Recommendations of SEPAR
Recommendations for Fitness for Work Medical Evaluations in Chronic Respiratory Patients
Recomendaciones para la evaluación médica de la capacidad laboral en el enfermo respiratorio crónico
Cristina Martínez Gonzáleza,
, Francisco Javier González Barcalab, José Belda Ramírezc, Isabel González Rosd, Inmaculada Alfageme Michavilae, Cristina Orejas Martínezf, José Miguel González Rodríguez-Morog, José Antonio Rodríguez Portalh, Ramón Fernández Álvareza
Corresponding author
a Área del Pulmón, Instituto Nacional de Silicosis-Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
b Servicio de Neumología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
c Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
d Cuerpo de Inspección Sanitaria de la Administración de la SS, Unidad Médica del Equipo de Valoración de Incapacidades, Dirección Provincial del INSS de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
e Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Valme, Sevilla, Spain
f Departamento de Laboral, Baker McKenzie, Barcelona, Spain
g Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
h Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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"identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Área del Pulmón, Instituto Nacional de Silicosis-Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cuerpo de Inspección Sanitaria de la Administración de la SS, Unidad Médica del Equipo de Valoración de Incapacidades, Dirección Provincial del INSS de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Valme, Sevilla, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Laboral, Baker McKenzie, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Recomendaciones para la evaluación médica de la capacidad laboral en el enfermo respiratorio crónico" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic respiratory diseases, in particular chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, lead to the loss of a significant number of working days.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Moreover, working environments themselves can often produce exacerbations of these types of disease. Every year, Spain spends more than 11 billion Euros on contributory pensions, accounting for 11% of all state pensions. Although incapacity for work claims the third biggest share in the pensions system (retirement accounts for 67% and widows pensions for 19%), this figure continues to rise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The overall social and economic impact of respiratory diseases on incapacity for work in Spain has not been clearly determined, and it is up to pulmonologists to not only diagnose and evaluate these diseases in a clinical context, but also to be aware of the repercussions they may have on the working life of their individual patients and of society as a whole.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These recommendations are proposed with the following aims:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To bring the complex setting of fitness for work evaluation to pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To provide uniform action guidelines, in accordance with international recommendations and the available scientific knowledge, which allow them to advise their own patients about their incorporation into working life.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To provide tools that allow respiratory disease specialists to become the close liaison with the fitness for work evaluation units, resulting in a benefit for chronic respiratory patients.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To stimulate lines of research that might improve the available evidence and strengthen the force of these recommendations.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Concepts</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various terms from the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> are used in the process of evaluating the fitness for work of a patient, which should be clearly defined and distinguished from those evaluating other aspects of the patient's daily life.</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Impairment</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is described as any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function. It is equivalent to disease and as such is treated as a strictly medical concept. This loss of function or a disease does not necessarily mean incapacity, as other factors, such as the effort demanded by the type of work, come into consideration. Thus, for example, mild emphysema does not affect the fitness for work of an office worker. Evaluation of the dysfunction caused by the respiratory disease is the main objective of these recommendations.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Activity Limitation or Incapacity</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the effect of the impairment on the patient's life. Incapacity for work would transfer the repercussion of the disease onto work performance. This concept takes into account that the same degree of functional involvement may have different consequences for different individuals, depending on other variables such as sex, age or type of work. For example, someone with moderate COPD may be able to carry out office work but if the patient is a fireman, it may lead to incapacity for work. To establish this concept, it is essential to have knowledge of the disease and to analyze the job in question. The legal or administrative aspects are also taken into account and accompanied by a financial payment. These are the two concepts involved in the evaluation of fitness for work.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Participation Restriction or Disability</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a generic term which includes deficits, limitations in activity and restrictions in social life. It is not used in the evaluation of fitness for work of the individual. It indicates the disadvantage or handicap that may be involved for the person suffering the disease. In the Spanish state, the evaluation of the disability, expressed in a percentage, is carried out by applying scales established in a Royal Decree (Law).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The possible benefits for patients with a recognized degree of disability include the following<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>: measures for promoting employment, adaptation of the job, adaptation of selection tests for accessing public employment, grants for rehabilitation treatments, accessibility and adaptation of the home, etc. These benefits are sufficiently significant for it to be important for an individual with disability to seek an appropriate evaluation.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Disability and incapacity for work are different concepts, and do not always coincide. For example, the amputation of a little finger might cause a mild disability but for a pianist, it could mean incapacity for work; in contrast, persons with severe disabilities, such as paraplegia, loss of sight, etc., may be able to do certain types of work.</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Current Legislation</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Article 41 of the Spanish Constitution sets down that the public authorities shall maintain a public Social Security system for all citizens guaranteeing adequate social assistance and benefits in situations of hardship. These cases include incapacity for work, and the evaluation of fitness for work is understood as a dual-nature process (medico-legal) that aims to determine whether it is appropriate or not to recognize a person's right to receive benefits which replace the income that they no longer receive as they cannot carry out their work, due to loss of health.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The adapted text of the General Social Security Act<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> contains all the provisions regarding the Social Security system of the current legal system in Spain. Among the benefits are temporary incapacity (TI) and permanent incapacity (PI). Four types of contingency are distinguished, depending on the cause of the disease: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">work-related accident</span>: any bodily lesion suffered by a worker during or as a result of his/her job; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">occupational disease:</span> caused by elements or substances particular to the job; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">non-work-related accident:</span> any sudden lesion suffered by the worker outside the work setting and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">common disease:</span> all changes in health not included under the three previous sections.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TI is managed by the Public Health Services, the INSS (National Social Security Institute), the ISM (Marine Social Institute) and the MATEPSS (Social Security work-related accidents and occupational diseases insurance section) and has undergone various legislative modifications in recent years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The status of TI is determined by duration, which will be a maximum of 365 days, and can be extended for a further 180 days if it is thought that within this additional time the patient might achieve cure or improvement which would allow them to return to work. If the patient is treated by a pulmonologist, it falls to this professional to determine the suitability of the TI and to state his/her agreement or disagreement if a return to work is proposed by the INSS or the ISM. Upon expiry of the initial 365-day period, the INSS or/and the ISM are the bodies responsible for deciding on the subsequent status, which may be medical discharge due to cure or improvement, extension of the period or proposed PI.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The INSS, by way of their Fitness for Work Evaluation Teams (EVIs), is the organization responsible for declaring the status of PI for the purposes of recognition of financial benefits.