease, so results could have been overestimated, increasing the ceiling effect and revealing a better quality of life and lower impact of cough.The sample was not selected specifically for the validation, and instead was recruited from the ordinary respiratory outpatient population, and this is reflected in the results. If the study group had been composed of moderate-to-severe CF patients, the Spanish version of LCQ could have truly characterized the impact of cough on quality of life. Changing medication regimens in patients could also alter cough status, modifying LCQ results. To diminish this effect, the research team made sure there was no variation in drugs for each patient during the validation process.Despite these limitations, the aim of the study was to demonstrate the validity of the Spanish LCQ questionnaire version for young CF patients, and not to show if they have more or less cough.In conclusion, the Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire is valid for evaluating the impact of cough on quality of life in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. In view of these results, we recommend that this instrument be used regularly to detect any change in quality of life that could appear during the course of the disease.FundingThis project was partially financed by Proyecto Avanza, TSI-020110-2009-431. Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio, Spain.Conflict of InterestsThe authors state no conflict of interests with regard to this manuscript." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres600710" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614913" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres600711" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614914" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Cough Questionnaire" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Quality of Life" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Validation Process" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Demographics" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "LCQ Validation" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Relationship Between the Spanish Version of the LCQ and Health-related of Quality of Life" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Limitations" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interests" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-10-07" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-01-28" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614913" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Cystic fibrosis" 1 => "Cough" 2 => "Cough questionnaire and health related quality of life" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614914" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Fibrosis quística" 1 => "Tos" 2 => "Cuestionario de tos y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) patients present chronic cough as one of the main symptoms, which has an important effect on quality of life and social relations. Our goal was to validate the Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) in a group of children and teenagers with CF. MethodsAfter adapting to Spanish by standardized translation and retro-translation methodology, a sample of 58 stable CF patients from 7 to 18years were recruited from three CF specialized centers in Spain. The questionnaire was administered twice; the second administration (LCQ2) was performed between 2 and 4 weeks later than the first one (LCQ1), in order to analyze the reliability and validity of the Spanish version. To correlate results with health related quality of life (HRQoL) we used the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R). ResultsPopulation was composed by 62% male, age 11.7±3.1years and body mass index (BMI) 19±3kg/m2. Total scores from LCQ were: LCQ1 19 (17.75–21) vs LCQ2 19 (16–21) (P=.199). Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was 0.83 for the LCQtotal and for each specific domain was: 0.82 LCQphysical; 0.74 LCQpsychological and 0.62 LCQsocial. Intraclass correlation coefficient was: 0.69 LCQphysical; 0.59 LCQpsychological; 0.45 LCQsocial and 0.71 LCQtotal (good reliability). Relations with CFQ-R showed moderated and significant results: LCQtotalr=0.51 (P<.001) and respiratory symptoms domain r=0.67 (P<.05). ConclusionThe Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire is reliable and valid for children and adolescents with CF and it has good relations with health related quality of life in this population." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "AntecedentesUno de los síntomas destacados de la fibrosis quística (FQ) es la tos crónica, que afecta a la calidad de vida y a las relaciones sociales de los pacientes que la padecen. Nos propusimos analizar la fiabilidad y la validez de la versión en español del Cuestionario de Tos Leicester (Leicester Cough Questionnaire [LCQ]) en niños y adolescentes con FQ. MétodosTras adaptar el cuestionario al español por el método normalizado de traducción y traducción inversa, 3 centros españoles especializados en FQ reclutaron 58 pacientes de 7 a 18años de edad con FQ estable. El cuestionario se administró en 2 ocasiones (LCQ1 y LCQ2), dejando transcurrir un intervalo 2–4semanas entre ambas administraciones. Para correlacionar los resultados con la calidad de vida (CdVRS) se utilizó la versión revisada del Cuestionario de Fibrosis Quística (CFQ-R). ResultadosLa población estudiada estuvo compuesta por un 62% de pacientes varones; la media de edad fue de 11,7±3,1años y el promedio de índice de masa corporal de 19±3kg/m2. Las medias de las puntuaciones totales del LCQ fueron las siguientes: 19 (17,75–21) en el LCQ1 frente a 19 (16–21) en el LCQ2 (p=0,199). Se obtuvieron los siguientes coeficientes alfa de Cronbach: LCQtotal 0,83; LCQfísico 0,82; LCQpsicológico 0,74, y LCQsocial 0,62. Los coeficientes de correlación intraclase de las puntuaciones de los dominios LCQfísico, LCQpsicológico, LCQsocial y de la puntuación LCQtotal fueron de 0,69, 0,59, 0,45 y 0,71, respectivamente. Las puntuaciones más bien correlacionadas con el CFQ-R fueron la LCQtotal (r=0,51; p<0,001) y la puntuación del dominio de síntomas respiratorios (r=0,67; p<0,05). ConclusiónLa versión en español del Cuestionario de Tos Leicester es fiable y válida en niños y adolescentes con FQ; además, en esta población el cuestionario se correlaciona bien con la calidad de vida." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: del Corral T, Percegona J, López N, Valiente A, Garriga M, Seborga M, et al. Validez de la versión en español del Cuestionario de Tos Leicester en niños con fibrosis quística. Arch Bronconeumol. 2016;52:63–69." ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3819 "Ancho" => 2503 "Tamanyo" => 255175 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "General scheme of the study process." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1131 "Ancho" => 1534 "Tamanyo" => 69049 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Bland-Altman plot of the LCQ total score and the changes between first and second administration. Solid line represents the mean difference between over two administrations and the dashed lines are the limits of agreement, which represent 2 times the standard deviation of the mean difference." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Data are expressed as median and interquartile range. BMI: body mass index; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the 1st second; FEV1/FVC: flow/volume ratio; M/F: male/female." