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Frequency of Polymorphism -262 C/T in Catalase Gene and Oxidative Damage in Slovak Children With Bronchial Asthma
Frecuencia del polimorfismo -262 C/T en el gen de la catalasa y lesión oxidativa en niños eslovacos con asma bronquial
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Comparación de la concentración de -SH en individuos sanos (IS) y en niños con asma bronquial (AB) de acuerdo con el genotipo de catalasa. ***p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,001, comparación de los genotipos de catalasa, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span>p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,05, comparación del genotipo TT frente al genotipo CC de catalasa en pacientes, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">§</span>p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,05, comparación del genotipo TT frente al genotipo CT de catalasa en pacientes.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Eva Babusikova, Milos Jesenak, Andrea Evinova, Peter Banovcin, Dusan Dobrota" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eva" "apellidos" => "Babusikova" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Milos" "apellidos" => "Jesenak" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Andrea" "apellidos" => "Evinova" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Peter" "apellidos" => "Banovcin" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dusan" "apellidos" => "Dobrota" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S1579212913001912" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2013.10.009" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212913001912?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S030028961300118X?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/03002896/0000004900000012/v1_201312040037/S030028961300118X/v1_201312040037/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1579212913001754" "issn" => "15792129" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbr.2013.09.012" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-12-01" "aid" => "786" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2013;49:513-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 9015 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 133 "HTML" => 7809 "PDF" => 1073 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Normal Weight Patients: Characteristics and Comparison With Overweight and Obese Patients" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "513" "paginaFinal" => "517" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño en pacientes normopeso: características y comparación con pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 895 "Ancho" => 2162 "Tamanyo" => 107214 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) Diagnosis of OSA in relation to BMI. 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Comparison of the concentration of TBARS in healthy individuals (HI) and children with bronchial asthma (BA) according to the catalase genotype. ***<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001, comparison of the catalase genotypes, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05, comparison of the catalase TT genotype versus the CC genotype in patients, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">§</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05, comparison of the catalase TT genotype versus the CT genotype in patients.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bronchial asthma is a chronic, complex, heterogeneous disease of the airways, which includes the activation of many inflammatory and structural cell populations that release numerous inflammatory mediators, giving rise to the physiopathological changes that are characteristic of the disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Environmental and genetic factors play a role in its onset, although the exact mechanisms of their actions have not been fully determined. The lungs are continually exposed to oxidants generated endogenously from the mitochondria, phagocytes and other cells, or exogenously from air pollutants and cigarette smoke. They have the largest endothelial surface area of any organ, which makes the lung tissue the principal target for circulating oxidants and xenobiotics. Asthmatic patients produce a variety of mediators, including reactive oxygen species (ROS).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> An increase in oxidative damage can contribute to both the origin and development of respiratory diseases, including bronchial asthma. Lung lesions due to ROS are related with the oxidation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), proteins and lipids. These oxidized biomolecules can induce various responses and a cascade of events, such as airway hyperreactivity, increase in the generation of chemoattractants, release of tachykinins and neurokinins, and an increase in the release of mediators which ultimately aggravate the oxidative damage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The lungs can use non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as vitamins, uric acid, glutathione, sulfhydryl groups (proteins, peptides and amino acids) and various enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase as a defense against oxidative damage and ROS.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CAT (EC 1.11.1.6) is a common antioxidant enzyme responsible for controlling the hydrogen peroxide concentrations in cells. It is ubiquitous in most aerobic cells also detected in the lungs (macrophages, fibroblasts and pneumocytes).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> As an intracellular antioxidant enzyme, CAT catalyses the breakdown of two hydrogen peroxide molecules into one oxygen molecule and two water molecules; its activity is determined genetically. The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene is located on chromosome 11p13; it is 34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kb long, contains 13 exons and 12 introns and codes a 256-amino acid protein.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> Various polymorphisms of this enzyme have been described and characterized, both in the coding<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a> and non-coding region.