Special Article
Complexity in Asthma: Inflammation and Scale-Free Networks
La complejidad en el asma: inflamación y redes libres de escala
Miguel Perpiñá Tordera
Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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"Alberto" "apellidos" => "Alonso-Fernández" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1579212909734871?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/15792129/0000004500000009/v1_201305150430/S1579212909734871/v1_201305150430/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:16 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Special Article</span>" "titulo" => "Complexity in Asthma: Inflammation and Scale-Free Networks" "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0 "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "459" "paginaFinal" => "465" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Miguel Perpiñá Tordera" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Miguel Perpiñá" "apellidos" => "Tordera" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "perpinya_mig@gva.es" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La complejidad en el asma: inflamación y redes libres de escala" ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2009-03-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2009-04-02" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155823" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Asthma" 1 => "Inflammation" 2 => "Scale-free networks" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155822" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Asma" 1 => "Inflamación" 2 => "Redes libres de escala" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our understanding of asthma has traditionally been based on linear deterministic relationships of the type stimulus-bronchial hyperresponsiveness-obstruction-symptoms. This notion however neglects the fact that nonlinear relationships may be present. To better define the disease, some authors therefore suggest that we should think in terms of complex systems with a scale-free topology. The idea of multiple inflammatory hits proposed by the group of Pavord is in its broadest sense a further contribution to this line of thought. According to this theory, the coexistence of additional inflammatory stimuli, which may or may not be localized to the lungs, are responsible for deteriorating lung function. The effects of these stimuli may be additive or act in synergy with the underlying inflammation of asthma itself. In addition to the practical implications, this hypothesis serves as a reminder that the body is made up of interconnected parts and that the pathogenesis of asthma includes distinct elements linked together. If this hypothesis proves valid, future approaches should start to look for the hubs in this network that constitutes asthma, and attempt to integrate information from genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tradicionalmente la interpretación del asma se ha fundamentado en relaciones deterministas directas del tipo estímulo-inflamación-hiperrespuesta bronquial-obstrucción-síntomas, olvidando, sin embargo, que en esta enfermedad no es infrecuente detectar circunstancias que no guardan linealidad. Por tal motivo algunos autores postulan que el abordaje de su patogenia debería comenzar a realizarse desde la óptica de los sistemas complejos que adoptan una topología libre de escala. La teoría de los impactos inflamatorios múltiples, propuesta por el grupo de Pavord, representa, en su sentido más amplio, una aportación adicional a esta línea de pensamiento. De acuerdo con ella, en el asma la coexistencia de estímulos inflamatorios adicionales, de localización pulmonar o extrapulmonar, agravan la evolución del proceso respiratorio. Los efectos de esos estímulos pueden ser aditivos o actuar de manera sinérgica con la propia inflamación asmática. Más allá de su interés práctico, la hipótesis viene a recordarnos que el organismo es un constructo conformado a partir de conjuntos interconectados, y que el asma incluye en su patogenia elementos de naturaleza diversa entrelazados. Si esto es así, el planteamiento futuro tendría que comenzar a centrarse en la búsqueda de los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hubs</span> de esa red llamada asma integrando la información aportada por la genómica, la proteómica y la metabolómica.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">The content of the present article is based on the talk “Multiple Inflammatory Impacts in Asthma: Scale-Free Networks” given by the author at the XXXIV Spanish Pulmonology Symposium held in Burgos, Spain (October 2008).</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:57 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Teoría general de sistemas" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "L. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 1 | 7 | 8 |