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Population characteristics (n=58)</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Sex: M/F (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62/38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 (9–14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Height (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.47 (1.33–1.58) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.3 (30.2–52.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.3 (16.6–21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">FVC (L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.45 (2.01–3.37) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">FVC (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">101 (83–114) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">FEV1 (L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.05 (1.72–2.92) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">FEV1 (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">94 (83–114) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">FEV1/FVC (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.4 (78.9–89.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab982795.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Patient Characteristics." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Data are expressed as median and interquartile range.Wilcoxon's test *P<.05." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1st administration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2nd administration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P-value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical Domain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.19 (5.47–6.78) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.50 (5.59–6.75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.504 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Psychological Domain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.43 (5.43–6.86) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.43 (5.71–6.86) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.838 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Social Domain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.75 (6.00–7.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.75 (6.25–7.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.975 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19 (17.75–21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19 (16–21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.199 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab982794.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Differences Between Both Administrations of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leicester Cough Questionnaire \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Floor (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ceiling (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cronbach alpha \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ICC (95% CI)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SEM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical Domain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.69 (0.52–0.81) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Psychological Domain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.59 (0.38–0.74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Social Domain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.45 (0.20–0.65) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.71 (0.54–0.82) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab982797.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "95% confidence interval for ICC this study; SEM: standard error measurements; MID: minimal important difference." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "LCQ Reliability and Validity Analysis." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Spearman's correlations. CFQ-R Children: Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised for children from 6 to 13 years; CFQ-R Adolescents: Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised for adolescents over 14 years; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the 1st second." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leicester cough questionnaire domains</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Physical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Psychological \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Respiratory Symptoms domain (CFQ-R Children) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.624<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.378<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.236 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.513<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical Capacity domain (CFQ-R Adolescents) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.653<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.749<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.739<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.627<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Respiratory Symptoms domain (CFQ-R Adolescents) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.700<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.734<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.684<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.670<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Body image domain (CFQ-R Adolescents) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.577<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.575<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.599<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.637<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">FVC (L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.427<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.601<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.462<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.557<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">FEV1 (L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.487<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.626<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.456<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.582<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab982796.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "P<.05." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "P<.001." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Correlations Between the Different Domains of the LCQ, CFQ-R and Lung Function." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mechanisms of the noxious inflammatory cycle in cystic fibrosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. 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Original Article

Validity of a Spanish Version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Children With Cystic Fibrosis

Validez de la versión en español del Cuestionario de Tos Leicester en niños con fibrosis quística

Tamara del Corrala, Janaína Percegonab, Núria Lópezc, Andrea Valientec, María Garrigad, Melisa Seborgaa, Jordi Vilaróe,

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jordivc@blanquerna.url.edu

Corresponding author.