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–11</span></a> A common polymorphism in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene promoter region is the substitution of T for C in position T -262 in the 5′ region,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> which is considered to lead to a decrease in enzyme activity. The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> TT genotype could be responsible for a reduction in the antioxidant defense and a subsequent increase in oxidative damage.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since oxidative damage plays a role in the pathogenesis of asthma, and CAT is critical for protecting cells against ROS, we hypothesized that the polymorphisms in the CAT gene that influence its enzyme activity contribute substantially to the onset of the disease. This study aimed to evaluate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> polymorphism -262 C/T in asthmatic children. We sought to determine markers of oxidative damage, and to analyze a possible association between the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> genotype and oxidative damage of proteins and lipids in asthmatic and healthy children.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study Individuals</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study population consisted of 457 children. Using the categories from reference questionnaires, the asthma history of the children was recorded: age, sex, exposure to cigarette smoke and family history of asthma, wheezing and allergy. The children or their parents completed the Asthma control test<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>. Active smokers and children exposed to passive smoking were then excluded from the study. The 248 asthma patients (58% boys and 42% girls) were enrolled from the Pediatrics Department of Martin University Hospital (Slovakia). During routine health checks, general practitioners recruited a further 249 healthy children of comparable age and sex (54% boys and 46% girls). The children did not present any clinical symptoms of allergic diseases and had no history of serious illness. Asthmatic children who participated in the study were characterized by recurrent airway obstruction, manifested by wheezing and dyspnea, with spontaneous relief with bronchodilator treatment (as defined in the Global Asthma Initiative).</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All children underwent fractional expired nitric oxide (FE<span class="elsevierStyleInf">NO</span>) and expired carbon monoxide (eCO) analyses. The FE<span class="elsevierStyleInf">NO</span> was determined according to American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) standards<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> using a portable nitric oxide analyzer (NIOX-MINO<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>, Aerocrine, Sweden). The eCO was analyzed using a Micro 4 Smokerlyzer<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> (Bedfont, England). We also carried out basic spirometry (KoKo DigiDoser-Spirometer, nSpire Health, Louisville, United States), in accordance with ATS/ERS recommendations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The FE<span class="elsevierStyleInf">NO</span> and eCO values were estimated before the spirometer test.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, and written informed consent was obtained from the parents of all the children examined.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood samples were extracted into ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes. The genomic DNA was prepared using blood according to a commercial procedure (Wizard<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> Genomic DNA purification kit, Promega, Madison, USA).</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Determination of Catalase Genotypes</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All DNA samples from asthmatic and healthy children were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. CAT polymorphism -262 C/T (rs 1001179) was determined using direct primer 5′-AGAGCCTCGCCCCGCCGGACCG-3′ and CAT reverse primer 5′-TAAGAGCAGAGAAAGCATAGCT-3′. PCR products of 185<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp were digested using the restriction enzyme Smal. The products were visualized by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The wild-type CC genotype appeared as 155 and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp fragments, and the CT genotype as 185, 155 and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp fragments. TT genotypes were not digested by Smal (185<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp).</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Plasma Protein Sulfhydryl Groups</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Plasma for determination of protein and lipid markers of oxidative damage was obtained from blood prepared by centrifugation for 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min, at 2000×<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g</span> at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The total concentration of reduced sulfhydryl groups (−SH, proteins, oligopeptides, glutathione and amino acids) was determined by spectrophotometry.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Two ml of Ellman's reagent (0.250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mol/l of Tris–HCl; pH 8.2, 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol/l of 5.5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid) were added to 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of sample and incubated for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at room temperature. The absorbance was read at 412<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and –SH group content was calculated using the molar absorption coefficient of 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span> after subtracting the absorbance of the blank from the sample absorbance. A population of 249 healthy individuals was used to determine the normal value.