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The specific psychiatric and physical aptitude requirements for the different professions are governed by various legal rulings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the status of PI has been established, the worker will receive periodic financial benefits for life, the amount of which will vary in function of the severity and cause of the disease in question.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> These recommendations are focused on the evaluation of PI caused by common disease.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Classification of Permanent Incapacity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Partial Permanent Incapacity</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Causes a reduction of ≥33% in normal capacity for performing the worker's usual profession, but he/she may be able to carry out the basic tasks of the job.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Total Permanent Incapacity</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The worker is incapable of carrying out all the basic tasks of his/her profession, but could do another job with fewer physical requirements, or, depending on the case, one in which he/she is not exposed to a certain substance or product.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Absolute Permanent Incapacity</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recognizes that it is impossible for the patient to carry out any type of job. The benefit will be equivalent to 100% of the patient's calculated basic wage.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Serious Invalidity</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the situation of a worker affected by PI who requires the assistance of other people for the most basic life functions. The benefits will include payment for that person. The right to payment for PI derived by common disease will not be recognized for anyone aged 65 years or older.</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Components of Assessment of Fitness for Work</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two very different successive actions are involved: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">assessment of the impairment</span> which must be done by the specialist physician and is the main focus of these recommendations. It includes diagnosis of the disease, evaluation of severity and impact on capacity for work. It is important to take into consideration the effect of the job on the progress of the disease, both as a causative factor or as a risk factor for poor progress or worsening. The prognosis and the added difficulty of following certain treatments are another factors that must be included in this evaluation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The second stage, the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">proposed ruling on fitness for work</span> is the responsibility of the EVI of the Social Security.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The evaluation is made using an empirical method; in Spain there are no scales with legal value. This underlines the importance of the pulmonologist in the evaluation of the disease.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Diagnosis of Disease</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic diseases which involve a sustained loss of function, in spite of the patient having received the appropriate treatment, can lead to PI (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The disease must be certified using objective tests and this process must include the performance of at least a clinical history, work history, physical examination, chest X-ray and lung function tests.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical history</span>: In addition to the data necessary for carrying out the disease diagnosis, smoking history, frequency of exacerbations and possible hospitalizations during the course of the disease, chronic treatment and the existence of other associated diseases must be determined. It must be taken into account that dyspnea and a sensation of difficulty exercising are subjective concepts that cannot be used in an isolated manner as parameters for evaluating functional capacity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Work history</span> must be comprehensive, detailing the characteristics of the job, energy requirements involved and the climatic conditions in which it is performed, exposure to irritants and timetables with possible shiftwork. The determination of these data is indispensable in evaluating the effect of the job on the disease and for issuing appropriate advice. A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">physical examination</span>, paying particular attention to the respiratory tract and the heart, provides valuable data on respiratory rate, cyanosis, nail clubbing, edemas, etc. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chest X-ray</span> is more useful for diagnosing the disease than for establishing the degree of functional involvement. Even in interstitial diseases, there is a weak correlation between the image and functional changes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Computed tomography (CT) of the chest has a fundamental role in the study of diffuse interstitial lung diseases, in emphysema [forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>) and diffusing capacity are well correlated with the extent of emphysema],<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and in bronchiectasis.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Lung Function Tests</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The degree of functional involvement must be evaluated when, once all the possible treatment resources have been applied, the patient has reached a stable phase of more than 6 months’ duration. The degree of pulmonary dysfunction is always expressed in comparison with reference values obtained in a healthy population. It is important to remember that pulmonary dysfunction does not necessarily imply incapacity for work, but is one of the factors (very important but not the only one) involved in the complex concept of incapacity for work. The classic techniques are spirometry, lung volume testing and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span>). However, in selected cases, it is not unusual to use arterial blood gases and exercise stress testing for a more specific definition. Moreover, other specific studies such as bronchial challenge tests or sleep studies may be necessary for individuals with certain jobs.</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Spirometry, Volumes, Diffusing Capacity</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Spirometry is the test with the most practical significance for the study of lung function. The most useful variables are forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and the relation between them. They have been selected because the degree of involvement is easy to interpret and they are highly reproducible. Other less standardized spirometry tests with greater variability, such as mid and end-expiratory flows, are not recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The collaboration of the subject is so important that for results to be correctly interpreted, the acceptability and reproducibility criteria of the curves, analysis of results, reference values and other technical aspects must be closely followed. The test must be carried out according to the standards of the SEPAR (Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery) guidelines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Spirometry allows the appropriate diagnosis and direct quantification of most obstructive disorders. However, the diagnosis of restrictive disorders is based on a reduction in total lung capacity (TLC), which requires specific techniques (plethysmography, helium dilution or nitrogen washout). Using a reduction in FVC for the diagnosis is inappropriate because it is not pathognomonic of restrictive changes and FVC can be reduced due to many conditions, including the airway obstruction itself. DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span> provides information on the anatomical and functional integrity of gas exchange via the alveolar-capillary membrane. The single breath test is the technique of choice, and should be carried out in strict compliance with the technical guidelines, after a minimum period of 6–8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h without smoking, before the use of a bronchodilator, after a period of rest and taking into account all the factors involved (hemoglobin, etc.). Its reproducibility is lower, with an inter-operator variability of 5%–10%, and even greater variability has been observed among different lung function laboratories.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> The study by Cotes et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> has been the reference for establishing fitness for work scales, depending on the values of the spirometry and diffusing capacity data.</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Arterial Blood Gases</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic respiratory failure may be due to extrathoracic causes (changes in respiratory control, drugs, metabolic changes), neuromuscular disease or changes in the chest wall, or may be caused by lung diseases (bronchial, interstitial or vascular). Regardless of its etiology, it is associated with symptoms, long-term effects and treatment which can frequently lead to incapacity for maintaining a working life. In all diseases in which it is suspected, it must be confirmed with a determination of arterial blood gases. As it is very variable, it should be documented on 2 occasions, one month apart. The correlation of arterial blood gases with functional changes and limitations in exercise capacity is variable and has not been proven.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Arterial blood gases within normal values are not a symptom of a lack of severity, and the presence of hypoxemia at rest does not always imply limitations for work.