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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To reduce symptoms and future risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> knowledge of the disease and adherence to treatment are essential&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Questionnaires have been developed to assess patient knowledge on COPD&#44; such as Bristol COPD Knowledge Questionnaire &#40;BCKQ&#41; and Lung Information Needs Questionnaire &#40;LINQ&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Overall questionnaires have been developed for face-to-face application&#44; requiring patients to attend outpatient clinics what includes time for dislocation and transport expenses&#46; Administration via phone call may offer greater convenience to the patient&#59; however&#44; it remains unclear whether this method yields equivalent outcomes&#46; Therefore&#44; this study aimed to assess the reproducibility of the LINQ via phone call compared with face-to-face application&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a cross-sectional study &#40;Unifesp Institutional Research Board 40587520&#46;70000&#46;5505&#59; no&#46; 88&#41; with consecutively selected patients with COPD&#44; both sexes&#44; aged over 40 years old&#46; Education level and spirometry results from the past 12 months were collected from clinical records&#46; Airflow limitation and its severity were classified according to GOLD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The LINQ consists of 16 questions divided into six domains&#44; with distinct scores&#58; disease knowledge&#44; medications&#44; self-management&#44; smoking&#44; exercise&#44; and diet&#46; Higher scores indicate a greater need for information&#46; The questionnaire has no cut-off score to stage the degree of information needs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The questionnaire was administered at two different time points by the same evaluator &#40;SSN&#41;&#46; The first administration was conducted face-to-face&#44; with the evaluator reading the questions to the patient and recording the responses&#46; The second administration was conducted via phone call 7&#8211;10 days later&#44; following the same procedure&#46; If the patient did not understand a question&#44; it was repeated&#59; if further clarification was needed&#44; synonyms were provided&#46; To assess the reliability of the LINQ responses&#44; the intraclass correlation coefficient &#40;ICC&#41; estimates and their 95&#37; confident intervals to single measurement&#44; absolute-agreement&#44; two-way mixed-effects model were calculated using SPSS statistical package version 27 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#46; Reliability was classified as poor &#40;&#60;0&#46;5&#41;&#44; moderate &#40;0&#46;5 to &#60;0&#46;75&#41;&#44; good &#40;0&#46;75&#8211;0&#46;9&#41;&#44; or excellent &#40;&#62;0&#46;9&#41; &#40;16&#8211;18&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Spearman&#39;s correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between the LINQ score and the number of COPD exacerbations&#46; The sample size was calculated using the electronic Sample Size Calculator &#40;web&#41;&#44; retrieved from <a href="http://wnarifin.github.io/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;wnarifin&#46;github&#46;io</a>&#46; Using the ICC for hypothesis testing&#44; with a minimum acceptable reliability of 0&#46;65&#44; expected reliability of 0&#46;80&#44; significance level &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span>&#41; of 0&#46;05&#44; power &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>&#41; of 0&#46;80&#44; number of raters&#47;repetitions per subject &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k</span>&#41; of 2&#44; and an expected dropout rate of 10&#37;&#44; a sample size of 86 individuals was required&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eighty-eight patients with COPD were included&#44; with a mean age 68&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;3 years old&#44; 53&#37; female&#44; and 59&#46;1&#37; Caucasian&#46; Most patients were classified as having moderate &#40;44&#46;3&#37;&#41; or severe &#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41; COPD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#59; 45&#46;5&#37; had complete elementary school&#44; 27&#46;3&#37; incomplete high school&#59; 53&#46;4&#37; did not experience exacerbations in the last 12 months&#46; Median mMRC score was 2&#44; and mean CAT score 14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;9&#46; No patient was using long-term oxygen therapy&#46; The most frequent comorbidities found in our patients were systemic arterial hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; diabetes&#44; gastroesophageal reflux&#44; and osteoporosis&#44; in accordance with the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Good to excellent ICC values between face-to-face and phone call applications were observed for all domains &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The agreement in responses for patients under 65 years old and &#8805;65 years old yielded ICC of 0&#46;82 and 0&#46;86&#44; respectively&#44; indicating good reliability of the two methods across both age groups&#46; Regarding educational level&#44; the agreement between the two administration methods yielded an ICC of 0&#46;99 among illiterate individuals&#44; 0&#46;87 for those with elementary education&#44; and 0&#46;69 for those with high school education&#46; As there was only one individual in the sample with higher education&#44; it was not possible to calculate the ICC for this educational level&#46; No correlation was found between the LINQ score administered face-to-face &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;982&#41; or by phone call &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;993&#41; with the number of COPD exacerbations in the past year&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LINQ application via phone call provided results similar to those obtained by face-to-face application showing that phone calls are a reliable what allows more patients with COPD to be