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Lipid Peroxide Analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Modifications in the structure of the plasma lipids were analyzed by determining the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> A sample was incubated with ethanol, 14% trichloroacetic acid and 0.6% thiobarbituric acid at 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. It was then incubated for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and centrifuged for 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 2000×<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g</span> at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. The TBARS concentration was determined from reading the absorbance at 532<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm. The population of 249 healthy individuals was used to determine the normal value.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results from both groups of individuals were compared using ANOVA, the Student's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test and Chi-squared test (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>). The association of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene polymorphism -262 C/T with bronchial asthma was determined using the Pearson <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test or Fisher's exact test. The genotype distribution was examined for deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. To analyze the frequencies of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> genotypes in patients with bronchial asthma, compared with healthy children, the odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were used. Pearson's correlation was used to calculate the relationship between the oxidative stress markers and inflammatory markers in the expired air (with Spearman's correlation when indicated). All values are presented as mean±SEM. A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value <.05 was considered statistically significant.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Catalase Gene Polymorphism in Children With Bronchial Asthma and Healthy Individuals</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the demographic and other characteristics of the study population. A positive family history of asthma was detected in 92 asthmatic children (37.1%) and in 19 healthy children (7.6%). Based on a positive skin prick test with a standard panel of inhaled allergens, 170 patients (68.5%) were atopic and 78 (31.5%) presented a non-atopic variant of asthma.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The genotype distribution and allele frequency in asthmatic and healthy children are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. A statistically significant difference was identified in the distribution of genotype polymorphisms of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene between asthmatic and healthy children. In patients with bronchial asthma, there was a higher prevalence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> genotype TT (22.6%) than in control individuals (4.8%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). There was a 5.63-fold increase in the risk of asthma in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> TT genotype (OR=5.63; 95% CI=2.93–10.81; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001). The coefficient of inbreeding (consanguinity) in control individuals was −0.019 and 0.610 in the cases. The C allele was the most common in asthmatics (72.9%) and in healthy individuals (69.4%). The T allele represented a potential risk factor (OR=1.49; 95% CI=1.12–1.19; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.01). The combination of the CC+CT genotypes was shown to be a positive factor (OR=0.178; 95% CI=0.65–1.33, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=32.10). The combination of the heterozygous variant with the homozygous variant did not show any significant association.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We separated the study population according to sex (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). No significant difference was found in the distribution of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> genotypes and alleles between asthmatic boys and girls. A statistically significant difference was found in the distribution of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> genotypes and alleles when asthmatic boys or girls were compared with healthy boys or girls. The homozygous variant was associated with bronchial asthma in both sexes (OR=7.31; 95% CI=2.29–21.49; respectively, OR=4.98; 95% CI=2.15–11.53; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Effect of Catalase Gene Polymorphism on Protein Oxidative Damage and Lipid Peroxidation</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Greater oxidative damage of proteins and lipids was detected in children with bronchial asthma compared with healthy children (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>). The concentration of –SH groups decreased in the order of 18.8%±0.7% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001) in asthmatic children, compared to control individuals. There was no significant difference between the –SH group content between children with asthma exacerbations and controlled asthma. No differences were observed in the control individuals in the concentration of –SH groups according to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> genotype (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). A lower concentration of –SH groups was evident in patients with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> TT genotype (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05), compared to those with the CC and CT genotype (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oxidative stress caused an accumulation of TBARS in children with bronchial asthma. The concentration of these substances increased by 29.9%±3.2% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001) in patients. In patients with asthma exacerbation, the lipid peroxidation markers increased significantly by 33.0%±3.0%, compared to patients whose asthma was stable (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05). The TBARS values did not change according to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> genotype in healthy individuals (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). In asthmatics with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> genotype TT, a higher concentration of TBARS was identified compared with the CC genotype (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05), and also