</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Exercise Stress Testing</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Resting functional tests provide partial information about the pulmonary response to exercise. Multiple factors are involved in the capacity for exercise in respiratory patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> This explains the disparity between ventilatory function and exercise stress capacity observed in various patient groups.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Cases with severe involvement are generally unambiguous, but in patients with mild or moderate dysfunction who report exercise limitation, the ideal situation would be to determine the energy requirements of the job and carry out a maximum stress test in the laboratory. It should be remembered that most jobs have an energy output which varies over the course of the working day, and that over an 8-h day, an individual can sustain a level of activity which does not require more than 40%–50% of the maximum oxygen consumption (VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max). Not all lung function laboratories are equipped to carry out stress testing, so some authors, in accordance with the results of several studies, propose estimating VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max from the 6-min walk test, a sub-maximum stress test that correlates well with the capacity for performing activities of daily living and exercise tolerance and can be of prognostic use in some diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21,22</span></a> The causes of exercise limitation can be identified using stress tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Sleep Studies</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although nocturnal polysomnography is the recommended method for establishing a definitive diagnosis of sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (SAHS), respiratory polygraphy is an acceptable alternative for making this diagnosis in patients with low or high clinical probability, although its most significant limitation is the lack of equipment validation. The equipment used must be validated for the specific task that is to be carried out in each sleep unit. The polysomnography study is indicated in borderline cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Other Non-functional Factors</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An increasing amount of data are becoming available to support the hypothesis of systemic involvement in some chronic lung diseases. This involvement is not reflected in the classic parameters of the thoracic imaging and lung function tests, although it may affect quality of life and survival. The BODE index also collects body mass index as a determinant of survival in COPD patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Various studies associate repeated exacerbations as a risk factor for poor disease prognosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>; this has been introduced in the most recent classifications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> We must not forget that smoking, the degree of regular physical activity, drugs, personality and associated diseases will also influence exercise limitation in these patients.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Evaluation of Severity and Impact of Disease on Working Life</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently, the trend is toward implementing a shift from passive compensation for sickness to the active integration of workers with disease. The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) recommends an emphasis on rehabilitation and re-employment in other jobs suitable for the individual's dysfunction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> This attitude would provide not only financial benefits, but it also confers advantages for the patient, as has been shown in some studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> The reality, however, is far from the desired situation, and in general the declaration of incapacity is chosen as a protective measure.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various scientific societies have published schemes for classifying the degree of functional involvement. The correlation between functional involvement and capacity for work has been established indirectly, taking studies which support the severity classifications and natural course of the different diseases as reference. No methodologically designed studies are available for reaching a level of evidence that would consistently support this classification. In 1982, the American Thoracic Society (ATS) proposed a scheme for characterizing impairment based on spirometry and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Impairment was considered severe when FVC was less than 50% of the predicted value and FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and/or its ratio was less than 40%. Similarly, a carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of less than 40% was indicative of severe respiratory functional disorder. In non-severe cases (i.e., subjects with mild to moderate respiratory disease), the exercise stress test was recommended, for which VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max values lower than 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min/kg were considered severe impairment. In 1984, 1988, and 1993, the American Medical Association (AMA)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> and in 1986 the ATS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> introduced the concept of intermediate degrees of impairment caused by respiratory diseases. The classifications are similar and the same functional tests are used as in the severe cases. The AMA and the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> recommend using the 5th percentile (predicted value less than 1.64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>the residual standard deviation); tables for performing the calculations are provided. In general and in practice, the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for determining absence of lung disease is considered to include FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> or FVC values equal to or greater than 80% of the reference or predicted value (despite the limit of 80% being very well accepted, it must be taken into account that in adults the range of values is not proportional to their level and expressing the result in percentage of the predicted value may result in the false identification of functional disorders in elderly subjects).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Specific Applications</span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Asthma</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, which presents with bronchial hyperresponsiveness and variable air flow obstruction which is totally or partially reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Over 25% of asthmatics have some period of incapacity for work throughout the year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> The initial objective should be to confirm the diagnosis of asthma. In the additional examinations it will be necessary to show obstruction and/or bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) with spirometry and bronchodynamic testing. Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) must be used with caution as a diagnostic tool.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> Asthma is a disease which varies over time, making it difficult to evaluate PI. The evaluation must be performed when the disease is stable and after treatment has been completed, on occasions after an exhaustive assessment using the same study methodology as for difficult-to-control asthma; an exercise stress test may even be necessary to allow the identification of cases of stress asthma, and to identify simulators or other concurrent aspects which may modify the course of the disease and its functional repercussions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> The following must be taken into account for the evaluation of PI in asthma: (1) FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> value, compared to the theoretical value; (2) degree of reversibility in bronchodilator tests or (3) degree of BHR according to the bronchial challenge tests; (4) need for treatment; (5) degree of disease control.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38,39</span></a> For the evaluation of asthma control, questionnaires such as the Asthma Control Test (ACT) have been developed that have been validated by placing cutoff points between different degrees of control.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> An association has also been found between the clinical control of asthma and the presence of eosinophils in sputum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> The job performed by each specific patient will impact decisively on this evaluation. The joint use of the severity classification and control proposed by the ATS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> and by GINA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35,42</span></a> is useful for establishing the degree of dysfunction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COPD is characterized by chronic, partially reversible obstruction of the airway, associated with an abnormal inflammatory response, essentially to tobacco smoke, and to other environmental factors to a lesser extent. In this disease, destruction of the alveolar spaces occurs concomitantly with loss of the elastic support of the lung and inflammatory narrowing with airway remodeling.