a Asociación Madrileña de Fibrosis Quística, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

b Máster en Medicina Respiratoria, Universitat de Barcelona y Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

c Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària Universitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain

d Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain

e FCS Blanquerna, Grup de Recerca en Salut, Activitat Física i Esport (SAFE), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain

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        "titulo" => "Validez de la versi&#243;n en espa&#241;ol del Cuestionario de Tos Leicester en ni&#241;os con fibrosis qu&#237;stica"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cystic fibrosis &#40;CF&#41; is a chronic&#44; progressive&#44; genetic disease that affects the exocrine glands&#44; causing multiple organ damage in the respiratory tract&#44; pancreas&#44; liver&#44; sweat glands and reproductive system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Pulmonary pathophysiology is characterized by an absent or defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein &#40;CFTR&#41; function&#44; which causes abnormal regulation of periciliary liquid volume&#44; decreasing mucociliary clearance and producing mucus plugging and lung obstruction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Productive cough is a universal symptom in CF that becomes chronic as the disease progresses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Pulmonary exacerbations are defined as an increase in cough and sputum production with loss of appetite and exercise capacity&#44; which has a global impact on school absenteeism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> As CF progresses&#44; exacerbations occur more frequently and cough becomes a common daily symptom&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cough also has a direct influence on survival&#44; and is an important measure of the progress and effective treatment of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> Clinical experience suggests that chronic cough interferes in three dimensions of patients&#8217; lives&#44; namely the physical&#44; the emotional and the social&#44; causing considerable loss of quality of life and affecting social relations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> By monitoring health-related quality of life and the impact of cough&#44; it may be possible to improve treatment efficiency&#44; prolong longevity and decrease the economic impact of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Furthermore&#44; cough might be an important factor for predicting and preventing possible exacerbations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health-related quality of life &#40;HRQoL&#41; assessment provides the basis for evaluating the impact of the disease and treatment on activities of daily living not reflected by conventional clinical tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;13</span></a> Although HRQoL questionnaires correlate with chronic cough&#44; it is poorly represented in these questionnaires&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> so its impact on patients&#8217; lives is not fully characterized&#44; especially in children&#46; Cough is an exacerbation marker which significantly alters HRQoL&#44; and becomes more significant in adolescents with CF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NThe Leicester Cough Questionnaire &#40;LCQ&#41; was designed for the objective evaluation of chronic cough and its impact on daily life&#46; It is divided into three domains&#58; physical&#44; psychological and social&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Murray et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> reported good results when it was applied in adults with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis&#46; LCQ has been translated into multiple languages&#44; including Dutch and Chinese&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> and is commonly used for assessing the impact of cough in different respiratory diseases&#46; The results are robust&#44; even when cough is acute&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> However&#44; little is known about cough assessment in CF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; these evaluations are generally limited to exacerbations and it is poorly analyzed in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to recent evidence&#44; the LCQ may be an appropriate tool for assessing cough in a young CF population&#44; but it has not been investigated previously in this specific group&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Spanish Version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in children and teenagers with cystic fibrosis&#44; in order to provide a new tool for analyzing the impact of cough on this population&#46; The Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire could constitute a simple&#44; easily administered instrument for the assessment of cough in young CF patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Participants</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study population was recruited in Spain from the Hospital de Sabadell&#44; Corporaci&#243; Sanit&#224;ria Universit&#224;ria Parc Taul&#237;&#44; Sabadell &#40;Barcelona&#41;&#44; Hospital Ram&#243;n y Cajal and the Asociaci&#243;n Madrile&#241;a de Fibrosis Qu&#237;stica in Madrid&#46; All participants were enrolled between May and September 2013&#46; Inclusion criteria were clinically stable CF patients aged 7 to 18 years old&#44; with no exacerbations during the month before study inclusion&#44; who could read and understand the questionnaires&#46; Initially&#44; 60 patients were included&#44; but 2 were excluded due to a respiratory exacerbation during the course of the study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Sabadell&#44; Corporaci&#243; Sanit&#224;ria Universit&#224;ria Parc Taul&#237; and Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona&#44; Spain&#46; Before the study&#44; patients over 14 years of age signed the informed consent form&#44; and for children under 14&#44; consent was signed by parents who agreed to allow their child to participate in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the purpose of characterization&#44; all patients performed conventional lung function tests<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> using a portable spirometer Easyone&#8482; Bluetooth Cradle model 2010BLT &#40;Zurich&#44; Switzerland&#41; in the Madrid hospitals&#44; and Datospir-600 