interviewed&#44; and their information needs assessed without displacement or expenses&#46; The LINQ identifies incorrect behaviors that may compromise self-management&#46; This comprehensive evaluation allows healthcare professionals to identify gaps in patient knowledge and develop educational materials tailored to specific needs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The LINQ questions are objective&#44; with short responses&#44; and require minimal time for completion &#40;approximately 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;&#46; The questionnaire covers two areas&#58; whether healthcare professionals have provided instruction and whether patients have understood and followed those instructions&#46; Individual questions analysis showed that only question 7 was classified as moderate &#40;ICC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;79&#41;&#46; This question refers to patient satisfaction regarding information about inhalation devices&#44; and the moderate agreement may be due to the different types of devices prescribed by the healthcare system&#46; Thus&#44; administering the LINQ via phone call may help identify patients&#8217; specific information needs in advance&#44; allowing the healthcare team to address these needs during consultations in line with precision medicine principles&#46; GOLD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> emphasizes that education increases patient knowledge and lead to behavior change&#46; As the evaluation of reliability across different education levels was not a primary objective of the study&#44; the distribution of individuals by education level was heterogeneous&#46; The extremes&#44; both illiterate patients and those with &#8805;12 years of education had fewer participants&#44; and concordant or discordant responses may have influenced their ICC values&#46; The fact that 76&#46;1&#37; of our population had an education level sufficient to understand the questions well supports the use of the LINQ questionnaire in telephone-based assessments&#46; When interpreting individual scores provided by the LINQ&#44; the patient&#39;s characteristics should be considered&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other questionnaires have been administered via phone more than once but without comparison to face-to-face administration&#46; An international survey on Childhood Asthma and Allergy evaluated atopic eczema in a group of Brazilian children&#44; showing excellent reproducibility &#40;Kappa 0&#46;81&#8211;0&#46;82&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In Spain&#44; the Rankin questionnaire assessed functionality in post-stroke patients and found an excellent Kappa score between two interviewers &#40;0&#46;81&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> These studies support the good to excellent results observed with the LINQ domains administered via phone call compared to face-to-face&#46; The LINQ questionnaire was not applied in other formats&#44; but it has been shown that traditional epidemiological risk factors can be collected with equal or even better reliability in web-based questionnaires compared to traditional approaches&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The comparison of administering a breast cancer care questionnaire via digital format and postal method showed no difference in response rates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nowadays mobile phones are an important means of communication&#44; allowing relatively easy interaction&#46; However&#44; patients may experience impairments &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; hearing difficulties&#41;&#44; but these can be mitigated with assistance from a family member&#46; The information collected by the LINQ may vary depending on the patient&#39;s memory&#44; but this limitation can occur with any questionnaire&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study presents a novel finding as the first to demonstrate the reliability of the LINQ via phone call&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; the LINQ score did not correlate with the number of COPD exacerbations&#46; A similar result was found by Amado et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;641&#41;&#46; However&#44; Amado et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> showed that a high LINQ score is an independent predictor of hospitalizations due to COPD exacerbations &#40;HR 2&#46;3 &#91;95&#37; CI 1&#46;1&#8211;5&#46;1&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;029&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conclude that the LINQ questionnaire is easy and quick to apply&#44; and well understood by patients&#46; The phone call modality allows its administration without compromising response reliability&#44; enabling healthcare teams to assess a patient&#39;s knowledge about their disease in advance of consultations&#44; thus facilitating targeted interventions to improve self-management and treatment adherence&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">CRediT Authorship Contribution Statement</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Soraya S&#46; Nohara&#58; Significant participation in study design&#44; data collection&#44; or data analysis&#47;interpretation&#59; involvement in the preparation or review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript for publication&#59; responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of all aspects of the research&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gerson F&#46; Souza&#58; Involvement in the preparation or review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maria E&#46; Le&#227;o&#58; Involvement in the preparation or review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript for publication&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana C&#46; Fleury&#58; Involvement in the preparation or review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jos&#233; R&#46; Jardim&#58; Involvement in the preparation or review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript for publication&#59; responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of all aspects of the