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43,44</span></a> These changes lead to an increase in pulmonary resistances with decreased respiratory flow, presence of hyperinflation and abnormal gas exchange. COPD is one of the most common causes of disability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> The diagnosis of this heterogeneous disease is based on the presence of risk factors, clinical symptoms (cough, expectoration, dyspnea) and a FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>/FVC ratio lower than 0.7 in the post-bronchodilator spirometry, as a criterion for airway obstruction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> The diagnosis must be confirmed and the evaluation made after using all the recommended treatments, including respiratory rehabilitation. COPD assessment will include the determination of lung volumes and diffusing capacity, examinations which are particularly useful in emphysema, a common phenotype of this disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> Different factors are involved in the prognosis of patients with COPD, and a multidimensional evaluation is recommended, including all the other BODE index parameters<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> (dyspnea, body mass index and exercise capacity with a 6-min walk test) and the frequency of episodes of exacerbation, according to the latest GOLD classification.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Arterial blood gas determinations are indicated if FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> is less than 40%, oxyhemoglobin saturation is less than 95% or if cor pulmonale is suspected. Respiratory failure would be a PI criterion for any activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max must be determined in individuals with mild or moderate deterioration (GOLD stages 2 or 3), evaluating the results and physical burden of the job for determining fitness for work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> The use of various questionnaires allows the presence of anxiety and depression,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> common in patients with COPD, and the impact of the disease on activities of daily living to be determined. Osteoporosis and musculoskeletal dysfunction are conditions that frequently appear alongside COPD and can impact on the quality of life and reduce fitness for work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> A working environment with dust, smoke or irritants must be taken into account for suggesting a disability claim<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>)<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0020"></elsevierMultimedia></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Bronchiectasis</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bronchiectasis is characterized by abnormal thickening of the bronchial wall with dilation of the bronchi, due to a vicious circle of transmural infection and inflammation with release of mediators. Diagnosis is made by high resolution computed tomography and the clinical symptoms can be variable. It usually presents with repeated respiratory infections, and between infectious episodes, the patients may be asymptomatic or have chronic expectoration. There may be bloody expectoration or relapsing hemoptysis, clinical signs and symptoms of bronchial hyperreactiveness, dyspnea (depending on the degree of lung function involvement), pleuritic chest pain due to involvement of the visceral pleura, asthenia and weight loss.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> The presence and etiology of bacterial colonization impacts prognosis and severity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> Changes in lung function will limit fitness for work to the same degree as other chronic diseases, but the limitations that might interfere in the subject's daily activity, e.g. colonization, infectious and non-infectious complications, such as relapsing hemoptysis, the need for continuous, long-term treatment, such as physiotherapy or inhaled antibiotics and the subject's nutritional status, must also be taken into account. Accordingly, even if a significant deterioration in lung function coexists in patients with extensive locations, this is not always the limiting factor for the patient's daily life. Colonization and bronchopulmonary infections must be medically documented, and the clinical situation has to be maintained for one year for the evaluation to be carried out.</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If bronchiectasis is caused by cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, in addition to lung dysfunction, the involvement of other systems and organs (gastrointestinal, endocrine, metabolic, bone) will be considered for the fitness for work assessment.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0025"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Lung Cancer</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the assessment of fitness for work in the cancer patient, other parameters associated with the state of health, remission and survival prognosis, in addition to lung function, must be taken into account. The Karnofsky score has been shown to be a useful tool for the global determination of the functional status of cancer patients, for predicting their progress and survival and as an indicator of quality of life with lung cancer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52,53</span></a> Patients with a Karnofsky score of less than 80, those with an anatomical extension higher than stage II on the TNM classification<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> at the time of diagnosis or who have required a pneumonectomy, and patients requiring maintenance chemotherapy are generally and empirically considered unable to work, regardless of their lung function, for jobs involving moderate effort.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0030"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Sleep Apnea–Hypopnea Syndrome</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some jobs require a high degree of alertness and have a high risk of accidents, and SAHS may increase the risk. To determine the capacity of the subject for carrying out this work, the symptoms, particularly excessive daytime sleepiness, will be evaluated and therapeutic compliance with CPAP treatment, which should be analyzed with a timer, will be determined. In principle, a patient who is following the treatment correctly and does not have any residual symptoms should be considered able to work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> In the special case of drivers, the regulations for obtaining or extending a driving license, with a maximum term of validity of 1 or 2 years, state that “persons suffering obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or related disorders, require a report from a Sleep Unit declaring that they are undergoing treatment and monitoring of daytime symptoms”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0035"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Pulmonary Hypertension</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic respiratory disease, in particular COPD and diffuse interstitial lung diseases (DILD). PH in COPD is usually mild or moderate in intensity, although it frequently increases during sleep, effort and exacerbations. These repeated elevations in pulmonary pressure can lead to the development of right heart failure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> Therefore, the presence of PH would suggest the need to evaluate the cardiopulmonary functional reserve by carrying out an exercise stress test. In DILD, PH is a factor for poor prognosis. In the case of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), fitness for work is determined by the symptoms and prognosis. Exercise intolerance is the main symptom in PH; exercise tolerance is independent of ventilatory function and is determined by the inability of the right ventricle to increase cardiac output in response to the metabolic demand.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0040"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A very diverse group of diseases, both in terms of etiology and therapeutic possibilities and prognosis, is classified under the title of DILD. To reach the desired definitive diagnosis, clinical, radiological and histological data need to be brought together.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> In most DILD, exercise limitation is a principal symptom right from the early stages. From a functional point of view, they are characterized by the presence of a restrictive pattern with reduction in TLC and FVC with a normal FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>/FVC ratio. There is also altered gas exchange with reduced DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span>; this is the most sensitive parameter in the early stages of the disease and is useful for monitoring progression.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> In idiopathic interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, it also has a prognostic value: a DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span> less than 40% at the time of diagnosis implies advanced disease and when DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span> values are less than 39% and 35%, life expectancy is 2 years and 1 year, respectively. Changes in FVC have been shown to be the best parameter for establishing disease prognosis. A drop in FVC of 10% in a period of 6 months implies greater mortality. The full assessment includes a standardized stress test, such as the 6-min walk test. A fall in oxygen saturation during or after the test or a distance walked of less than 250 meters at the time of diagnosis are factors with a poor prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a> The exercise stress test with evaluation of VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max does not provide further information for the evaluation and prognosis of the disease. In the follow-up of the disease, the 6-min walk test along with the FVC provides relevant information and has prognostic value.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> In patients with DILD who undergo lung transplant, the same monitoring that the patient had previously (if any) will continue during the six months post-transplant. After this period, the fitness for work will be reassessed. In this case, in addition to residual respiratory capacity, it must be taken into account that immunosuppressive medication is an increased risk factor in certain lines of work.</p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recommended diagnostic procedures and the severity scale are described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0045"></elsevierMultimedia></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0145" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Respiratory Therapies</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The therapeutic regimens indicated must be taken into consideration for the evaluation of PI. The need for some types of treatment generally implies a serious clinical situation or involves some limitations derived from the side effects or limitations in the patient's mobility.</p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Home respiratory therapies [long-term home oxygen therapy (LTOT) and home mechanical ventilation (HMV)] meet both criteria: limitations in mobility and severity.</p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respiratory failure and the need for LTOT generally indicate severe clinical deterioration and are usually regarded as a cause for PI. Limitations on mobility outside the home for patients on LTOT programs have been improved by the possibility of obtaining liquid O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> backpacks and portable concentrators. Depending on their causative disease, type of job and personal constraints, some patients can continue their active working life while receiving oxygen therapy.</p></span><span id="sec0150" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Work-related or Occupational Respiratory Diseases</span><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inhaling certain substances in the working environment can cause almost all the types of respiratory disease which in these cases would be called occupational disease. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0035">Table 7</a>). Its onset is independent of age and on many occasions, its identification may mean a difficult social and employment situation. In general, once the disease has been diagnosed, work-related exposure must be discontinued, either to avoid progression or as a consequence of the resulting functional limitations. Accordingly, in most cases, it creates an inability to carry out the usual work. The benefits accorded to a case of PI due to occupational disease are greater than those derived from PI due to common disease. It is more complex to evaluate than common disease. As in the latter, a definitive diagnosis and functional assessment are required, but it is also necessary to identify a causal relationship between a specific work-related agent and the development of the disease. Difficulty in establishing this relationship in a robust manner varies between the various diseases and is the key to diagnosis.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis can be easy, as in the case of acute diseases caused by accidental inhalation. In other cases where an immunological mechanism is involved, such as occupational asthma or hypersensitivity pneumonitis, the reference test is a bronchial challenge test, but this is not always essential for reaching a definitive diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> Pneumoconiosis or mesothelioma have some distinctive clinical characteristics that together with the history of work-related exposure, allow a high degree of certainty in determining the causal relationship.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> The major difficulties arise in diseases without specific characteristics of work-related exposure which could have other etiologies, as is the case in lung cancer, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and COPD. Knowledge of the subject's work history is the first step required for assessment and more complex cases may need to be studied in specialized units.</p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The General Social Security Act defines occupational disease as “disease contracted as a result of work performed in the activities specified in the table and approved by the applicable provisions and development of this law, and caused by the action of elements or substances that are specified in the table for each occupational disease”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Royal Decree 1299/2006 approves the table of occupational diseases in the Social Security system and established criteria for their reporting and registration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0050"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span></span><span id="sec0155" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Information for the Patient and Producing the Medical Report</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Preventive and therapeutic recommendations form part of usual medical care. In the chronic patient, the existence of possible aggravating factors in the domestic and work setting must be investigated. It is also necessary to look into all the symptoms which could reduce the patient's capacity to perform activities of daily living, and to comply with treatment. When it is determined that the disease could produce a limitation in work performance, the PI process must be initiated as part of the treatment prescription. The evaluation of fitness for work by the EVIs is based on the experience of the assessor, without the application of specific guidelines or criteria, on the basis of the diagnosis and evaluation of the specialist physician. However, it is important that the patient is aware that the process is limited to a clinical evaluation, and that the declaration of fitness for work is the final responsibility of the INSS, acting on the suggestion of the EVIs. The responsibility of the physician is to produce a truthful report, knowing that falsification of a public document is contemplated in the Penal Code (article 397). On other occasions, the pulmonologist evaluating the patient is not their usual doctor, there is no prior doctor-patient relationship and the professional has not participated in their treatment, or it could even be a question of a report made at the request of one of the parties in a case of litigation. The physician must avoid bias in the assessment and express his/her opinion as a result of an objective examination. With these supporting data, an opinion will be issued on the capacity of the patient to carry out a certain job or else on the likelihood that the disease was caused by the job.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0055"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0160" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0180">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:14 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres287803" "titulo" => "Abstract" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec271292" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres287804" "titulo" => "Resumen" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec271291" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Concepts" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Impairment" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Activity Limitation or Incapacity" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Participation Restriction or Disability" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Current Legislation" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Classification of Permanent Incapacity" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Partial Permanent Incapacity" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Total Permanent Incapacity" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Absolute Permanent Incapacity" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Serious Invalidity" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Components of Assessment of Fitness for Work" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Diagnosis of Disease" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Lung Function Tests" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Spirometry, Volumes, Diffusing Capacity" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Arterial Blood Gases" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Exercise Stress Testing" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Sleep Studies" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Other Non-functional Factors" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Evaluation of Severity and Impact of Disease on Working Life" ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Specific Applications" "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Asthma" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0115" "titulo" => "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0120" "titulo" => "Bronchiectasis" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0125" "titulo" => "Lung Cancer" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0130" "titulo" => "Sleep Apnea–Hypopnea Syndrome" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0135" "titulo" => "Pulmonary Hypertension" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0140" "titulo" => "Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0145" "titulo" => "Respiratory Therapies" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0150" "titulo" => "Work-related or Occupational Respiratory Diseases" ] ] ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0155" "titulo" => "Information for the Patient and Producing the Medical Report" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0160" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interest" ] 13 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-03-11" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-06-18" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec271292" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Chronic respiratory disease" 1 => "Fitness for work evaluation" 2 => "Incapacity for work" 3 => "Pulmonary function tests" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec271291" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Enfermedad respiratoria crónica" 1 => "Evaluación de la incapacidad" 2 => "Incapacidad laboral" 3 => "Pruebas de función pulmonar" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic respiratory diseases often cause impairment in the functions and/or structure of the respiratory system, and impose limitations on different activities in the lives of persons who suffer them. In younger patients with an active working life, these limitations can cause problems in carrying out their normal work. Article 41 of the Spanish Constitution states that “the public authorities shall maintain a public Social Security system for all citizens guaranteeing adequate social assistance and benefits in situations of hardship”. Within this framework is the assessment of fitness for work, as a dual-nature process (medico-legal) that aims to determine whether it is appropriate or not to recognize a person's right to receive benefits which replace the income that they no longer receive as they cannot carry out their work, due to loss of health.