Original Articles
Prevalence of Tuberculosis Infection in BCG-Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Mediterranean Schoolchildren
Genoveva del Río Camachoa,
, Emilio Perea-Milla Lópezb, Julio Romero Gonzáleza, Ángel González Canónigac, Blanca Muñumel Alamedac, Octavia Martín Cabelloc, Mercedes Martínez Colladoc, Javier Pérez Fríasd
Corresponding author
vevirio@hotmail.com
Correspondence: Dr G del Río Camacho Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Costa del Sol Ctra. Nacional 340 km 187 29600 Marbella, Málaga, Spain
Correspondence: Dr G del Río Camacho Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Costa del Sol Ctra. Nacional 340 km 187 29600 Marbella, Málaga, Spain
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"<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Emilio Perea-Milla" "apellidos" => "López" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Julio Romero" "apellidos" => "González" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ángel González" "apellidos" => "Canóniga" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Blanca Muñumel" "apellidos" => "Alameda" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Octavia Martín" "apellidos" => "Cabello" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mercedes Martínez" "apellidos" => "Collado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Javier Pérez" "apellidos" => "Frías" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff4" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Enfermería, Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Neumología Pediátrica, Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff4" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Correspondence: Dr G del Río Camacho Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Costa del Sol Ctra. Nacional 340 km 187 29600 Marbella, Málaga, Spain" ] ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2007-03-06" "fechaAceptado" => "2007-07-11" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155157" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Tuberculosis" 1 => "Prevalence" 2 => "Sociodemographic variables" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155156" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Tuberculosis" 1 => "Prevalencia" 2 => "Variables sociodemográficas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the prevalence of tuberculous infection in schoolchildren in the province of Malaga, Spain, and to evaluate its relation to sociodemographic variables.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Population and methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tuberculin skin tests were used to screen 6-year-olds in their first year of primary school in this cross-sectional study of the prevalence of infection, with calculation of 95% confidence interval (CI). Children who had not been vaccinated against tuberculosis at birth were considered to have a positive test result if they had an induration of ≥5 mm. Those who had received bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination at birth were considered to have a positive test result if they had an induration size of >10 mm or >15 mm, depending on whether they came from a country with a high or low prevalence of tuberculosis, respectively.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of infection in the group of unvaccinated children was 1.16% (95% CI, 0.69%-1.63%). No statistically significant differences were found for any of the sociodemographic variables analyzed. The prevalence of infection in the BCG-vaccinated children was 6.66% (95% CI, 5.55%-7.77%).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of tuberculosis infection in our area is slightly higher than that reported after other studies conducted in Spain. This could indicate that tuberculosis continues to be a public health problem in the province of Malaga. Infection in the subgroup of BCG-vaccinated children, however, was lower than that observed in studies of immigrants in Spain who had been immunized at birth. This is probably because the majority of immigrants in our area come from countries with a low incidence of tuberculosis.</p>" ] "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conocer la prevalencia de infección por tuberculosis en la población escolar de la Costa del Sol y valorar la relación de variables sociodemográficas con la prevalencia de infección tuberculosa.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Población y métodos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un estudio de corte transversal, en el que se realizó cribado tuberculínico a los niños de primer curso de primaria (6 años). El índice epidemiológico analizado fue la prevalencia de infección, con su intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%. Se consideró positivo a la prueba de la tuberculina a todo niño que no había recibido la vacuna antituberculosa al nacer y que presentaba una induración igual o superior a 5 mm. En el subgrupo vacunado contra la tuberculosis al nacer se consideró positivos a los niños con induración superior a 10 mm o a 15 mm, según procediesen de países con elevada o baja prevalencia de tuberculosis, respectivamente.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de infección obtenida en el grupo de no vacunados fue del 1,16% (IC del 95%, 0,69–1,63%). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las variables analizadas. La prevalencia de infección en el subgrupo de vacunados fue del 6,66% (IC del 95%, 5,55–7,77%).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de infección tuberculosa en nuestra zona es ligeramente elevada en comparación con la observada en otros estudios realizados en nuestro país, lo que podría indicar que la tuberculosis sigue siendo un problema de salud pública en nuestra provincia. No ocurre así con el subgrupo de vacunados contra la tuberculosis, en el que, comparado con los de otros estudios realizados en nuestro país entre la población inmigrante vacunada al nacer, la prevalencia es baja, probablemente debido a que la mayoría de inmigrantes de la Costa del Sol proviene de países con baja incidencia de la enfermedad.