Sibelmed &#40;Barcelona Spain&#41; in Sabadell&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Cough Questionnaire</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Leicester Cough Questionnaire &#40;LCQ&#41; measures the impact of cough on quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> It is a self-administered questionnaire composed of 19 items divided into three domains&#58; physical &#40;8 items&#41;&#44; psychological &#40;7 items&#41;&#44; and social &#40;4 items&#41;&#46; Answers are recorded on a 7-point Likert scale&#46; The total score&#44; ranging from 3 to 21&#44; is obtained by adding the domain scores and dividing by three&#58; higher scores represent lower cough impact on quality of life&#46; Each domain may also be analyzed independently&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Quality of Life</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised</span> &#40;CFQ-R&#41; consists of a quality of life questionnaire specifically designed for cystic fibrosis patients older than 6 years of age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> It has been translated to several languages&#44; including Spanish&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> We used three different versions of the questionnaire according to age groups&#58; CFQ-R 6&#8211;11 &#40;from 6 to 11 years&#41;&#44; CFQ-R 12&#8211;13 &#40;from 12 to 13 years&#41; and CFQ-R 14&#43; &#40;adolescents&#41;&#46; The questionnaire consists of self-reported items with different domains&#44; including physical functioning&#44; vitality&#44; health perceptions&#44; respiratory symptoms&#44; treatment burden&#44; role functioning&#44; emotional functioning&#44; and social functioning&#46; Answers are reported on 4-point Likert scale rating frequency&#44; difficulty&#44; or truth&#44; by selecting statements that best describe the patient&#39;s situation&#46; Final score is obtained by domains&#44; each domain has a score from 0 to 100&#59; the higher the score&#44; the higher the patient quality of life&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Validation Process</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the validation process&#44; we followed the standard forward-backward translation method&#46; First&#44; we translated the original version into Spanish and then a native English official translator retranslated it to English&#46; A panel of experts in respiratory diseases and cough discussed and compared the two versions in order to find the best expressions for better patient understanding&#46; After this process&#44; the preliminary version of the questionnaire was tested by a group of patients &#40;n&#61;8&#41; to obtain their impressions and comments&#46; During the final procedure&#44; some simple modifications were introduced without changing the meaning of the questionnaire&#46; Only two questions were adapted by including a simple common word&#44; in parentheses&#44; similar to the original&#44; in order to facilitate comprehension &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To validate the Spanish version of the LCQ&#44; the final version was applied twice within a period of 15&#8211;30 days to compare both results&#46; During this period&#44; patients were asked not to change their routine management&#44; initiate physical activities&#44; change medication&#44; or participate in any unusual activity that could interfere with their cough status during the validation period&#46; If they did&#44; they were automatically excluded from the study&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Floor or ceiling effects may be considered if more than 15&#37; of the patients achieve the lowest score&#44; meaning higher impact of cough&#44; or the highest possible score&#44; meaning lower impact of cough on quality of life&#44; respectively&#46; Absence of floor or ceiling effects indicates good content validity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was performed with PASW Statistics 18 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; IBM&#46;&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Demographic characteristics are represented as median and interquartile range&#46; The Saphiro&#8211;Wilk test was used to analyze the distribution of the data&#46; Non-parametric statistics were used because most data were not normally distributed &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For reliability&#44; internal consistency and reproducibility were examined&#46; The questionnaire validity &#40;internal consistency&#41; was assessed by Cronbach alpha coefficient and item total correlation coefficients&#44; while the intraclass correlation coefficient &#40;ICC&#41; was used for reliability&#46; Cronbach&#39;s alpha coefficient was assumed to be &#62;0&#46;70&#46; Reliability levels were based on the following classification&#58; high reliability&#44; ICC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;90&#59; good reliability&#44; ICC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;70 and &#60;0&#46;90&#59; acceptable reliability&#44; ICC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;40 and &#60;0&#46;70&#59; poor reliability&#44; &#60;0&#46;40&#46; Agreement over time was assessed by constructing a Bland&#8211;Altman plot for the LCQ total score by calculating the mean difference between two measurements and the standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; of the difference&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> In this plot&#44; 95&#37; of the differences are expected to be less than 2 SDs&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The minimal important difference &#40;MID&#41; is given as&#58; MID<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;</span>1&#46;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8730;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SEM&#44; where 1&#46;96 is derived from the 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Measurement error is expressed as a standard error of measurement &#40;SEM&#41;&#44; which is calculated as&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;&#8730;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ICC&#41;&#44; where SD is the standard deviation of values from all participants and ICC is the reliability coefficient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The convergent validity was assessed with Spearman&#39;s correlation coefficient between the LCQ and the CFQ-R scores&#46; A strong correlation was considered to be over 0&#46;60&#59; a moderate correlation between 0&#46;30 and 0&#46;60&#59; and a low &#40;very low&#41; correlation below 