</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The role of the pulmonologist is essential in evaluating the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and functional capacity of respiratory patients. These recommendations seek to bring the complex setting of fitness for work evaluation to pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons, providing action guidelines that allow them to advise their own patients about their incorporation into working life.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas con frecuencia provocan alteraciones en las funciones y/o en la estructura del aparato respiratorio que condicionan limitaciones en diferentes actividades de la vida de las personas que las padecen. En los pacientes más jóvenes y con una vida laboral activa estas limitaciones pueden suponer dificultades para el desempeño de su trabajo habitual. El artículo 41 de la Constitución Española establece que «los poderes públicos mantendrán un régimen público de Seguridad Social para todos los ciudadanos que garantice la asistencia y prestaciones sociales suficientes en casos de necesidad». En este marco se encuadra la evaluación de la incapacidad laboral como un proceso de naturaleza mixta (médico-legal) que tiene por objeto determinar si procede o no el reconocimiento del derecho a una prestación que sustituya las rentas que deja de percibir una persona al no poder desempeñar su trabajo, como consecuencia de una pérdida de la salud.</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El papel de neumólogo es imprescindible en la evaluación del diagnóstico, tratamiento, pronóstico y capacidad funcional de los enfermos respiratorios. Estas recomendaciones tratan de acercar el complejo ámbito de la valoración de la capacidad laboral a los neumólogos y cirujanos torácicos, ofreciendo unas pautas de actuación que les permitan asesorar a sus propios pacientes acerca de su incorporación a la vida laboral.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0045">Please cite this article as: Martínez González C, González Barcala FJ, Belda Ramírez J, González Ros I, Alfageme Michavila I, Orejas Martínez C, et al. Recomendaciones para la evaluación médica de la capacidad laboral en el enfermo respiratorio crónico. Arch Bronconeumol. 2013;49:480–490.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:18 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1. Diagnose the disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2. Optimize treatment and rehabilitation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3. Rule out causal relationship or relationship triggered by occupational exposure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4. Evaluate severity of the functional involvement and exercise limitation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5. Take other factors into consideration: treatment, exacerbations, prognosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6. Investigate energy requirements of job \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7. Make medical recommendation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab419675.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Medical Intervention in the Assessment of Fitness for Work.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1. Obstructive ventilatory defects</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>COPD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Asthma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bronchiectasis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Upper airway obstruction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2. Restrictive ventilatory defects</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diffuse Interstitial Pulmonary Disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rib cage disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pleural disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3. Hypoventilation syndromes</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep Apnea Syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neuromuscular diseases \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4. Changes in pulmonary circulation</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pulmonary hypertension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic thromboembolic disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5. Cancers</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6. Occupational diseases</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypersensitivity pneumonitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pneumoconiosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Occupational asthma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab419674.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic Respiratory Disorders Causing Incapacity.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Very limited fitness for work</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Functional deficit: severe or very severe</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0025">Tables 5 and 6</a>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Therapeutic requirements</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oxygen therapy, non-invasive ventilation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Persistent severe asthma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe exacerbations, continuous need for care \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Active anticancer treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reduced survival prognosis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cancer, PH, complicated pneumoconiosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Limited fitness for work for moderate physical requirements</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Functional deficit: moderate</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0025">Tables 5 and 6</a>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Therapeutic needs</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Persistent moderate asthma, \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe exacerbations, frequent need for care. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Limited fitness for work for intense physical requirements</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Functional deficit: mild</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0025">Tables 5 and 6</a>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Persistent mild asthma</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Limited fitness for work for occupational exposure to the causative agent, even with normal lung function</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Simple silicosis, occupational asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, berylliosis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab419679.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">General Guidelines for the Evaluation of Fitness for Work.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adapted from</span>: Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Guidelines for the evaluation of Impairment/Disability in patients with asthma. American Thoracic Society.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>" "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Grade of impairment: Mild: intermittent and persistent mild asthma; Moderate: persistent moderate asthma; Severe: persistent severe asthma</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> (% predicted) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">70–79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60–69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50–59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> Reversibility (%) or \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10–19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20–29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span> (mg/ml) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8–0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.5–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Need for treatment to achieve control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Step 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Step 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Step 3orStep 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Step 5orStep 6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Questionnaires ACT score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16–19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">GINA classification \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Intermittent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Persistent mild \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Persistent moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Persistent severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Persistent severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab419678.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluation of the Asthma Patient.