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array:21 [ "pii" => "S1579212914001979" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2014.06.018" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-09-01" "aid" => "944" "copyrightAnyo" => "2014" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2014;50:373-4" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1784 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 115 "HTML" => 1161 "PDF" => 508 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S157921291400192X" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2014.06.013" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-09-01" "aid" => "922" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2014;50:375-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3692 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 142 "HTML" => 2819 "PDF" => 731 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Antibiotics in Respiratory Tract Infections in Hospital Pediatric Emergency Departments" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "375" "paginaFinal" => "378" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Antibióticos en las infecciones respiratorias en urgencias pediátricas hospitalarias" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Claudia Guzmán Molina, Marta Velasco Rodríguez-Belvís, Albert Coroleu Bonet, Oriol Vall Combelles, Óscar García-Algar" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Claudia" "apellidos" => "Guzmán Molina" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marta" "apellidos" => "Velasco Rodríguez-Belvís" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Albert" "apellidos" => "Coroleu Bonet" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Oriol" "apellidos" => "Vall Combelles" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Óscar" "apellidos" => "García-Algar" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S157921291400192X?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/15792129/0000005000000009/v1_201408240420/S157921291400192X/v1_201408240420/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Will We Be Treating Tuberculosis With Vaccines in the <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">xxi</span> Century?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "373" "paginaFinal" => "374" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Juan Ruiz Manzano, Cristina Vilaplana" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Juan" "apellidos" => "Ruiz Manzano" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jruiz@separ.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Cristina" "apellidos" => "Vilaplana" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias y Pujol, Badalona, Departamento de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), CIBER de respiratorio (CIBERes), Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "¿Trataremos la tuberculosis con vacunas en el siglo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">xxi</span>?" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pillars for the control of tuberculosis are early diagnosis, appropriate treatment and prevention. After the discovery of the bacteriologically based treatment of tuberculosis halfway through the last century, various therapeutic regimens were established, allowing us to cure the vast majority of patients. However, it must be said that very little progress has been made in this area in recent decades. Prevention of tuberculosis remains focused on measures for avoiding contagion, chemoprophylaxis and BCG vaccination. Unlike the situation with other diseases such as smallpox, poliomyelitis, etc., where vaccines have led to control and even, in some cases, eradication, the role of the BCG vaccine has been constantly under discussion since it was introduced because, in addition to interfering with the predictive value of the tuberculin test, it has not managed to significantly modify the epidemiology of tuberculosis. The efficacy of the vaccine is very variable (0%–80%), it does not prevent tuberculosis infection and it does not protect the infected patient. The protection it does confer consists basically in preventing severe complications which may follow on from primary infection, such as meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. It is not recommended for systematic use in Spain.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite this, we still believe that, as has already occurred with other diseases, an effective vaccine may be the right tool for achieving the anxiously awaited worldwide eradication of tuberculosis. In this respect, the discovery of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> genome and improved knowledge of the bacillus’ immunopathology has opened new avenues of research into new vaccines for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Over the past 20 years, enormous efforts and public and private financial resources have been poured into the search for and development of new vaccines in order to improve or replace the BCG. Great progress has been made in the last 15 years that has produced a good number of vaccines now in the clinical development phase. Furthermore, various centers, including some in Spain, have specialized in the evaluation of candidate molecules in both animal models and in humans in clinical trial settings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existing candidate vaccines comprise the classic prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Most vaccines are prophylactic, and aim to prevent infection either by “priming” (those that hope to replace the BCG) or “boosting” (those that improve BCG efficacy when both are administered in a combined regimen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>). Therapeutic vaccines are in the minority, and are designed to prevent latent infection or the development of infection into disease or to reduce chemotherapy requirements. The scant interest in these compounds probably dates from the time when widespread use of tuberculin in Europe as a treatment for tuberculosis caused severe side effects, and the idea of a therapeutic vaccine against the disease was shelved.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Nevertheless, a few success stories, such as the RUTI vaccine that has obtained positive results in a phase 1 clinical trial and in another phase 2 study in subjects with and without HIV infection,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> have encouraged the scientific community to regard these strategies with less suspicion and even to include them among their short-term priorities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to design, candidate vaccines currently in clinical development are grouped into viral vector vaccines (MVA85A, AERAS-402, AdAg85A), proteins plus adjuvants (M72, Hybrid-1, Hyvac-4, H56), recombinant BCG vaccines (VPM 1002, AERAS-422) or dead bacillus extracts (Mw, RUTI).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Producing vaccines is not an easy task, at least not in the area of tuberculosis. There are no biomarkers correlated with protection, there is little consensus on the design of clinical trials and the sites capable of carrying them out,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and the selection and evaluation of new candidates needs to be rationalized.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,5,7</span></a> The ethical and regulatory requirements that accompany vaccine development can also cause problems. As with all medications, 15 years can elapse between design and marketing approval, and the process is extremely costly. Moreover, experience with BCG in HIV-infected subjects and the introduction of genetically engineered vaccines call for extra efforts to guarantee vaccine safety, an issue that has started to be addressed in regulatory guidelines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and successfully implemented in research groups.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initiatives such as the TBVAC and NEWTBVAC projects (funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program) and the GC12 project from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have fostered collaboration between the main players in the development of TB vaccines. However, there is still room for improvement in methodological harmonization and, unfortunately, an effective TB vaccine remains elusive.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,9</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The great hopes invested in TB vaccines faded when the most promising and outstanding candidate, MVA85A, was shown to be incapable of protecting against tuberculosis infection and disease in a clinical trial conducted in 2794 children in South Africa.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Yet the enormous effort made in recent years has not been in vain. Knowledge of the disease and vaccine design and development has deepened considerably, and a very high degree of international collaboration with a single common objective has been achieved. However, from now on, vaccine strategies will have to be redesigned, and the scientific community will have to be prepared to consider new less orthodox proposals, such as therapeutic vaccines, and proposals rejected long ago, such as those focusing on humoral immunity, may have to reexamined.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is safe to say that we have not yet achieved our dream of finding a really effective vaccine against tuberculosis, but considering the pace of recent developments, it is not unreasonable to believe that this may occur in the not too distant future.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Ruiz Manzano J, Vilaplana C. ¿Trataremos la tuberculosis con vacunas en el siglo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">xxi</span>? Arch Bronconeumol. 2014;50:373–374.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tuberculosis vaccines: a strategic blueprint for the next decade" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.J. Brennan" 1 => "J. 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