research&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that they have no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Disease knowledge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;90&#8211;0&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Excellent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Medicines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;79&#8211;0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Self-management&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;84&#8211;0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;86&#8211;0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Exercise&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;94&#8211;0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Intraclass Correlation Coefficient &#40;ICC&#41; for LINQ Domains in Face-to-face and Phone Call Applications&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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Scientific Letter
Reproducibility of the Lung Information Needs Questionnaire Via Phone Call Compared With Face-to-face Application in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Soraya S. Noharaa, Gerson F. Souzab, Maria E. Leãoa, Ana C. Fleurya, José R. Jardima,c,
Corresponding author
jardimpneumo@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
b Physiotherapy Department at Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
c Respiratory Diseases at Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To reduce symptoms and future risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> knowledge of the disease and adherence to treatment are essential&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Questionnaires have been developed to assess patient knowledge on COPD&#44; such as Bristol COPD Knowledge Questionnaire &#40;BCKQ&#41; and Lung Information Needs Questionnaire &#40;LINQ&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Overall questionnaires have been developed for face-to-face application&#44; requiring patients to attend outpatient clinics what includes time for dislocation and transport expenses&#46; Administration via phone call may offer greater convenience to the patient&#59; however&#44; it remains unclear whether this method yields equivalent outcomes&#46; Therefore&#44; this study aimed to assess the reproducibility of the LINQ via phone call compared with face-to-face application&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a cross-sectional study &#40;Unifesp Institutional Research Board 40587520&#46;70000&#46;5505&#59; no&#46; 88&#41; with consecutively selected patients with COPD&#44; both sexes&#44; aged over 40 years old&#46; Education level and spirometry results from the past 12 months were collected from clinical records&#46; Airflow limitation and its severity were classified according to GOLD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The LINQ consists of 16 questions divided into six domains&#44; with distinct scores&#58; disease knowledge&#44; medications&#44; self-management&#44; smoking&#44; exercise&#44; and diet&#46; Higher scores indicate a greater need for information&#46; The questionnaire has no cut-off score to stage the degree of information needs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The questionnaire was administered at two different time points by the same evaluator &#40;SSN&#41;&#46; The first administration was conducted face-to-face&#44; with the evaluator reading the questions to the patient and recording the responses&#46; The second administration was conducted via phone call 7&#8211;10 days later&#44; following the same procedure&#46; If the patient did not understand a question&#44; it was repeated&#59; if further clarification was needed&#44; synonyms were provided&#46; To assess the reliability of the LINQ responses&#44; the intraclass correlation coefficient &#40;ICC&#41; estimates and their 95&#37; confident intervals to single measurement&#44; absolute-agreement&#44; two-way mixed-effects model were calculated using SPSS statistical package version 27 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#46; Reliability was classified as poor &#40;&#60;0&#46;5&#41;&#44; moderate &#40;0&#46;5 to &#60;0&#46;75&#41;&#44; good &#40;0&#46;75&#8211;0&#46;9&#41;&#44; or excellent &#40;&#62;0&#46;9&#41; &#40;16&#8211;18&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Spearman&#39;s correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between the LINQ score and the number of COPD exacerbations&#46; The sample size was calculated using the electronic Sample Size Calculator &#40;web&#41;&#44; retrieved from <a href="http://wnarifin.github.io/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;wnarifin&#46;github&#46;io</a>&#46; Using the ICC for hypothesis testing&#44; with a minimum acceptable reliability of 0&#46;65&#44; expected reliability of 0&#46;80&#44; significance level &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span>&#41; of 0&#46;05&#44; power &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>&#41; of 0&#46;80&#44; number of raters&#47;repetitions per subject &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k</span>&#41; of 2&#44; and an expected dropout rate of 10&#37;&#44; a sample size of 86 individuals was required&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eighty-eight patients with COPD were included&#44; with a mean age 68&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;3 years old&#44; 53&#37; female&#44; and 59&#46;1&#37; Caucasian&#46; Most patients were classified as having moderate &#40;44&#46;3&#37;&#41; or severe &#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41; COPD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#59; 45&#46;5&#37; had complete elementary school&#44; 27&#46;3&#37; incomplete high school&#59; 53&#46;4&#37; did not experience exacerbations in the last 12 months&#46; Median mMRC score was 2&#44; and mean CAT score 14&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;9&#46; No patient was using long-term oxygen therapy&#46; The most frequent comorbidities found in our patients were systemic arterial hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; diabetes&#44; gastroesophageal