Review Article
Innovative Strategies to Diagnose and Monitor Tuberculosis Patients
José Prisco Palma-Nicolása, Virgilio Bocanegra-Garcíab,
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vbocanegra@uat.edu.mx
Correspondence: Dr. V. Bocanegra-García. Calle 16 y Lago de Chapala. Fracc. Aztlán. 88740 Reynosa. Tamaulipas. México
Correspondence: Dr. V. Bocanegra-García. Calle 16 y Lago de Chapala. Fracc. Aztlán. 88740 Reynosa. Tamaulipas. México
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"aff1" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Virgilio" "apellidos" => "Bocanegra-García" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "vbocanegra@uat.edu.mx" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, México DF, México" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioingeniería, UAM Reynosa Aztlán, UAT, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Correspondence: Dr. V. Bocanegra-García. Calle 16 y Lago de Chapala. Fracc. Aztlán. 88740 Reynosa. Tamaulipas. México" ] ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec154849" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span>" 1 => "Mimotopes MIRU-VNTR Hsp65" 2 => "IS6110" 3 => "Diagnosis" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec154848" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span>" 1 => "Mimótopos" 2 => "MIRU-VNTR" 3 => "Hsp65" 4 => "IS6110" 5 => "Diagnóstico" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> is the single most deadly microorganism worldwide. A third of the world population is thought to have latent tuberculosis and approximately 2 million people die of the disease each year. Short and closely supervised treatment regimens are needed, but it is also essential to develop new strategies to ensure prompt diagnosis of the disease. In particular, cheap methods are needed to tackle tuberculosis from a population perspective. The present article reviews the advances in immunology and molecular strategies for epidemiological diagnosis and monitoring of tuberculosis patients.</p>" ] "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> es el microorganismo que por sí solo ha ocasionado el mayor número de muertes a escala mundial. Se estima que la tercera parte de la población mundial presenta tuberculosis latente, y cada año mueren alrededor de 2 millones de personas en todo el mundo. Además de la aplicación rigurosa del tratamiento acortado y estrictamente supervisado, es imperativo el desarrollo y aplicación de nuevas estrategias que permitan el diagnóstico oportuno de la enfermedad, particularmente de métodos de bajo coste que permitan abordar la problemática de la tuberculosis desde una perspectiva poblacional. En el presente trabajo se revisan los avances en las estrategias inmunológicas y moleculares para el diagnóstico y seguimiento epidemiológico de los pacientes tuberculosos.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Dr Palma-Nicolás was supported by a grant from the National Science and Technology Council (CONACYT) for his doctorate studies in Mexico (2002–2006). The Multidisciplinary Academic Unit (UAM) Reynosa Aztlán of the Universidad Autónoma of Tamaulipas also provided economic support for the preparation of the present manuscript.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:69 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Mycobacterium avium complex" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "CB Inderlied" 1 => "CA Kemper" 2 => "LE Bermúdez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Microbiol Rev" "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "266" "paginaFinal" => "310" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8358707" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2021 December | 17 | 43 | 60 |
| 2021 November | 17 | 43 | 60 |
| 2021 October | 16 | 44 | 60 |
| 2021 September | 14 | 67 | 81 |
| 2021 August | 12 | 34 | 46 |
| 2021 July | 17 | 23 | 40 |
| 2021 June | 8 | 22 | 30 |
| 2021 May | 15 | 41 | 56 |
| 2021 April | 55 | 50 | 105 |
| 2021 March | 15 | 16 | 31 |
| 2021 February | 13 | 15 | 28 |
| 2021 January | 7 | 11 | 18 |
| 2020 December | 16 | 13 | 29 |
| 2020 November | 4 | 9 | 13 |
| 2020 October | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2020 September | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 2020 August | 5 | 8 | 13 |
| 2020 July | 10 | 11 | 21 |
| 2020 June | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2020 May | 14 | 17 | 31 |
| 2020 April | 8 | 13 | 21 |
| 2020 March | 8 | 13 | 21 |
| 2020 February | 9 | 9 | 18 |
| 2020 January | 11 | 19 | 30 |
| 2019 December | 10 | 9 | 19 |
| 2019 November | 8 | 11 | 19 |
| 2019 October | 3 | 9 | 12 |
| 2019 September | 8 | 19 | 27 |
| 2019 August | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2019 July | 6 | 22 | 28 |
| 2019 June | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| 2019 May | 13 | 11 | 24 |
| 2019 April | 39 | 30 | 69 |
| 2019 March | 15 | 16 | 31 |
| 2019 February | 12 | 10 | 22 |
| 2019 January | 13 | 11 | 24 |
| 2018 December | 4 | 8 | 12 |
| 2018 November | 12 | 8 | 20 |
| 2018 October | 21 | 18 | 39 |
| 2018 September | 12 | 10 | 22 |
| 2018 May | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 2018 April | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2018 March | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2018 February | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 2018 January | 5 | 6 | 11 |
| 2017 December | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2017 November | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2017 October | 5 | 12 | 17 |
| 2017 September | 4 | 6 | 10 |
| 2017 August | 5 | 8 | 13 |
| 2017 July | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2017 June | 8 | 10 | 18 |
| 2017 May | 5 | 12 | 17 |
| 2017 April | 2 | 6 | 8 |
| 2017 March | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2017 February | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2017 January | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2016 December | 8 | 4 | 12 |
| 2016 November | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2016 October | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| 2016 September | 13 | 9 | 22 |
| 2016 August | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2016 July | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2016 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 October | 39 | 11 | 50 |
| 2015 September | 40 | 8 | 48 |
| 2015 August | 34 | 10 | 44 |
| 2015 July | 45 | 4 | 49 |
| 2015 June | 28 | 8 | 36 |
| 2015 May | 54 | 10 | 64 |
| 2015 April | 56 | 7 | 63 |
| 2015 March | 27 | 9 | 36 |
| 2015 February | 37 | 4 | 41 |
| 2015 January | 34 | 4 | 38 |
| 2014 December | 22 | 6 | 28 |
| 2014 November | 36 | 3 | 39 |
| 2014 October | 52 | 6 | 58 |
| 2014 September | 40 | 5 | 45 |
| 2014 August | 49 | 9 | 58 |
| 2014 July | 32 | 7 | 39 |
| 2014 June | 42 | 4 | 46 |
| 2014 May | 57 | 9 | 66 |
| 2014 April | 52 | 4 | 56 |
| 2014 March | 59 | 11 | 70 |
| 2014 February | 48 | 12 | 60 |
| 2014 January | 35 | 4 | 39 |
| 2013 December | 42 | 7 | 49 |
| 2013 November | 31 | 4 | 35 |
| 2013 October | 45 | 7 | 52 |
| 2013 September | 58 | 10 | 68 |
| 2013 August | 40 | 4 | 44 |
| 2013 July | 55 | 13 | 68 |
| 2013 June | 36 | 6 | 42 |
| 2013 May | 36 | 2 | 38 |
| 2013 April | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2013 March | 7 | 1 | 8 |
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