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Weight Gain and Anxiety Levels in Recent Ex-Smokers
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Asunción Beamonte, Pilar Gargallo, Adriana Jiménez-Muro, Adriana Marqueta" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:5 [ "preGrado" => "Dra." "nombre" => "Isabel" "apellidos" => "Nerín" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "isabelne@unizar.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Asunción" "apellidos" => "Beamonte" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Pilar" "apellidos" => "Gargallo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Adriana" "apellidos" => "Jiménez-Muro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Adriana" "apellidos" => "Marqueta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Tabaquismo FMZ, Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría, Facultat de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Tabaquismo FMZ, Departamento de Métodos Estadísticos, Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Empresariales, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Correspondence: Dra. I. Nerín. Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría. Facultad de Medicina. Edificio B. Domingo Miral, s/n. 50009 Zaragoza. España" ] ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2005-10-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2006-03-28" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec154569" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Smoking cessation" 1 => "Weight gain" 2 => "Nicotine" 3 => "Anxiety" 4 => "Weight" 5 => "Body mass index" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec154568" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Deshabituación tabáquica" 1 => "Ganancia ponderal" 2 => "Nicotina" 3 => "Ansiedad" 4 => "Peso" 5 => "Índice de masa corporal" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate weight gain and its relation to anxiety in a group of smokers after 3 months of cessation treatment.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The target population for this prospective, analytical, longitudinal study was smokers being treated in a specialist smoking cessation clinic who were still abstinent at the conclusion of a 3-month treatment program. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, nicotine dependence (Fagerström test), daily cigarette consumption, number of pack-years, pharmacological treatment (nicotine replacement/bupropion), use of nicotine gum (yes/no), weight gain, body mass index, and degree of state and trait anxiety. Successful cessation was defined as self-reported abstinence confirmed by measurement of expired carbon monoxide (CO) level (≤10 ppm). Anxiety was evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The state anxiety and weight variables were measured on 5 occasions: before smoking cessation, and at the end of week 1, month 1, month 2, and month 3 after cessation. Results for the quantitative variables were expressed as means (SD), and results for the qualitative variables were expressed as percentages and absolute frequencies.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study population consisted of 122 individuals, 76 of whom were men (62%) and 46 of whom were women (38%). The mean age was 43.9 (9.9) years, and mean nicotine dependence according to the Fagerström scale was 6.2 (2.2) points. Average weight gain was 2.6 kg (3.6%), with no significant difference between the sexes. Weight gain in 25% of this population was greater than 4.2 kg, and maximum weight gain was 9.2 kg. Levels of state anxiety fell progressively as weight increased, although there was no evident relationship between the 2 variables.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Weight gain is moderate as smokers quit. Anxiety levels, which are greater in the first few weeks after cessation, do not explain weight variation, which is more related to the metabolic effects of nicotine rather than to psychological variables.</p>" ] "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la ganancia ponderal en un grupo de fumadores que permanecen abstinentes 3 meses después de dejar de fumar y valorar su relación con la ansiedad.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y métodos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un estudio prospectivo, analítico y longitudinal, en el que la población objetivo eran fumadores atendidos en una unidad especializada de tabaquismo que permanecían abstinentes al finalizar el trata-miento (3 meses). Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, dependencia a la nicotina mediante el test de Fagerström, cigarrillos/día, paquetes-año, tratamiento farma-cológico (sustitutivo de nicotina/bupropión), ingesta de chicles de nicotina (sí/no), incremento ponderal, índice de masa corporal y grado de ansiedad (rasgo y estado). Se consideró éxito la abstinencia mantenida según refería el paciente junto con cooximetría (monóxido de carbono ≤10 ppm). La ansiedad se evaluó con el cuestionario STAI-E/R (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Las variables ansiedad de estado y peso se midieron en 5 momentos: antes de dejar de fumar, a la se-mana, al mes, a los 2 meses y a los 3 meses. Los resultados se expresan como medias ± desviación estándar (variables cuantitativas) y como proporciones y frecuencias absolutas (variables cualitativas).