with the CT genotype (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found a significant correlation between markers of oxidative damage and inflammatory parameters in the expired air of asthmatic patients. There was a slight significantly positive correlation between the TBARS concentration and the expired air markers (FE<span class="elsevierStyleInf">NO</span> versus TBARS: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.232 [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.002]; eCO versus TBARS: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=0.147 [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.044]). A slight or moderately significant negative correlation was observed between the concentration of –SH groups and inflammatory markers (FE<span class="elsevierStyleInf">NO</span> versus –SH: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=−0.343 [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001]; eCO versus –SH: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>=−0.232 [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.001]). These correlations were not observed in the control group.</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bronchial asthma is a complex immunological disease, affected by environmental and genetic factors and their interactions, which are probably key in its pathogenesis and prognosis. Asthma belongs to a group of disorders in which oxidative damage and an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant substances play an important role. We observed a higher prevalence of the TT genotype of the antioxidant enzyme CAT and an increase in the oxidative damage of proteins and lipids associated with bronchial asthma. We also found that in asthmatic children with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> TT genotype, there was greater oxidative damage compared with the other genetic variation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> -262 C/T. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first study on the association of genetic polymorphism and oxidative damage in Slovakian children or adults with asthma.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polymorphism of the genes involved in oxidative stress pathways, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and glutathione transferases M1 and P1,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span></a> have been associated with bronchial asthma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a> CAT is one of the essential antioxidant enzymes and, therefore, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> is a candidate gene for many diseases that are potentially related with oxidative damage and exogenous/endogenous oxidative stress. In this study, the frequency of the CAT TT genotype was 0.226 in asthmatic children and 0.048 in healthy children (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001). The frequency of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> genotype -262 C/T was comparable to that described in other European Studies (English, German, Polish and Turkish).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18–21</span></a> Analysis according to sex showed similar results to the analysis of the total population, and the homozygous variant was associated with bronchial asthma. We have demonstrated that polymorphism in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene may be associated with a predisposition to bronchial asthma. The homozygous variant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> -262 C/T was associated with asthma in white children of Hispanic origin but not in children of other origins.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Polonikov et al. (2009) did not observe differences in the frequencies or genotype of CAT gene polymorphism -262 C/T between asthmatic adults and healthy controls.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> However, an association was observed between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene polymorphism -21A/T and bronchial asthma, and it was found that the risk of asthma in carriers of the -21AA genotype depends on exposure to both oxidants and antioxidants. The contradictory results with respect to the relationship between the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene polymorphism and bronchial asthma may be explained by the influence of the ethnicity. In our selected population of Slovakian children, the TT genotype was associated with bronchial asthma. This genetic variation of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene could be responsible for oxidative damage, as we observed an increase particularly in asthmatic children who were carriers of the TT genotype. A decrease has been observed in CAT activity in the TT genotype in various studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,24,25</span></a> However, Forsberg et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> found a higher level of CAT in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene TT genotype. The higher risk of asthma could be a result of the decreased CAT activity in the TT genotype, and the subsequent increase in the oxidative damage of the biomolecules. We observed an increase in protein and lipid oxidative damage in children with bronchial asthma. Chronic inflammation is associated with higher production of ROS and an increase in oxidative stress in the lung. Higher levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> and lipid peroxidation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27,28</span></a> have been found in children with bronchial asthma. In the asthmatic population in the present study, we observed an increase in nitric oxide<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> and eCO. These markers are characterized by a higher concentration in the TT genotype of asthmatic children compared with the CC and CT genotypes (results not published). It has been shown that the combination of the heterozygous variant with the homozygous variant is positive. A C allele could be sufficient for CAT to function, but further genetic studies are required to determine the activity and function of CAT in different genotypes, not only for this polymorphism. In healthy children with a variant of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> genotype, other enzymatic antioxidants (such as heme