0&#46;30&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Demographics</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final group comprised 58 clinically stable CF patients&#44; 38&#37; girls&#44; mean age 11&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;1 years&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; with preserved lung function&#58; forced vital capacity &#40;FVC&#41; 2&#46;68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L&#59; forced expiratory volume in the first second &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; 2&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L&#59; and FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC ratio 83&#46;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographics and clinical characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">LCQ Validation</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of reproducibility&#44; the Spanish version of the LCQ shows no significant differences in median and interquartile range between both administrations of the questionnaire &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The results obtained in the three domains and in the total score were similar in both administrations&#58; LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">physical</span> 6&#46;19 vs 6&#46;50&#59; LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">psychological</span> 6&#46;43 vs 6&#46;43&#59; LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">social</span> 6&#46;75 vs 6&#46;75&#59; and LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">total</span> 19 vs 19 &#91;1st vs 2nd administration &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;ns&#41;&#93;&#46; The Bland and Altman analysis showed a higher concordance between total score results when both administrations were compared&#46; A Bland&#8211;Altman plot of the LCQ total score is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46; The validity and reliability results obtained from Cronbach&#39;s alpha coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient &#40;ICC&#41; are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Results showed acceptable reliability&#44; ICC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;40 and &#60;0&#46;70&#44; except for the ICC of the LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">total</span> domain&#44; which was 0&#46;71&#44; showing good reliability&#46; It is important to note that the questionnaire did not present floor effect &#40;0&#37;&#41; in any of the domains&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The minimal important difference &#40;MID&#41; for the LCQ was between 1&#46;07 to 3&#44; with standard error measurements &#40;SEM&#41; between 0&#46;46 and 1&#46;28 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Relationship Between the Spanish Version of the LCQ and Health-related of Quality of Life</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For a better understanding of LCQ dimensionality&#44; we compared the dimension results with quality of life according to the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised &#40;CFQ-R&#41;&#46; This was done by analyzing all questionnaire domains &#40;physical capacity&#44; role functioning&#44; vitality&#44; emotion functioning&#44; social functioning&#44; body image perceptions&#44; eating&#44; treatment burden&#44; health perceptions&#44; weight perceptions&#44; and respiratory and digestion symptoms&#41;&#46; The most significant and interesting correlations are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; Significant correlations with CFQ-R were found for physical capacity&#44; respiratory symptoms and body image domains &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish LCQ version is a valid and reliable questionnaire for evaluating the impact of cough on quality of life in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis&#46; It is interesting to note that this was the first study in which the LCQ was administered to this population of children&#59; no previous references to this group of patients were found&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish LCQ version shows similar results to the original version created by Birring et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The original version showed good reliability in all domains and in total score&#59; the Spanish version&#44; however&#44; obtained lower values in both coefficients&#58; Cronbach&#39;s alpha coefficient ranged between 0&#46;62 and 0&#46;83 and ICC between 0&#46;45 and 0&#46;71&#46; It should be pointed out that social domain coefficients in the Spanish version were inferior to those in the original version and to those reported in other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> These results may be explained by the young age of the sample&#46; Most LCQ-based studies are conducted in adults&#44; because children and adolescents perceive their surroundings in a different way&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> and this affects the final score results&#44; as confirmed by the percentage of young patients &#40;50&#37;&#41; who did not think that having a cough presented a problem&#46; Total scores were repeatable&#44; with intraclass correlation coefficients above 0&#46;7&#46; Thus&#44; repeatability of the LCQ in CF patients was adequate and in accordance with previous results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The excellent stability of the Spanish LCQ version reveals lower impact of cough on quality of life in the population studied&#44; most likely due to age and less severe pulmonary disease&#44; suggesting a plausible explanation for the absence of floor effect in the study&#46; Gee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> confirm that severely affected patients tend to produce a greater floor effect&#44; while those with moderate and mild levels generate ceiling effects in most items&#46; A ceiling effect was seen in 15&#37; of our patients in all domains&#44; and could limit the internal validity of the Spanish version&#46; However&#44; these results may be explained by the patients&#8217; mild respiratory severity and young age&#46; Furthermore&#44; sex and age are strong predictors of health-related quality of life&#44; and children reported a lower treatment burden than perceived by their parents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Consequently&#44; the lower social domain coefficient obtained in the Spanish version may be due to the patients&#8217; young age &#40;the social impact of cough may still be unimportant in this population&#44; and cough is not an obstacle for their normal activities&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LCQ is a robust tool for measuring the impact of cough on quality of life&#44; as demonstrated by the strong&#44; significant correlations observed between LCQ and CFQ-R&#44; especially in the physical domain and respiratory symptoms&#46; It is safe to say&#44; then&#44; that the LCQ truly reflects quality of life related to the impact of cough in CF patients&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subjective tools such as cough visual analog scales&#44; scores&#44; and diaries are widely used to measure the impact of cough&#46; Although the best way of evaluating cough severity is not known&#44; it is likely that a combination of subjective and objective assessments is necessary&#44; and well-validated cough severity assessment tools must be investigated further&#46; It is important to emphasize the utility of validating the Spanish version&#44; confirming its reliability even when completed by minors&#46; This area has not been explored in previous studies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Limitations</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were some limitations to the study that are worth mentioning&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First of all&#44; researchers detected difficulties younger patients had some difficulty understanding some of the items&#46; This was solved in the final version by adding a synonym in parentheses next to the misunderstood word&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another difficulty was that the uneven age distribution that could lead to misinterpretation of some data&#44; since the perception of disease differs between teenagers and children&#46; In addition&#44; our patients had low-grade disease&#44; so results could have been overestimated&#44; increasing the ceiling effect and revealing a better quality of life and lower impact of cough&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample was not selected specifically for the validation&#44; and instead was recruited from the ordinary respiratory outpatient population&#44; and this is reflected in the results&#46; If the study group had been composed of moderate-to-severe CF patients&#44; the Spanish version of LCQ could have truly characterized the impact of cough on quality of life&#46; Changing medication regimens in patients could also alter cough status&#44; modifying LCQ results&#46; To diminish this effect&#44; the research team made sure there was no variation in drugs for each patient during the validation process&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite these limitations&#44; the aim of the study was to demonstrate the validity of the Spanish LCQ questionnaire version for young CF patients&#44; and not to show if they have more or less cough&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire is valid for evaluating the impact of cough on quality of life in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis&#46; In view of these results&#44; we recommend that this instrument be used regularly to detect any change in quality of life that could appear during the course of the disease&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Funding</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This project was partially financed by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Proyecto Avanza</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">TSI-020110-2009-431</span>&#46; Ministerio de Industria&#44; Turismo y Comercio&#44; Spain&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state no conflict of interests with regard to this manuscript&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-10-07"
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            0 => "Cystic fibrosis"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cystic fibrosis &#40;CF&#41; patients present chronic cough as one of the main symptoms&#44; which has an important effect on quality of life and social relations&#46; Our goal was to validate the Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire &#40;LCQ&#41; in a group of children and teenagers with CF&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After adapting to Spanish by standardized translation and retro-translation methodology&#44; a sample of 58 stable CF patients from 7 to 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years were recruited from three CF specialized centers in Spain&#46; The questionnaire was administered twice&#59; the second administration &#40;LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; was performed between 2 and 4 weeks later than the first one &#40;LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&#44; in order to analyze the reliability and validity of the Spanish version&#46; To correlate results with health related quality of life &#40;HRQoL&#41; we used the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised &#40;CFQ-R&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Population was composed by 62&#37; male&#44; age 11&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years and body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Total scores from LCQ were&#58; LCQ1 19 &#40;17&#46;75&#8211;21&#41; vs LCQ2 19 &#40;16&#8211;21&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#61;</span>&#46;199&#41;&#46; Cronbach&#39;s Alpha coefficient was 0&#46;83 for the LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">total</span> and for each specific domain was&#58; 0&#46;82 LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">physical</span>&#59; 0&#46;74 LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">psychological</span> and 0&#46;62 LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">social</span>&#46; Intraclass correlation coefficient was&#58; 0&#46;69 LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">physical</span>&#59; 0&#46;59 LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">psychological</span>&#59; 0&#46;45 LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">social</span> and 0&#46;71 LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">total</span> &#40;good reliability&#41;&#46; Relations with CFQ-R showed moderated and significant results&#58; LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">total</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;51 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#60;</span>&#46;001&#41; and respiratory symptoms domain <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#61;0&#46;67 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#60;</span>&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire is reliable and valid for children and adolescents