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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2009&#44; my surprise at the amount of unethical behavior uncovered during my first 4 years as Editor-in-Chief of CHEST led me to comment on the role of conflict of interest and scientific misconduct in the reporting of scientific information&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> While a very small part of scientific misconduct was determined to be intentional&#44; by far the greater part was deemed unintentional&#44; since it was not intuitively obvious to the participating authors that they had engaged in unethical behavior&#46; A review of the literature undertaken before writing the article suggested that our findings were neither new nor unusual&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; I decided to go ahead and write the commentary&#44; feeling that it was important to add my voice to that of others who had been trying to restore public trust in research&#44; trust that had been eroded due to a perceived deterioration of professional fidelity and honesty among pharmaceutical companies and device manufacturers&#44; investigators&#44; editors and journals&#44; and clinicians&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five years later&#44; there is clearly a greater awareness of scientific misconduct and the situation is improving&#46; For example&#44; requirements for trial registration and U&#46;S&#46; Food and Drug Administration &#40;FDA&#41; filing have evolved and become more rigorous<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#59; the Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturers of America &#40;PhRMA&#41;&#44; representing the country&#39;s leading biopharmaceutical researchers and biotechnology companies&#44; have updated and refined their guidelines on the conduct and reporting of clinical trials<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#59; an increasing number of journals are using software to uncover plagiarism<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and image manipulation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#59; and the requirement for conflict of interest disclosures by authors has become commonplace&#46; However&#44; while there is a greater awareness of the problem and an increasing number and variety of safeguards have been put in place&#44; we continue to encounter situations that authors should avoid&#46; These can be categorized as careless mistakes&#44; worse than careless mistakes&#44; and mistakes to avoid like the plague&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Careless mistakes &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; are those that have the potential to offend reviewers and editors&#46; While they do not necessarily lead to rejection&#44; they do have the potential to diminish an author&#39;s chances of receiving a favorable review or second chance when there is uncertainty&#46; These mistakes are often a failure to apply common sense&#46; For example&#44; it is foolish to ignore the helpful suggestions of reviewers from the journal that has just rejected your manuscript before submitting it elsewhere&#44; as the same reviewers may examine your manuscript again for another journal&#46; Most reviewers devote a great deal of time and effort to the review of manuscripts&#58; if their suggestions are ignored&#44; their efforts in assisting the author to produce the best quality paper will be wasted&#44; ultimately insulting their hard work&#46; Authors and reviewers are often unaware that editorial boards will sometimes encourage reviewers to take another look at a manuscript that they reviewed for another journal&#46; For example&#44; the reviewer may have recommended that the manuscript be accepted by the first journal but their opinion was overridden by others&#59; they may be one of the very few reviewers with knowledge in the area of research under consideration &#8211; in some areas&#44; there are very few experts&#59; and finally&#44; having the same reviewer take another look at a manuscript may be the only way to detect subtle or obvious scientific misconduct &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; sudden changes in design or study outcomes within a 2-week period&#41;&#46; We have unfortunately experienced the latter&#46; If we know that a reviewer has previously considered a manuscript for another journal&#44; we do not rely solely on their comments&#44; as we always invite comments from additional reviewers&#46; Other careless mistakes include failure to fully address all of the suggestions of the reviewers and journal&#59; listing the editor of the journal as a non-preferred reviewer &#40;indeed&#44; I&#44; myself&#44; was listed as a non-preferred reviewer for a cough paper submitted to CHEST&#41;&#59; taking personal offense at the rejection of a manuscript and responding by denigrating the editor in a letter to the review board&#44; which risks landing in said editor&#39;s inbox&#46; An additional mistake committed by authors is to consistently decline invitations to review manuscripts for a journal to which they often submit their manuscripts&#44; thereby giving the journal the impression that they are too self-important to assist another investigator in improving their work or to support the professional development of a less experienced author&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mistakes that fall into the potentially more serious category &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; are those that can not only lead to rejection but also embarrassment or worse &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; retraction of article from PubMed&#41;&#46; Examples of mistakes that fall into this category include duplicate publication&#44; participation in trials in which the sponsor refuses access to results or must approve what is published&#44; or use in clinical trials of validated instruments that have been modified without permission and revalidation&#46; In the last case&#44; results obtained with this modified instrument may be reported under the incorrect assumption that it has the same psychometric properties as the original instrument&#44; thus qualifying as misrepresentation&#46; Equally unethical is duplicate publication&#46; A duplicate publication generally involves the simultaneous or consecutive publication of the major components of an article in several formats &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; print or electronic&#41;&#46; Specifically&#44; at