oxygenase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase) are detected in the normal homozygous form, which protect them against oxidative damage. Moreover, healthy children do not show the increased ROS values detected in asthmatic children. The relationship between oxidative damage and chronic inflammation in asthmatics is probably two-way. Oxidative stress can exacerbate existing inflammation and can contribute to airway remodeling and conversely, continuous chronic inflammation may result in increased production of ROS and greater oxidative damage. In the control group, comparison of the concentration of oxidative damage markers according to the CAT genotype did not reveal significant differences. In this study, the higher lipid peroxidation and protein modification detected could be a result of excessive ROS production or reduced capacity of the antioxidant defense system in asthmatics. The antioxidants in food help endogenous antioxidants to prevent oxidative damage and represent a possible therapeutic option. Antioxidant treatment could enhance reference asthma treatment and be an adjuvant, especially in asthmatic patients with antioxidant enzyme risk genotypes. Interactions between genes and environmental factors may influence CAT activity in the different genotypes. We did not analyze these effects, but it has been shown that exposure to smoke and the consumption of fruit and vegetables affect the activity of CAT in the CC, CT and TT genotypes of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24–26,28</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bronchial asthma is a complex, multifactor disease in which genetic factors, environmental factors and oxidative damage are responsible for its onset, modulation and progression. The results of this study show that polymorphisms of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene may be associated with bronchial asthma in children, and could participate in greater oxidative damage. The genetic variation in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span>, which protects the cells against ROS, may affect the asthmatic process. In summary, asthma is not an individual disease, but a group of diseases associated with an increase in oxidative stress, followed by the accumulation of oxidative damage. This could be an important factor that contributes to the development and persistence of airway inflammation in asthmatic children. Greater oxidative damage may be a consequence of cross reactions between polymorphism of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene and environmental factors, as well as polymorphism of the CAT gene and other genetic factors that may modify the risk of disease. However, further studies on the interactions between polymorphism of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene and additional polymorphisms in genes related with asthma are required, as they could help to improve our understanding of the complex disease that is bronchial asthma.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Funding</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded with a grant from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Ministry of Health</span> 2007/47-UK-12, and by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports of the Slovak Republic, VEGA</span> 1/0071/11.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None of the authors have declared any conflict of interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres296095" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Introduction" 2 => "Patients and methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279768" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres296094" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Introducción" 2 => "Pacientes y métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279769" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and Methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study Individuals" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Determination of Catalase Genotypes" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Plasma Protein Sulfhydryl Groups" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Lipid Peroxide Analysis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Catalase Gene Polymorphism in Children With Bronchial Asthma and Healthy Individuals" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Effect of Catalase Gene Polymorphism on Protein Oxidative Damage and Lipid Peroxidation" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-01-30" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-04-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279768" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Bronchial asthma" 1 => "Catalase" 2 => "Gene polymorphism" 3 => "Oxidative damage" 4 => "Children" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279769" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Asma bronquial" 1 => "Catalasa" 2 => "Polimorfismo genético" 3 => "Lesión oxidativa" 4 => "Niños" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bronchial asthma is a complex disease in which genetic factors, environmental factors and oxidative damage are responsible for the initiation and modulation of disease progression. If antioxidant mechanisms fail, reactive oxygen species damage the biomolecules followed by progression of the disease. Catalase is one of the most important endogenous enzymatic antioxidants. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that increased oxidative damage and polymorphism in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene (-262 promoter region, C/T) are associated with childhood bronchial asthma.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Genotyping of the polymorphisms in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene in healthy (249) and asthmatic children (248) was performed using polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism. Markers of oxidative damage: content of sulfhydryl groups and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were determined by spectrophotometry in children.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The TT genotype of catalase was more frequent among the asthmatic patients (22.6%) than in healthy children (4.8%) (odds ratio=5.63; 95% confidence interval=2.93–10.81, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001). The amount of sulfhydryl groups decreased significantly and conversely, the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances increased significantly in bronchial asthma and in catalase TT genotype compared to other catalase genotypes of this gene.