with CF and it has good relations with health related quality of life in this population&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Uno de los s&#237;ntomas destacados de la fibrosis qu&#237;stica &#40;FQ&#41; es la tos cr&#243;nica&#44; que afecta a la calidad de vida y a las relaciones sociales de los pacientes que la padecen&#46; Nos propusimos analizar la fiabilidad y la validez de la versi&#243;n en espa&#241;ol del Cuestionario de Tos Leicester &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leicester Cough Questionnaire</span> &#91;LCQ&#93;&#41; en ni&#241;os y adolescentes con FQ&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tras adaptar el cuestionario al espa&#241;ol por el m&#233;todo normalizado de traducci&#243;n y traducci&#243;n inversa&#44; 3 centros espa&#241;oles especializados en FQ reclutaron 58 pacientes de 7 a 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os de edad con FQ estable&#46; El cuestionario se administr&#243; en 2 ocasiones &#40;LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> y LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; dejando transcurrir un intervalo 2&#8211;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>semanas entre ambas administraciones&#46; Para correlacionar los resultados con la calidad de vida &#40;CdVRS&#41; se utiliz&#243; la versi&#243;n revisada del Cuestionario de Fibrosis Qu&#237;stica &#40;CFQ-R&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La poblaci&#243;n estudiada estuvo compuesta por un 62&#37; de pacientes varones&#59; la media de edad fue de 11&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os y el promedio de &#237;ndice de masa corporal de 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Las medias de las puntuaciones totales del LCQ fueron las siguientes&#58; 19 &#40;17&#44;75&#8211;21&#41; en el LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> frente a 19 &#40;16&#8211;21&#41; en el LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;199&#41;&#46; Se obtuvieron los siguientes coeficientes alfa de Cronbach&#58; LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">total</span> 0&#44;83&#59; LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">f&#237;sico</span> 0&#44;82&#59; LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">psicol&#243;gico</span> 0&#44;74&#44; y LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">social</span> 0&#44;62&#46; Los coeficientes de correlaci&#243;n intraclase de las puntuaciones de los dominios LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">f&#237;sico</span>&#44; LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">psicol&#243;gico</span>&#44; LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">social</span> y de la puntuaci&#243;n LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">total</span> fueron de 0&#44;69&#44; 0&#44;59&#44; 0&#44;45 y 0&#44;71&#44; respectivamente&#46; Las puntuaciones m&#225;s bien correlacionadas con el CFQ-R fueron la LCQ<span class="elsevierStyleInf">total</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;51&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y la puntuaci&#243;n del dominio de s&#237;ntomas respiratorios &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;67&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La versi&#243;n en espa&#241;ol del Cuestionario de Tos Leicester es fiable y v&#225;lida en ni&#241;os y adolescentes con FQ&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; en esta poblaci&#243;n el cuestionario se correlaciona bien con la calidad de vida&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as&#58; del Corral T&#44; Percegona J&#44; L&#243;pez N&#44; Valiente A&#44; Garriga M&#44; Seborga M&#44; et al&#46; Validez de la versi&#243;n en espa&#241;ol del Cuestionario de Tos Leicester en ni&#241;os con fibrosis qu&#237;stica&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2016&#59;52&#58;63&#8211;69&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">General scheme of the study process&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bland-Altman plot of the LCQ total score and the changes between first and second administration&#46; Solid line represents the mean difference between over two administrations and the dashed lines are the limits of agreement&#44; which represent 2 times the standard deviation of the mean difference&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are expressed as median and interquartile range&#46; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; FVC&#58; forced vital capacity&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; forced expiratory volume in the 1st second&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC&#58; flow&#47;volume ratio&#59; M&#47;F&#58; male&#47;female&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Population characteristics &#40;n&#61;58&#41;</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sex&#58; M&#47;F &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#47;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;9&#8211;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Height &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;47 &#40;1&#46;33&#8211;1&#46;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Weight &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;3 &#40;30&#46;2&#8211;52&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;3 &#40;16&#46;6&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FVC &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;45 &#40;2&#46;01&#8211;3&#46;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">101 &#40;83&#8211;114&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;05 &#40;1&#46;72&#8211;2&#46;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">94 &#40;83&#8211;114&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84&#46;4 &#40;78&#46;9&#8211;89&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient Characteristics&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are expressed as median and interquartile range&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Wilcoxon&#39;s test &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;05&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1st administration&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2nd administration&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Physical Domain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;19 &#40;5&#46;47&#8211;6&#46;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;50 &#40;5&#46;59&#8211;6&#46;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;504&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Psychological