| 2024 October | 28 | 15 | 43 |
| 2024 September | 29 | 18 | 47 |
| 2024 August | 37 | 29 | 66 |
| 2024 July | 23 | 23 | 46 |
| 2024 June | 29 | 24 | 53 |
| 2024 May | 38 | 32 | 70 |
| 2024 April | 20 | 23 | 43 |
| 2024 March | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2024 February | 17 | 20 | 37 |
| 2023 March | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2023 February | 15 | 14 | 29 |
| 2023 January | 15 | 26 | 41 |
| 2022 December | 22 | 26 | 48 |
| 2022 November | 16 | 19 | 35 |
| 2022 October | 22 | 34 | 56 |
| 2022 September | 17 | 26 | 43 |
| 2022 August | 19 | 35 | 54 |
| 2022 July | 23 | 42 | 65 |
| 2022 June | 21 | 36 | 57 |
| 2022 May | 14 | 28 | 42 |
| 2022 April | 16 | 20 | 36 |
| 2022 March | 15 | 34 | 49 |
| 2022 February | 18 | 29 | 47 |
| 2022 January | 15 | 36 | 51 |
| 2021 December | 14 | 49 | 63 |
| 2021 November | 15 | 48 | 63 |
| 2021 October | 20 | 51 | 71 |
| 2021 September | 14 | 56 | 70 |
| 2021 August | 12 | 46 | 58 |
| 2021 July | 13 | 32 | 45 |
| 2021 June | 18 | 46 | 64 |
| 2021 May | 17 | 29 | 46 |
| 2021 April | 35 | 87 | 122 |
| 2021 March | 19 | 28 | 47 |
| 2021 February | 14 | 21 | 35 |
| 2021 January | 11 | 25 | 36 |
| 2020 December | 15 | 23 | 38 |
| 2020 November | 7 | 17 | 24 |
| 2020 October | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| 2020 September | 7 | 7 | 14 |
| 2020 August | 17 | 15 | 32 |
| 2020 July | 23 | 23 | 46 |
| 2020 June | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2020 May | 16 | 21 | 37 |
| 2020 April | 21 | 17 | 38 |
| 2020 March | 20 | 10 | 30 |
| 2020 February | 26 | 26 | 52 |
| 2020 January | 41 | 17 | 58 |
| 2019 December | 24 | 10 | 34 |
| 2019 November | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2019 October | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2019 September | 8 | 16 | 24 |
| 2019 August | 16 | 8 | 24 |
| 2019 July | 13 | 28 | 41 |
| 2019 June | 3 | 14 | 17 |
| 2019 May | 18 | 9 | 27 |
| 2019 April | 35 | 29 | 64 |
| 2019 March | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2019 February | 7 | 7 | 14 |
| 2019 January | 2 | 15 | 17 |
| 2018 December | 8 | 11 | 19 |
| 2018 November | 12 | 14 | 26 |
| 2018 October | 21 | 18 | 39 |
| 2018 September | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2018 May | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 April | 12 | 6 | 18 |
| 2018 March | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2018 February | 10 | 6 | 16 |
| 2018 January | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| 2017 December | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2017 November | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 2017 October | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2017 September | 8 | 9 | 17 |
| 2017 August | 8 | 11 | 19 |
| 2017 July | 16 | 14 | 30 |
| 2017 June | 15 | 25 | 40 |
| 2017 May | 4 | 7 | 11 |
| 2017 April | 4 | 6 | 10 |
| 2017 March | 3 | 6 | 9 |
| 2017 February | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 2017 January | 2 | 91 | 93 |
| 2016 December | 10 | 9 | 19 |
| 2016 November | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2016 October | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2016 September | 6 | 10 | 16 |
| 2016 August | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2016 July | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2016 May | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 April | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 March | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2016 February | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2016 January | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2015 December | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2015 October | 123 | 6 | 129 |
| 2015 September | 111 | 6 | 117 |
| 2015 August | 110 | 11 | 121 |
| 2015 July | 171 | 5 | 176 |
| 2015 June | 99 | 7 | 106 |
| 2015 May | 97 | 8 | 105 |
| 2015 April | 80 | 9 | 89 |
| 2015 March | 118 | 9 | 127 |
| 2015 February | 103 | 5 | 108 |
| 2015 January | 79 | 4 | 83 |
| 2014 December | 47 | 6 | 53 |
| 2014 November | 77 | 8 | 85 |
| 2014 October | 84 | 9 | 93 |
| 2014 September | 79 | 8 | 87 |
| 2014 August | 56 | 9 | 65 |
| 2014 July | 53 | 9 | 62 |
| 2014 June | 72 | 13 | 85 |
| 2014 May | 69 | 9 | 78 |
| 2014 April | 92 | 6 | 98 |
| 2014 March | 97 | 8 | 105 |
| 2014 February | 86 | 10 | 96 |
| 2014 January | 81 | 6 | 87 |
| 2013 December | 73 | 12 | 85 |
| 2013 November | 57 | 4 | 61 |
| 2013 October | 77 | 11 | 88 |
| 2013 September | 62 | 10 | 72 |
| 2013 August | 59 | 11 | 70 |
| 2013 July | 67 | 10 | 77 |
| 2013 June | 56 | 5 | 61 |
| 2013 May | 50 | 7 | 57 |
| 2013 April | 38 | 5 | 43 |
| 2013 March | 8 | 3 | 11 |
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