least 1 element &#40;if not more&#41; overlaps substantially in tables&#44; graphics&#44; discussion or even letters to the editor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The unethical nature of a duplicate publication is particularly flagrant when there is no reference to the original report&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mistakes that must be avoided like the plague &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; are those that qualify as intentional scientific misconduct&#46; Examples include falsifying results &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; manipulating images&#41; or lying about having Institutional Review Board approval&#59; plagiarism and self-plagiarism&#59; using ghostwriters&#44; ghost authors and guest authors&#59; and knowingly participating in trials with design or publication bias&#46; If trials are designed with a high likelihood of being positive&#44; they are flawed by design bias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Such trials are unethical because they are not consistent with the equipoise or uncertainty principle&#44; a central ethical code of clinical research&#46; A subject should not be enrolled in a phase 3 randomized clinical trial unless there is true uncertainty about which trial arm is most likely to apportion benefit or harm&#46; Publication bias occurs when sponsors prevent the publication of studies unfavorable to their products or selectively report on favorable studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Because subjects enroll in studies for the benefit of medical science and society and negative studies further medical knowledge&#44; it is unethical to avoid the publication of negative studies&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are a variety of mistakes that authors should avoid to improve their success in medical publishing&#46; While some are careless oversights&#44; others are more serious and can lead to manuscript rejection and embarrassment&#46; Some other errors are so serious that they must be avoided at all costs&#44; in order to prevent further undermining the integrity of research and public trust and to avoid ruining your reputation and career&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Consistently declining invitations to review manuscripts for a journal to which you often submit manuscripts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Editorial
Medical Publishing in 2015: Mistakes to be careful to avoid
La publicación médica en 2015: errores que hay que evitar
Richard S. Irwin
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2009&#44; my surprise at the amount of unethical behavior uncovered during my first 4 years as Editor-in-Chief of CHEST led me to comment on the role of conflict of interest and scientific misconduct in the reporting of scientific information&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> While a very small part of scientific misconduct was determined to be intentional&#44; by far the greater part was deemed unintentional&#44; since it was not intuitively obvious to the participating authors that they had engaged in unethical behavior&#46; A review of the literature undertaken before writing the article suggested that our findings were neither new nor unusual&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; I decided to go ahead and write the commentary&#44; feeling that it was important to add my voice to that of others who had been trying to restore public trust in research&#44; trust that had been eroded due to a perceived deterioration of professional fidelity and honesty among pharmaceutical companies and device manufacturers&#44; investigators&#44; editors and journals&#44; and clinicians&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five years later&#44; there is clearly a greater awareness of scientific misconduct and the situation is improving&#46; For example&#44; requirements for trial registration and U&#46;S&#46; Food and Drug Administration &#40;FDA&#41; filing have evolved and become more rigorous<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#59; the Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturers of America &#40;PhRMA&#41;&#44; representing the country&#39;s leading biopharmaceutical researchers and biotechnology companies&#44; have updated and refined their guidelines on the conduct and reporting of clinical trials<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#59; an increasing number of journals are using software to uncover plagiarism<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and image manipulation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#59; and the requirement for conflict of interest disclosures by authors has become commonplace&#46; However&#44; while there is a greater awareness of the problem and an increasing number and variety of safeguards have been put in place&#44; we continue to encounter situations that authors should avoid&#46; These can be categorized as careless mistakes&#44; worse than careless mistakes&#44; and mistakes to avoid like the plague&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Careless mistakes &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; are those that have the potential to offend reviewers and editors&#46; While they do not necessarily lead to rejection&#44; they do have the potential to diminish an author&#39;s chances of receiving a favorable review or second chance when there is uncertainty&#46; These mistakes are often a failure to apply common sense&#46; For example&#44; it is foolish to ignore the helpful suggestions of reviewers from the journal that has just rejected your manuscript before submitting it elsewhere&#44; as the same reviewers may examine your manuscript again for another journal&#46; Most reviewers devote a great deal of time and effort to the review of manuscripts&#58; if their suggestions are ignored&#44; their efforts in assisting the author to produce the best quality paper will be wasted&#44; ultimately insulting their hard work&#46; Authors and reviewers are often unaware that editorial boards will sometimes encourage reviewers to take another look at a manuscript that they reviewed for another journal&#46; For example&#44; the reviewer may have recommended that the manuscript be accepted by the first journal but their opinion was overridden by others&#59; they may be one of the very few reviewers with knowledge in the area of research under consideration &#8211; in some areas&#44; there are very few experts&#59; and finally&#44; having