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adapted from</span>: Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Evaluation of impairment/disability secondary to respiratory disease. ATS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>" "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Evaluation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Severity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Associated factors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clinical history<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>Physical examination<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>Body Mass Index<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Post bronchodilator spirometry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>Chest X-ray<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>Pulse oximetry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6-min walk<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Volumes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Diffusion<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>High resolution CT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>Arterial blood gases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Stress test<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>ECG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>Blood panel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>Act. daily living<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mild</span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>>80%DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span>>80%BODE 0–1<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Moderate</span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> 80%–50%DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span> 80%–50%BODE 0–2VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max 15–20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min/kgFRC>120%<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Severe</span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> 50%–30%DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span> 50%–20%BODE 2–5VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max<15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min/kg<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Very severe</span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><30%DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span><20%BODE>5Pa O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHgPa CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>>45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>Sex<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>Exacerbations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Treatment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Comorbidities<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>Physical burden<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Work-relatedIrritants<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab419680.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Essential for diagnosis.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Necessary for evaluation.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Useful for evaluation.</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Helps in evaluation.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluation of the Patient With COPD.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0030" "etiqueta" => "Table 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adapted from</span>: Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Evaluation of impairment/disability secondary to respiratory disease. ATS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>" "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Evaluation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Severity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Associated factors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clinical history<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>Physical examination<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>Body mass index<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Spirometry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>Volumes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>Diffusion<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>Chest X-ray<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>High resolution CT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>Pulse oximetry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6-min walk<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Arterial blood gases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>ECG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>ECHO<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Complete Blood Count<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Act. daily living<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mild</span>TLC>70%DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span>>70%VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min/kg<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Moderate</span>TLC 70%–50%DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span>70%–50%VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max 15–20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min/kgDesaturation in 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<88%<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Severe</span>TLC 50%–30%DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span> 50%–30%PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHgVO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max<15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min/kgDesaturation in 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min>88%<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Very severe</span>TLC<30%DL<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CO</span><30%PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>Sex<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>Treatment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>comorbidities<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>Physical burden<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>OccupationalExposure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>Prognosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab419677.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Essential for diagnosis.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Necessary for evaluation.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0035" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Useful for evaluation.</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0040" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Helps in evaluation.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluation in Interstitial Diseases.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0035" "etiqueta" => "Table 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Airways</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rhinitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Eosinophilic bronchitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Occupational asthma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bronchiolitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>COPD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Parenchyma</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pneumoconiosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypersensitivity pneumonitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Toxic pneumonitis, Acute lung edema \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tuberculosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lung cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pleura</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pleural plaque \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pleural effusion \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mesothelioma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tuberculosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab419676.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Occupational Respiratory Diseases Classification According to Site of Involvement.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "tb0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical history, work history, physical examination, chest X-ray, spirometry and diffusing capacity are all basic first-line tools for the diagnosis and functional study of respiratory diseases.</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The determination of lung volumes is a test that is necessary in the study of interstitial diseases, emphysema, chest wall changes, neuromuscular diseases and whenever a restrictive ventilatory defect is suspected.</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Arterial blood gas testing allows the diagnosis of respiratory failure and must be reserved for selected patients, if there is a severe ventilatory defect, changes in diffusing capacity, reduction in oxyhemoglobin saturation or suspected hypoventilation.</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exercise stress test allows the functional reserve to be determined. Its use is recommended in mild or moderate cases, symptomatic cases with high energy demands, patients who complain of dyspnea that cannot be explained by resting pulmonary function tests and in the evaluation of interstitial diseases.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We should take into account a series of limitations not directly associated with the reduction of lung function.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SAHS can be diagnosed from a respiratory polygraphy in cases where there is high clinical suspicion or for ruling it out in cases of low suspicion.</p></span>" ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recommendations:</p>" ] ] 8 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a pointer, some functional involvement levels and other factors involved in the evaluation of fitness for work, depending on the physical requirements and environmental peculiarities of the job, are established. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>)</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span>" ] ] 9 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0015" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first obligatory step recommended in the evaluation of asthmatic patients is to check treatment compliance and to exclude aggravating factors. The ATS classification along with the GINA severity and control assessment are appropriate tools for the evaluation of fitness for work and may be complemented by the determination of airway inflammation biomarkers.</p></span>" ] ] 10 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A multidimensional assessment, including the BODE index, frequency of exacerbations and health-related quality of life questionnaires is recommended. Systemic involvement, prognosis and need for treatment are factors to be taken into account.</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The GOLD classification of severity, along with the BODE index, may be used as reference.</p></span>" ] ] 11 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0025" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient who, as a complication of bronchiectasis, has a moderate degree of dysfunction and bronchopulmonary infections occurring every 2 months or more, or a mean of 6 episodes a year, could be a candidate for incapacity for work. If repeated episodes of pneumonia occur, the same criteria as those defined for bronchiectasis will be applied.</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therapeutic needs, frequency of hospitalizations due to exacerbations, complications and the severity of these are determining factors in the degree of incapacity for work.</p></span>" ] ] 12 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0030" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of tumor staging, persistence and prognosis after treatment together with the Karnofsky scale and lung function in the evaluation of fitness for work are recommended. The limitation of lung function as a result of surgical treatment or radiation therapy will lead to incapacity to a similar degree as that caused by any other chronic respiratory disease. Immunosuppressive treatments will affect TI and may be a reason for PI when maintained on a long-term basis or if they produce sequelae.</p></span>" ] ] 13 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0035" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Persistent excessive sleepiness is the determining factor for fitness for work.</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comorbidities, treatment adherence and job requirements are decisive factors in these patients.</p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Periodic check-ups in specialized units are essential for evaluating the response to treatment and for maintaining or modifying the recommendation regarding fitness for work.</p></span>" ] ] 14 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0040" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only patients with NYHA/WHO classification functional status I can maintain their work activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> The echocardiogram and the 6-min walk test are essential for evaluating PH.</p></span>" ] ] 15 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0045" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of X-rays, high resolution CT, spirometry, volumes and diffusing capacity is recommended for the initial diagnosis of these diseases. Exercise stress tests are an essential tool for functional evaluation. The poor prognosis of some of these diseases is a decisive factor in the assessment of fitness for work.</p></span>" ] ] 16 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0050" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When an occupational disease is suspected, the diagnostic procedures necessary for establishing the causal relationship with the specific occupational agent with the greatest degree of certainty possible are used, and incapacity for work is determined by the functional involvement and the likelihood of disease progression if exposure to the causative agent is maintained.</p></span>" ] ] 17 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0055" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the patient with chronic respiratory disease, it is recommended that a report is issued containing the detailed work history, diagnosis of the disease determined from objective, reproducible and reviewable criteria, pharmacological treatment and lifestyle recommendations, including how the disease interferes with working life. This will be accompanied by the suggestion for requesting evaluation of permanent incapacity by the EVI of the Social Security, if indicated. The same process will be followed when the report is required by the patient or at the request of official organizations.</p></span>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:66 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Work life of persons with asthma, rhinitis, and COPD: a study using a national, population-based sample" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. Yelin" 1 => "P. Katz" 2 => "J. Balmes" 3 => "L. Trupin" 4 => "G. Earnest" 5 => "M. 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Instituto de Migraciones y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO)" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Madrid" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Real Decreto 1971/1999, de 23 de diciembre, de procedimiento para el reconocimiento, declaración y calificación del grado de minusvalía. BOE 22, 26/1/2000." ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "IMSERSO. Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales. 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Harari" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "22" "numero" => "Suppl. 1" "paginaInicial" => "S24" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16457014" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 4: imaging the lungs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "N.L. Müller" 1 => "H. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2024 October | 90 | 28 | 118 |
| 2024 September | 86 | 21 | 107 |
| 2024 August | 112 | 33 | 145 |
| 2024 July | 69 | 25 | 94 |
| 2024 June | 106 | 17 | 123 |
| 2024 May | 83 | 26 | 109 |
| 2024 April | 50 | 24 | 74 |
| 2024 March | 56 | 21 | 77 |
| 2024 February | 44 | 27 | 71 |
| 2023 September | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2023 May | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2023 March | 18 | 3 | 21 |
| 2023 February | 57 | 21 | 78 |
| 2023 January | 57 | 42 | 99 |
| 2022 December | 80 | 49 | 129 |
| 2022 November | 96 | 36 | 132 |
| 2022 October | 96 | 39 | 135 |
| 2022 September | 89 | 39 | 128 |
| 2022 August | 76 | 47 | 123 |
| 2022 July | 87 | 63 | 150 |
| 2022 June | 69 | 34 | 103 |
| 2022 May | 99 | 45 | 144 |
| 2022 April | 80 | 35 | 115 |
| 2022 March | 113 | 51 | 164 |
| 2022 February | 126 | 44 | 170 |
| 2022 January | 164 | 47 | 211 |
| 2021 December | 107 | 42 | 149 |
| 2021 November | 88 | 41 | 129 |
| 2021 October | 168 | 47 | 215 |
| 2021 September | 84 | 49 | 133 |
| 2021 August | 101 | 27 | 128 |
| 2021 July | 98 | 22 | 120 |
| 2021 June | 107 | 34 | 141 |
| 2021 May | 124 | 34 | 158 |
| 2021 April | 404 | 92 | 496 |
| 2021 March | 205 | 24 | 229 |
| 2021 February | 164 | 36 | 200 |
| 2021 January | 154 | 19 | 173 |
| 2020 December | 110 | 22 | 132 |
| 2020 November | 86 | 22 | 108 |
| 2020 October | 145 | 14 | 159 |
| 2020 September | 176 | 14 | 190 |
| 2020 August | 97 | 16 | 113 |
| 2020 July | 70 | 22 | 92 |
| 2020 June | 53 | 10 | 63 |
| 2020 May | 38 | 18 | 56 |
| 2020 April | 73 | 27 | 100 |
| 2020 March | 54 | 13 | 67 |
| 2020 February | 100 | 17 | 117 |
| 2020 January | 74 | 19 | 93 |
| 2019 December | 71 | 19 | 90 |
| 2019 November | 66 | 22 | 88 |
| 2019 October | 100 | 14 | 114 |
| 2019 September | 81 | 20 | 101 |
| 2019 August | 55 | 12 | 67 |
| 2019 July | 75 | 20 | 95 |
| 2019 June | 67 | 15 | 82 |
| 2019 May | 88 | 18 | 106 |
| 2019 April | 72 | 13 | 85 |
| 2019 March | 86 | 27 | 113 |
| 2019 February | 72 | 18 | 90 |
| 2019 January | 57 | 16 | 73 |
| 2018 December | 54 | 29 | 83 |
| 2018 November | 249 | 24 | 273 |
| 2018 October | 484 | 31 | 515 |
| 2018 September | 122 | 12 | 134 |
| 2018 May | 66 | 0 | 66 |
| 2018 April | 260 | 3 | 263 |
| 2018 March | 42 | 5 | 47 |
| 2018 February | 38 | 6 | 44 |
| 2018 January | 23 | 6 | 29 |
| 2017 December | 44 | 5 | 49 |
| 2017 November | 43 | 6 | 49 |
| 2017 October | 34 | 6 | 40 |
| 2017 September | 66 | 5 | 71 |
| 2017 August | 62 | 10 | 72 |
| 2017 July | 71 | 14 | 85 |
| 2017 June | 82 | 11 | 93 |
| 2017 May | 97 | 8 | 105 |
| 2017 April | 75 | 9 | 84 |
| 2017 March | 53 | 6 | 59 |
| 2017 February | 47 | 11 | 58 |
| 2017 January | 38 | 7 | 45 |
| 2016 December | 43 | 10 | 53 |
| 2016 November | 70 | 19 | 89 |
| 2016 October | 54 | 11 | 65 |
| 2016 September | 69 | 12 | 81 |
| 2016 August | 74 | 10 | 84 |
| 2016 July | 43 | 13 | 56 |
| 2016 March | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 February | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2015 December | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2015 October | 88 | 2 | 90 |
| 2015 September | 65 | 6 | 71 |
| 2015 August | 94 | 12 | 106 |
| 2015 July | 55 | 10 | 65 |
| 2015 June | 45 | 10 | 55 |
| 2015 May | 53 | 19 | 72 |
| 2015 April | 32 | 14 | 46 |
| 2015 March | 48 | 10 | 58 |
| 2015 February | 45 | 6 | 51 |
| 2015 January | 34 | 6 | 40 |
| 2014 December | 30 | 19 | 49 |
| 2014 November | 24 | 14 | 38 |
| 2014 October | 56 | 12 | 68 |
| 2014 September | 33 | 7 | 40 |
| 2014 August | 37 | 11 | 48 |
| 2014 July | 41 | 14 | 55 |
| 2014 June | 46 | 19 | 65 |
| 2014 May | 47 | 11 | 58 |
| 2014 April | 56 | 19 | 75 |
| 2014 March | 56 | 18 | 74 |
| 2014 February | 41 | 14 | 55 |
| 2014 January | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2013 December | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2013 November | 0 | 3 | 3 |
Show all