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">These results suggest that catalase polymorphism might participate in development of bronchial asthma and in enhanced oxidative damage in asthmatic children. Genetic variation of enzymatic antioxidants may modulate disease risk.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El asma bronquial es una enfermedad compleja en la que los factores genéticos, los factores ambientales y la lesión oxidativa son responsables del inicio y la modulación de su progresión. Si fracasan los mecanismos antioxidantes, las especies reactivas del oxígeno afectan a las biomoléculas, lo que se sigue de la progresión de la enfermedad. La catalasa es uno de los antioxidantes enzimáticos endógenos más importantes. En el presente estudio examinamos la hipótesis de que un aumento de la lesión oxidativa y el polimorfismo en el gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> (región promotora -262 C/T) se asocian a asma bronquial infantil.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En niños sanos (249) y niños asmáticos (248) se efectuó una genotipificación de los polimorfismos en el gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> usando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa-polimorfismo de longitud de fragmentos de restricción. Mediante espectrofotometría, en los niños se analizaron los marcadores de lesión oxidativa: el contenido de grupos sulfhidrilo y de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El genotipo TT de la catalasa fue más frecuente entre pacientes asmáticos (22,6%) que en niños sanos (4,8%) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5,63; intervalo de confianza del 95%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2,93–10,81; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,001). El contenido de grupos sulfhidrilo disminuyó significativamente y, al contrario, el contenido de sustancias reactivas a ácido tiobarbitúrico aumentó significativamente en el asma bronquial y el genotipo TT de catalasa comparado con los otros genotipos catalasa de este gen.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que el polimorfismo del gen de la catalasa podría participar en la aparición de asma bronquial y en el aumento de la lesión oxidativa en niños asmáticos. La variación genética de los antioxidantes enzimáticos podría modular el riesgo de la enfermedad.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as: Babusikova E, Jesenak M, Evinova A, Banovcin P, Dobrota D. Frecuencia del polimorfismo -262 <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>/T en el gen de la catalasa y lesión oxidativa en niños eslovacos con asma bronquial. Arch Bronconeumol. 2013;49:507–512.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 959 "Ancho" => 1663 "Tamanyo" => 60416 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Concentration of sulfhydryl groups (–SH). Comparison of the concentration of –SH in healthy individuals (HI) and children with bronchial asthma (BA) according to the catalase genotype. ***<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001, comparison of the catalase genotypes, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05, comparison of the catalase TT genotype versus the CC genotype in patients, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">§</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05, comparison of the catalase TT genotype versus the CT genotype in patients.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 918 "Ancho" => 1639 "Tamanyo" => 55653 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Comparison of the concentration of TBARS in healthy individuals (HI) and children with bronchial asthma (BA) according to the catalase genotype. ***<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001, comparison of the catalase genotypes, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05, comparison of the catalase TT genotype versus the CC genotype in patients, <span class="elsevierStyleSup">§</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05, comparison of the catalase TT genotype versus the CT genotype in patients.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">eCO, expired carbon monoxide; FE<span class="elsevierStyleInf">NO</span>, fractional expired nitric oxide; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>, forced expiratory volume in the first second; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> agonists; LTRA, leukotriene receptor agonist; n, number of individuals; ns, not significant; PEF, peak expiratory flow; ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameter \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Asthmatic patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Healthy individuals, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total number, n (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">248 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">249 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Males, n (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">141 (56.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">117 (47.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Females, n (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">107 (43.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">132 (53.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age (years)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.28±0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.14±0.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age ranges (years)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5–19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5–19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Atopy, n (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">170 (68.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Family history of asthma, n (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">92 (37.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 (7.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Family history of atopy, n (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">133 (53.