the same reviewer take another look at a manuscript may be the only way to detect subtle or obvious scientific misconduct &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; sudden changes in design or study outcomes within a 2-week period&#41;&#46; We have unfortunately experienced the latter&#46; If we know that a reviewer has previously considered a manuscript for another journal&#44; we do not rely solely on their comments&#44; as we always invite comments from additional reviewers&#46; Other careless mistakes include failure to fully address all of the suggestions of the reviewers and journal&#59; listing the editor of the journal as a non-preferred reviewer &#40;indeed&#44; I&#44; myself&#44; was listed as a non-preferred reviewer for a cough paper submitted to CHEST&#41;&#59; taking personal offense at the rejection of a manuscript and responding by denigrating the editor in a letter to the review board&#44; which risks landing in said editor&#39;s inbox&#46; An additional mistake committed by authors is to consistently decline invitations to review manuscripts for a journal to which they often submit their manuscripts&#44; thereby giving the journal the impression that they are too self-important to assist another investigator in improving their work or to support the professional development of a less experienced author&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mistakes that fall into the potentially more serious category &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; are those that can not only lead to rejection but also embarrassment or worse &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; retraction of article from PubMed&#41;&#46; Examples of mistakes that fall into this category include duplicate publication&#44; participation in trials in which the sponsor refuses access to results or must approve what is published&#44; or use in clinical trials of validated instruments that have been modified without permission and revalidation&#46; In the last case&#44; results obtained with this modified instrument may be reported under the incorrect assumption that it has the same psychometric properties as the original instrument&#44; thus qualifying as misrepresentation&#46; Equally unethical is duplicate publication&#46; A duplicate publication generally involves the simultaneous or consecutive publication of the major components of an article in several formats &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; print or electronic&#41;&#46; Specifically&#44; at least 1 element &#40;if not more&#41; overlaps substantially in tables&#44; graphics&#44; discussion or even letters to the editor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The unethical nature of a duplicate publication is particularly flagrant when there is no reference to the original report&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mistakes that must be avoided like the plague &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; are those that qualify as intentional scientific misconduct&#46; Examples include falsifying results &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; manipulating images&#41; or lying about having Institutional Review Board approval&#59; plagiarism and self-plagiarism&#59; using ghostwriters&#44; ghost authors and guest authors&#59; and knowingly participating in trials with design or publication bias&#46; If trials are designed with a high likelihood of being positive&#44; they are flawed by design bias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Such trials are unethical because they are not consistent with the equipoise or uncertainty principle&#44; a central ethical code of clinical research&#46; A subject should not be enrolled in a phase 3 randomized clinical trial unless there is true uncertainty about which trial arm is most likely to apportion benefit or harm&#46; Publication bias occurs when sponsors prevent the publication of studies unfavorable to their products or selectively report on favorable studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Because subjects enroll in studies for the benefit of medical science and society and negative studies further medical knowledge&#44; it is unethical to avoid the publication of negative studies&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are a variety of mistakes that authors should avoid to improve their success in medical publishing&#46; While some are careless oversights&#44; others are more serious and can lead to manuscript rejection and embarrassment&#46; Some other errors are so serious that they must be avoided at all costs&#44; in order to prevent further undermining the integrity of research and public trust and to avoid ruining your reputation and career&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Silly mistakes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ignoring the helpful suggestions of reviewers from the journal that has just rejected your manuscript before submitting it elsewhere&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Consistently declining invitations to review manuscripts for a journal to which you often submit manuscripts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Duplicate publication&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Participating in trials in which the sponsor won&#8217;t allow you to have access to the results or must approve what is published&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Modifying validated instruments without permission and revalidation&#44; and using them in clinical trials&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mistakes that must be avoided like the plague</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Falsifying results &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; manipulating images&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lying about having Institutional Review Board &#40;IRB&#41; approval&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Plagiarism and self-plagiarism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Using ghostwriters&#44; ghost authors and guest authors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Knowingly participating in trials with design or publication bias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Available from&#58; <a href="http://screencast.com/t/AVlp9ANo">http&#58;&#47;&#47;screencast&#46;com&#47;t&#47;AVlp9ANo</a> &#91;accessed 07&#46;07&#46;14&#93;&#46;"
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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