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La población de estudio estaba compuesta por 122 individuos -76 varones (62%) y 46 mujeres (38%)-, con una edad media (± desviación estándar) de 43,9 ± 9,9 años y dependencia a la nicotina (test de Fagerström) de 6,2 ± 2,2 puntos. El incremento ponderal fue en promedio de 2,6 kg (3,6%), sin que hubiera diferencias por sexo. Un 25% de la población tuvo una ganancia mayor de 4,2 kg, pero en nin-gún caso se superaron los 9,2 kg. La ansiedad de estado dis-minuyó progresivamente, mientras que el peso mostró una evolución ascendente, sin que hubiera relación entre ambos.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ganancia ponderal al dejar de fumar es moderada. La ansiedad, más intensa en las primeras semanas, no justifica el incremento del peso, que está más re-lacionado con los efectos metabólicos de la nicotina que con variables psicológicas.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "US Department of Health and Human Services" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "The health consequences of smoking: nicotine addiction: A report from the Surgeon General" "fecha" => "1988" "editorial" => "Government Printing Office" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington DC" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2024 October | 26 | 11 | 37 |
| 2024 September | 23 | 16 | 39 |
| 2024 August | 43 | 43 | 86 |
| 2024 July | 19 | 38 | 57 |
| 2024 June | 34 | 46 | 80 |
| 2024 May | 45 | 50 | 95 |
| 2024 April | 12 | 23 | 35 |
| 2024 March | 17 | 18 | 35 |
| 2024 February | 21 | 24 | 45 |
| 2023 March | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2023 February | 15 | 22 | 37 |
| 2023 January | 23 | 25 | 48 |
| 2022 December | 23 | 35 | 58 |
| 2022 November | 19 | 27 | 46 |
| 2022 October | 24 | 24 | 48 |
| 2022 September | 22 | 15 | 37 |
| 2022 August | 24 | 42 | 66 |
| 2022 July | 18 | 32 | 50 |
| 2022 June | 13 | 30 | 43 |
| 2022 May | 21 | 39 | 60 |
| 2022 April | 16 | 40 | 56 |
| 2022 March | 21 | 42 | 63 |
| 2022 February | 23 | 26 | 49 |
| 2022 January | 20 | 25 | 45 |
| 2021 December | 17 | 37 | 54 |
| 2021 November | 18 | 53 | 71 |
| 2021 October | 23 | 49 | 72 |
| 2021 September | 20 | 64 | 84 |
| 2021 August | 14 | 33 | 47 |
| 2021 July | 12 | 43 | 55 |
| 2021 June | 19 | 26 | 45 |
| 2021 May | 10 | 32 | 42 |
| 2021 April | 37 | 40 | 77 |
| 2021 March | 19 | 22 | 41 |
| 2021 February | 12 | 19 | 31 |
| 2021 January | 8 | 16 | 24 |
| 2020 December | 10 | 11 | 21 |
| 2020 November | 5 | 12 | 17 |
| 2020 October | 12 | 11 | 23 |
| 2020 September | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2020 August | 13 | 8 | 21 |
| 2020 July | 13 | 12 | 25 |
| 2020 June | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2020 May | 33 | 15 | 48 |
| 2020 April | 38 | 13 | 51 |
| 2020 March | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| 2020 February | 75 | 11 | 86 |
| 2020 January | 54 | 18 | 72 |
| 2019 December | 14 | 10 | 24 |
| 2019 November | 17 | 7 | 24 |
| 2019 October | 20 | 11 | 31 |
| 2019 September | 9 | 8 | 17 |
| 2019 August | 9 | 8 | 17 |
| 2019 July | 8 | 17 | 25 |
| 2019 June | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2019 May | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| 2019 April | 14 | 39 | 53 |
| 2019 March | 12 | 17 | 29 |
| 2019 February | 17 | 9 | 26 |
| 2019 January | 8 | 12 | 20 |
| 2018 December | 9 | 13 | 22 |
| 2018 November | 16 | 11 | 27 |
| 2018 October | 17 | 9 | 26 |
| 2018 September | 15 | 12 | 27 |
| 2018 May | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 April | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2018 March | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2018 February | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| 2018 January | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| 2017 December | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2017 November | 3 | 6 | 9 |
| 2017 October | 4 | 5 | 9 |
| 2017 September | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2017 August | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2017 July | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2017 June | 9 | 12 | 21 |
| 2017 May | 6 | 8 | 14 |
| 2017 April | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 2017 March | 2 | 8 | 10 |
| 2017 February | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2017 January | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2016 December | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2016 November | 9 | 8 | 17 |
| 2016 October | 14 | 8 | 22 |
| 2016 September | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2016 August | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2016 July | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 March | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2015 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 October | 39 | 11 | 50 |
| 2015 September | 59 | 15 | 74 |
| 2015 August | 33 | 6 | 39 |
| 2015 July | 54 | 4 | 58 |
| 2015 June | 29 | 3 | 32 |
| 2015 May | 41 | 7 | 48 |
| 2015 April | 37 | 10 | 47 |
| 2015 March | 29 | 7 | 36 |
| 2015 February | 31 | 2 | 33 |
| 2015 January | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2014 December | 38 | 5 | 43 |
| 2014 November | 40 | 5 | 45 |
| 2014 October | 59 | 7 | 66 |
| 2014 September | 41 | 6 | 47 |
| 2014 August | 40 | 7 | 47 |
| 2014 July | 37 | 9 | 46 |
| 2014 June | 43 | 6 | 49 |
| 2014 May | 41 | 7 | 48 |
| 2014 April | 48 | 9 | 57 |
| 2014 March | 80 | 8 | 88 |
| 2014 February | 51 | 8 | 59 |
| 2014 January | 39 | 7 | 46 |
| 2013 December | 45 | 7 | 52 |
| 2013 November | 30 | 7 | 37 |
| 2013 October | 40 | 8 | 48 |
| 2013 September | 39 | 7 | 46 |
| 2013 August | 50 | 9 | 59 |
| 2013 July | 51 | 9 | 60 |
| 2013 June | 33 | 8 | 41 |
| 2013 May | 34 | 2 | 36 |
| 2013 April | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2013 March | 5 | 2 | 7 |
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