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37 (14.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age at the time of bronchial asthma diagnosis, n (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.14±2.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Controlled asthma, n (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">216 (87.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uncontrolled asthma, n (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 (13.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treatment</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ICS, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">84 (33.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LTRA, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">93 (37.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IC+LABA, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">113 (45.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anti-histamines, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">226 (91.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Treatment adherence, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">228 (91.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Inflammatory markers</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FE<span class="elsevierStyleInf">NO</span> (ppb) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.98±1.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.57±0.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>eCO (ppm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.44±0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.91±0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lung function tests</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> (% reference value) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">94.37±0.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">98.04±1.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25–75%</span> (% reference value) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88.95±1.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97.92±3.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab431803.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">General Characteristics of the Study Population.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CI, confidence interval; n, number of individuals; OR, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span>.</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results of both groups of individuals were compared using ANOVA, the Student's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test and Chi-squared test (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>). The association of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene polymorphism -262 C/T with bronchial asthma was determined using the Pearson <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test or Fisher's exact test.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> -262 C/T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Healthy individuals (n=249) % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Asthmatic individuals (n=248) % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.23–0.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.93–10.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C allele \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">72.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">69.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.50–0.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T allele \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.12–1.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab431802.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of Genotypes and Alleles of the Catalase Gene (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span>) and Risk of Onset of Bronchial Asthma.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CI, confidence interval; n, number of individuals; OR, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span>.</p><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results of both groups of individuals were compared using ANOVA, the Student's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test and Chi-squared test (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>). The association of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> gene polymorphism -262 C/T with bronchial asthma was determined using the Pearson <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test or Fisher's exact test.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CAT</span> -262 C/T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Healthy individuals (n=249) % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Asthmatic individuals (n=248) % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Boys</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">66.7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62.4% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.9% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.48 (0.27–0.87) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.4% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.31 (2.29–21.49) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C allele \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">81.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">70.9% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.51 (0.34–0.77) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.0014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T allele \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.4% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.95 (1.29–2.96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.0014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Girls</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53.0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.9% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.9% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.27 (0.15–0.51) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.3% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.98 (2.15–11.53) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C allele \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.76 (0.51–1.13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T allele \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.32 (0.89–1.96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab431805.