Domain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;43 &#40;5&#46;43&#8211;6&#46;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;43 &#40;5&#46;71&#8211;6&#46;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;838&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Social Domain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;75 &#40;6&#46;00&#8211;7&#46;00&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;75 &#40;6&#46;25&#8211;7&#46;00&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;975&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;17&#46;75&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;16&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;199&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Differences Between Both Administrations of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ICC&#58; intraclass correlation coefficient&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leicester Cough Questionnaire&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Floor &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ceiling &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cronbach alpha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ICC &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SEM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MID&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Physical Domain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;69 &#40;0&#46;52&#8211;0&#46;81&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Psychological Domain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;59 &#40;0&#46;38&#8211;0&#46;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Social Domain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;45 &#40;0&#46;20&#8211;0&#46;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;71 &#40;0&#46;54&#8211;0&#46;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab982797.png"
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          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">95&#37; confidence interval for ICC this study&#59; SEM&#58; standard error measurements&#59; MID&#58; minimal important difference&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">LCQ Reliability and Validity Analysis&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spearman&#39;s correlations&#46; CFQ-R Children&#58; Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised for children from 6 to 13 years&#59; CFQ-R Adolescents&#58; Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised for adolescents over 14 years&#59; FVC&#58; forced vital capacity&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; forced expiratory volume in the 1st second&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leicester cough questionnaire domains</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Physical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Psychological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Social&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Respiratory Symptoms domain &#40;CFQ-R Children&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;624<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;378<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;236&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;513<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Physical Capacity domain &#40;CFQ-R Adolescents&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;653<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;749<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;739<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;627<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Respiratory Symptoms domain &#40;CFQ-R Adolescents&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;700<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;734<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;684<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;670<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Body image domain &#40;CFQ-R Adolescents&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;577<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;575<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;599<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;637<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FVC &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;427<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;601<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;462<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;557<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
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Article information

ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.arbr.2015.05.011

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2024 November	8	4	12
2024 October	72	25	97
2024 September	61	18	79
2024 August	83	30	113
2024 July	67	24	91
2024 June	103	33	136
2024 May	126	34	160
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2024 January	2	1	3
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2023 January	29	26	55
2022 December	80	49	129
2022 November	68	30	98
2022 October	64	37	101
2022 September	36	28	64
2022 August	40	43	83
2022 July	49	44	93
2022 June	44	35	79
2022 May	53	48	101
2022 April	56	34	90
2022 March	50	46	96
2022 February	38	33	71
2022 January	33	40	73
2021 December	37	35	72
2021 November	43	56	99
2021 October	56	49	105
2021 September	39	58	97
2021 August	38	39	77
2021 July	38	28	66
2021 June	50	35	85
2021 May	40	39	79
2021 April	92	98	190
2021 March	58	33	91
2021 February	65	19	84
2021 January	44	17	61
2020 December	56	26	82
2020 November	49	22	71
2020 October	77	24	101
2020 September	32	16	48
2020 August	47	14	61
2020 July	47	25	72
2020 June	35	11	46
2020 May	45	16	61
2020 April	75	25	100
2020 March	41	12	53
2020 February	44	20	64
2020 January	44	14	58
2019 December	52	23	75
2019 November	55	25	80
2019 October	40	16	56
2019 September	19	7	26
2019 August	35	15	50
2019 July	46	26	72
2019 June	35	55	90
2019 May	62	17	79
2019 April	56	26	82
2019 March	53	31	84
2019 February	44	23	67
2019 January	46	6	52
2018 December	52	20	72
2018 November	157	22	179
2018 October	215	22	237
2018 September	41	11	52
2018 May	20	0	20
2018 April	26	6	32
2018 March	40	4	44
2018 February	14	6	20
2018 January	17	5	22
2017 December	27	5	32
2017 November	31	5	36
2017 October	24	5	29
2017 September	24	20	44
2017 August	21	9	30
2017 July	20	5	25
2017 June	40	11	51
2017 May	59	15	74
2017 April	35	11	46
2017 March	33	11	44
2017 February	17	4	21
2017 January	26	12	38
2016 December	25	10	35
2016 November	56	18	74
2016 October	52	23	75
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