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">This study was funded by the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía under Research Project No. 118/02 (grant awarded in 2002).</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:18 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Interventions to reduce tuberculosis mortality and transmission in low-and middle-income countries" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M Borgdorff" 1 => "K Floyd" 2 => "J Broekmans" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bull World Health Organ" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "80" "paginaInicial" => "217" "paginaFinal" => "227" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11984608" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Unidad de Investigación en Tuberculosis de Barcelona (UITB), Área de Tuberculosis e Infecciones Respiratorias (TIR) de la SEPAR, Grupo de Estudio de Sida (GESIDA) de la SEIMC. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| 2024 October | 26 | 22 | 48 |
| 2024 September | 23 | 13 | 36 |
| 2024 August | 35 | 38 | 73 |
| 2024 July | 26 | 21 | 47 |
| 2024 June | 36 | 23 | 59 |
| 2024 May | 34 | 30 | 64 |
| 2024 April | 18 | 28 | 46 |
| 2024 March | 25 | 20 | 45 |
| 2024 February | 17 | 23 | 40 |
| 2023 March | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2023 February | 16 | 22 | 38 |
| 2023 January | 23 | 26 | 49 |
| 2022 December | 15 | 29 | 44 |
| 2022 November | 19 | 23 | 42 |
| 2022 October | 27 | 48 | 75 |
| 2022 September | 19 | 22 | 41 |
| 2022 August | 19 | 32 | 51 |
| 2022 July | 24 | 34 | 58 |
| 2022 June | 19 | 27 | 46 |
| 2022 May | 19 | 27 | 46 |
| 2022 April | 20 | 38 | 58 |
| 2022 March | 22 | 37 | 59 |
| 2022 February | 20 | 45 | 65 |
| 2022 January | 15 | 50 | 65 |
| 2021 December | 16 | 43 | 59 |
| 2021 November | 12 | 46 | 58 |
| 2021 October | 20 | 53 | 73 |
| 2021 September | 19 | 62 | 81 |
| 2021 August | 12 | 30 | 42 |
| 2021 July | 10 | 26 | 36 |
| 2021 June | 13 | 22 | 35 |
| 2021 May | 12 | 23 | 35 |
| 2021 April | 42 | 39 | 81 |
| 2021 March | 16 | 13 | 29 |
| 2021 February | 14 | 17 | 31 |
| 2021 January | 9 | 12 | 21 |
| 2020 December | 16 | 12 | 28 |
| 2020 November | 9 | 13 | 22 |
| 2020 October | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2020 September | 48 | 5 | 53 |
| 2020 August | 60 | 10 | 70 |
| 2020 July | 33 | 13 | 46 |
| 2020 June | 10 | 6 | 16 |
| 2020 May | 28 | 14 | 42 |
| 2020 April | 34 | 18 | 52 |
| 2020 March | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2020 February | 68 | 16 | 84 |
| 2020 January | 35 | 13 | 48 |
| 2019 December | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2019 November | 12 | 7 | 19 |
| 2019 October | 11 | 9 | 20 |
| 2019 September | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2019 August | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2019 July | 12 | 33 | 45 |
| 2019 June | 27 | 14 | 41 |
| 2019 May | 33 | 9 | 42 |
| 2019 April | 17 | 16 | 33 |
| 2019 March | 10 | 18 | 28 |
| 2019 February | 8 | 17 | 25 |
| 2019 January | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2018 December | 9 | 15 | 24 |
| 2018 November | 13 | 11 | 24 |
| 2018 October | 24 | 14 | 38 |
| 2018 September | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2018 May | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 April | 26 | 6 | 32 |
| 2018 March | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2018 February | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| 2018 January | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| 2017 December | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| 2017 November | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2017 October | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| 2017 September | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| 2017 August | 12 | 10 | 22 |
| 2017 July | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2017 June | 40 | 12 | 52 |
| 2017 May | 8 | 2 | 10 |
| 2017 April | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2017 March | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2017 February | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2017 January | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2016 December | 8 | 7 | 15 |
| 2016 November | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2016 October | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2016 September | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2016 August | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2016 July | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2016 March | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2015 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 October | 79 | 7 | 86 |
| 2015 September | 68 | 3 | 71 |
| 2015 August | 71 | 10 | 81 |
| 2015 July | 143 | 8 | 151 |
| 2015 June | 61 | 4 | 65 |
| 2015 May | 64 | 7 | 71 |
| 2015 April | 48 | 10 | 58 |
| 2015 March | 28 | 3 | 31 |
| 2015 February | 37 | 2 | 39 |
| 2015 January | 36 | 5 | 41 |
| 2014 December | 50 | 4 | 54 |
| 2014 November | 67 | 9 | 76 |
| 2014 October | 83 | 4 | 87 |
| 2014 September | 52 | 7 | 59 |
| 2014 August | 55 | 9 | 64 |
| 2014 July | 57 | 7 | 64 |
| 2014 June | 65 | 7 | 72 |
| 2014 May | 60 | 12 | 72 |
| 2014 April | 68 | 4 | 72 |
| 2014 March | 63 | 6 | 69 |
| 2014 February | 51 | 9 | 60 |
| 2014 January | 51 | 5 | 56 |
| 2013 December | 55 | 8 | 63 |
| 2013 November | 45 | 9 | 54 |
| 2013 October | 48 | 9 | 57 |
| 2013 September | 48 | 13 | 61 |
| 2013 August | 51 | 11 | 62 |
| 2013 July | 55 | 10 | 65 |
| 2013 June | 35 | 6 | 41 |
| 2013 May | 30 | 6 | 36 |
| 2013 April | 20 | 6 | 26 |
| 2013 March | 10 | 2 | 12 |
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