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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the first reports on the deleterious effect of asbestos exposure on health were published at the beginning of the 20th century&#44; this mineral continues to be one of the main materials used in construction&#44; building&#44; and the automotive and textile industries&#44; among others&#46; For this reason&#44; many countries have passed laws banning the use of all forms of asbestos&#44; and others have placed restrictions on production and export&#46; At present&#44; 54 countries&#44; mostly in Europe &#40;including Spain&#41;&#44; have anti-asbestos legislation&#44; while it has been introduced in only 4 Latin American countries&#58; Argentina&#44; Chile&#44; Uruguay and Honduras&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1986&#44; Spain passed the Toxic and Dangerous Waste Act 20&#44; listing asbestos &#40;dust and fibers&#41; as a toxic or dangerous substance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Limitations were later placed on the sale of asbestos and its use was banned&#44; except in companies involved in demolition work and the production of chlor-alkalis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Health and safety provisions have also been introduced for the workers exposed to these fibers&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first country in Latin America to introduce similar legislation was Argentina&#44; where the use of amphiboles was banned in 2000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and the use and import of chrysotile in 2001&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In 2001&#44; Chile passed Ministry of Health Decree 656 banning the production&#44; importation&#44; distribution&#44; sale and use of any type of asbestos or asbestos-containing materials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Similar legislation banning the production and importation of asbestos was passed in Uruguay in 2002&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Two years later&#44; Honduras banned the use&#44; importation&#44; production&#44; distribution&#44; sale&#44; transport&#44; and storage of products containing chrysotile&#44; anthophyllite&#44; actinolite&#44; amosite&#44; and crocidolite&#44; with the exception of thermal or electrical insulation in electrical appliances&#44; electronic equipment and personal fire protection equipment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our opinion&#44; the long latency period of asbestos-related diseases and the difficulty of proving the benefit of anti-asbestos laws are 2 of the factors preventing a general worldwide ban of this product&#46; A third factor is the pro-asbestos lobby mounted by producers and consumers who oppose such legislation&#46; The human development index &#40;HDI&#41;&#44; a comparative measure of life expectancy&#44; illiteracy&#44; education and living standards is an important factor in this equation&#46; There are 47 countries with a very high HDI&#44; of which 37 &#40;79&#37;&#41; already have anti-asbestos legislation&#44; including Chile and Argentina&#44; the only Latin America countries in this group&#46; Meanwhile&#44; the 47 countries with high HDI&#44; the 47 with medium HDI&#44; and the 46 with low HDI&#44; only 9 &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; 5 &#40;11&#37;&#41; and 1 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively&#44; have anti-asbestos laws&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As pulmonologists&#44; we need to push through anti-asbestos legislation to protect our people from this silent epidemic&#44; irrespective of our national level of development&#46;</p></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
Status of the Ban on Asbestos Use in Spain and Latin America
Situación de la prohibición del uso de asbesto en España y Latinoamérica
Roberto Alfonso Accinelli Tanakaa,b,
Corresponding author
raccinellit@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, Lidia Marianella López Oropezab
a Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
b Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the first reports on the deleterious effect of asbestos exposure on health were published at the beginning of the 20th century&#44; this mineral continues to be one of the main materials used in construction&#44; building&#44; and the automotive and textile industries&#44; among others&#46; For this reason&#44; many countries have passed laws banning the use of all forms of asbestos&#44; and others have placed restrictions on production and export&#46; At present&#44; 54 countries&#44; mostly in Europe &#40;including Spain&#41;&#44; have anti-asbestos legislation&#44; while it has been introduced in only 4 Latin American countries&#58; Argentina&#44; Chile&#44; Uruguay and Honduras&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1986&#44; Spain passed the Toxic and Dangerous Waste Act 20&#44; listing asbestos &#40;dust and fibers&#41; as a toxic or dangerous substance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Limitations were later placed on the sale of asbestos and its use was banned&#44; except in companies involved in demolition work and the production of chlor-alkalis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Health and safety provisions have also been introduced for the workers exposed to these fibers&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first country in Latin America to introduce similar legislation was Argentina&#44; where the use of amphiboles was banned in 2000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and the use and import of chrysotile in 2001&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In 2001&#44; Chile passed Ministry of Health Decree 656 banning the production&#44; importation&#44; distribution&#44; sale and use of any type of asbestos or asbestos-containing materials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Similar legislation banning the production and importation of asbestos was passed in Uruguay in 2002&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Two years later&#44; Honduras banned the use&#44; importation&#44; production&#44; distribution&#44; sale&#44; transport&#44; and storage of products containing chrysotile&#44; anthophyllite&#44; actinolite&#44; amosite&#44; and crocidolite&#44; with the exception of thermal or electrical insulation in electrical appliances&#44; electronic equipment and personal fire protection equipment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our opinion&#44; the long latency period of asbestos-related diseases and the difficulty of proving the benefit of anti-asbestos laws are 2 of the factors preventing a general worldwide ban of this product&#46; A third factor is the pro-asbestos lobby mounted by producers and consumers who oppose such legislation&#46; The human development index &#40;HDI&#41;&#44; a comparative measure of life expectancy&#44; illiteracy&#44; education and living standards is an important factor in this equation&#46; There are 47 countries with a very high HDI&#44; of which 37 &#40;79&#37;&#41; already have anti-asbestos legislation&#44; including Chile and Argentina&#44; the only Latin America countries in this group&#46; Meanwhile&#44; the 47 countries with high HDI&#44; the 47 with medium HDI&#44; and the 46 with low HDI&#44; only 9 &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; 5 &#40;11&#37;&#41; and 1 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively&#44; have anti-asbestos laws&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As pulmonologists&#44; we need to push through anti-asbestos legislation to protect our people from this silent epidemic&#44; irrespective of our national level of development&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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