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of Genotypes and Alleles of the Catalase Gene (CAT) and Risk of Onset of Bronchial Asthma in Boys and Girls.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">–SH: sulfhydryl group; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.</p><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results of both groups of individuals were compared using ANOVA and the Student's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test. The results are expressed as mean±standard error of the mean.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Individuals \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">–SH, mmol/g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TBARS, nmol/mg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Healthy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1216±0.0019 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0623±0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Asthmatics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0623±0.002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">***</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0809±0.002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">***</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab431804.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "***" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001 compared with healthy individuals.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Markers of Oxidative Damage of Proteins and Lipids.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Inflammatory mediators of asthma: an update" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P.J. 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Kempna for their laboratory assistance.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/15792129/0000004900000012/v1_201312010030/S1579212913001912/v1_201312010030/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "9374" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original Articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15792129/0000004900000012/v1_201312010030/S1579212913001912/v1_201312010030/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212913001912?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2024 October | 44 | 29 | 73 |
| 2024 September | 48 | 20 | 68 |
| 2024 August | 67 | 45 | 112 |
| 2024 July | 55 | 23 | 78 |
| 2024 June | 75 | 27 | 102 |
| 2024 May | 98 | 20 | 118 |
| 2024 April | 47 | 25 | 72 |
| 2024 March | 45 | 17 | 62 |
| 2024 February | 34 | 30 | 64 |
| 2023 March | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2023 February | 41 | 21 | 62 |
| 2023 January | 44 | 26 | 70 |
| 2022 December | 46 | 39 | 85 |
| 2022 November | 60 | 21 | 81 |
| 2022 October | 45 | 41 | 86 |
| 2022 September | 34 | 29 | 63 |
| 2022 August | 34 | 39 | 73 |
| 2022 July | 32 | 47 | 79 |
| 2022 June | 51 | 26 | 77 |
| 2022 May | 46 | 36 | 82 |
| 2022 April | 35 | 35 | 70 |
| 2022 March | 39 | 37 | 76 |
| 2022 February | 56 | 29 | 85 |
| 2022 January | 49 | 36 | 85 |
| 2021 December | 47 | 38 | 85 |
| 2021 November | 46 | 43 | 89 |
| 2021 October | 45 | 30 | 75 |
| 2021 September | 41 | 53 | 94 |
| 2021 August | 37 | 36 | 73 |
| 2021 July | 30 | 43 | 73 |
| 2021 June | 43 | 38 | 81 |
| 2021 May | 44 | 39 | 83 |
| 2021 April | 81 | 62 | 143 |
| 2021 March | 41 | 18 | 59 |
| 2021 February | 28 | 24 | 52 |
| 2021 January | 23 | 15 | 38 |
| 2020 December | 49 | 28 | 77 |
| 2020 November | 28 | 18 | 46 |
| 2020 October | 32 | 20 | 52 |
| 2020 September | 29 | 10 | 39 |
| 2020 August | 33 | 15 | 48 |
| 2020 July | 36 | 23 | 59 |
| 2020 June | 25 | 1 | 26 |
| 2020 May | 37 | 23 | 60 |
| 2020 April | 50 | 22 | 72 |
| 2020 March | 31 | 8 | 39 |
| 2020 February | 50 | 17 | 67 |
| 2020 January | 27 | 19 | 46 |
| 2019 December | 55 | 13 | 68 |
| 2019 November | 22 | 19 | 41 |
| 2019 October | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2019 September | 27 | 14 | 41 |
| 2019 August | 22 | 10 | 32 |
| 2019 July | 33 | 13 | 46 |
| 2019 June | 27 | 26 | 53 |
| 2019 May | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2019 April | 61 | 27 | 88 |
| 2019 March | 63 | 19 | 82 |
| 2019 February | 38 | 16 | 54 |
| 2019 January | 44 | 14 | 58 |
| 2018 December | 39 | 19 | 58 |
| 2018 November | 114 | 23 | 137 |
| 2018 October | 143 | 23 | 166 |
| 2018 September | 89 | 11 | 100 |
| 2018 August | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 July | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 May | 24 | 0 | 24 |
| 2018 April | 36 | 6 | 42 |
| 2018 March | 36 | 6 | 42 |
| 2018 February | 27 | 10 | 37 |
| 2018 January | 33 | 10 | 43 |
| 2017 December | 42 | 9 | 51 |
| 2017 November | 35 | 5 | 40 |
| 2017 October | 36 | 5 | 41 |
| 2017 September | 43 | 5 | 48 |
| 2017 August | 42 | 22 | 64 |
| 2017 July | 46 | 6 | 52 |
| 2017 June | 70 | 26 | 96 |
| 2017 May | 56 | 7 | 63 |
| 2017 April | 51 | 8 | 59 |
| 2017 March | 65 | 17 | 82 |
| 2017 February | 34 | 11 | 45 |
| 2017 January | 30 | 6 | 36 |
| 2016 December | 49 | 6 | 55 |
| 2016 November | 73 | 11 | 84 |
| 2016 October | 72 | 18 | 90 |
| 2016 September | 94 | 26 | 120 |
| 2016 August | 77 | 12 | 89 |
| 2016 July | 37 | 12 | 49 |
| 2016 June | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 May | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 March | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 February | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2015 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2015 October | 45 | 4 | 49 |
| 2015 September | 45 | 11 | 56 |
| 2015 August | 56 | 20 | 76 |
| 2015 July | 61 | 15 | 76 |
| 2015 June | 47 | 12 | 59 |
| 2015 May | 59 | 5 | 64 |
| 2015 April | 51 | 18 | 69 |
| 2015 March | 45 | 1 | 46 |
| 2015 February | 38 | 10 | 48 |
| 2015 January | 36 | 11 | 47 |
| 2014 December | 41 | 5 | 46 |
| 2014 November | 31 | 10 | 41 |
| 2014 October | 39 | 13 | 52 |
| 2014 September | 33 | 11 | 44 |
| 2014 August | 36 | 16 | 52 |
| 2014 July | 42 | 6 | 48 |
| 2014 June | 54 | 17 | 71 |
| 2014 May | 54 | 20 | 74 |
| 2014 April | 50 | 13 | 63 |
| 2014 March | 73 | 21 | 94 |
| 2014 February | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2014 January | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2013 December | 0 | 2 | 2 |
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