reflux&#44; and osteoporosis&#44; in accordance with the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Good to excellent ICC values between face-to-face and phone call applications were observed for all domains &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The agreement in responses for patients under 65 years old and &#8805;65 years old yielded ICC of 0&#46;82 and 0&#46;86&#44; respectively&#44; indicating good reliability of the two methods across both age groups&#46; Regarding educational level&#44; the agreement between the two administration methods yielded an ICC of 0&#46;99 among illiterate individuals&#44; 0&#46;87 for those with elementary education&#44; and 0&#46;69 for those with high school education&#46; As there was only one individual in the sample with higher education&#44; it was not possible to calculate the ICC for this educational level&#46; No correlation was found between the LINQ score administered face-to-face &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;982&#41; or by phone call &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;993&#41; with the number of COPD exacerbations in the past year&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LINQ application via phone call provided results similar to those obtained by face-to-face application showing that phone calls are a reliable what allows more patients with COPD to be interviewed&#44; and their information needs assessed without displacement or expenses&#46; The LINQ identifies incorrect behaviors that may compromise self-management&#46; This comprehensive evaluation allows healthcare professionals to identify gaps in patient knowledge and develop educational materials tailored to specific needs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The LINQ questions are objective&#44; with short responses&#44; and require minimal time for completion &#40;approximately 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;&#46; The questionnaire covers two areas&#58; whether healthcare professionals have provided instruction and whether patients have understood and followed those instructions&#46; Individual questions analysis showed that only question 7 was classified as moderate &#40;ICC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;79&#41;&#46; This question refers to patient satisfaction regarding information about inhalation devices&#44; and the moderate agreement may be due to the different types of devices prescribed by the healthcare system&#46; Thus&#44; administering the LINQ via phone call may help identify patients&#8217; specific information needs in advance&#44; allowing the healthcare team to address these needs during consultations in line with precision medicine principles&#46; GOLD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> emphasizes that education increases patient knowledge and lead to behavior change&#46; As the evaluation of reliability across different education levels was not a primary objective of the study&#44; the distribution of individuals by education level was heterogeneous&#46; The extremes&#44; both illiterate patients and those with &#8805;12 years of education had fewer participants&#44; and concordant or discordant responses may have influenced their ICC values&#46; The fact that 76&#46;1&#37; of our population had an education level sufficient to understand the questions well supports the use of the LINQ questionnaire in telephone-based assessments&#46; When interpreting individual scores provided by the LINQ&#44; the patient&#39;s characteristics should be considered&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other questionnaires have been administered via phone more than once but without comparison to face-to-face administration&#46; An international survey on Childhood Asthma and Allergy evaluated atopic eczema in a group of Brazilian children&#44; showing excellent reproducibility &#40;Kappa 0&#46;81&#8211;0&#46;82&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In Spain&#44; the Rankin questionnaire assessed functionality in post-stroke patients and found an excellent Kappa score between two interviewers &#40;0&#46;81&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> These studies support the good to excellent results observed with the LINQ domains administered via phone call compared to face-to-face&#46; The LINQ questionnaire was not applied in other formats&#44; but it has been shown that traditional epidemiological risk factors can be collected with equal or even better reliability in web-based questionnaires compared to traditional approaches&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The comparison of administering a breast cancer care questionnaire via digital format and postal method showed no difference in response rates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nowadays mobile phones are an important means of communication&#44; allowing relatively easy interaction&#46; However&#44; patients may experience impairments &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; hearing difficulties&#41;&#44; but these can be mitigated with assistance from a family member&#46; The information collected by the LINQ may vary depending on the patient&#39;s memory&#44; but this limitation can occur with any questionnaire&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study presents a novel finding as the first to demonstrate the reliability of the LINQ via phone call&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; the LINQ score did not correlate with the number of COPD exacerbations&#46; A similar result was found by Amado et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;641&#41;&#46; However&#44; Amado et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> showed that a high LINQ score is an independent predictor of hospitalizations due to COPD exacerbations &#40;HR 2&#46;3 &#91;95&#37; CI 1&#46;1&#8211;5&#46;1&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;029&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conclude that the LINQ questionnaire is easy and quick to apply&#44; and well understood by patients&#46; The phone call modality allows its administration without compromising response reliability&#44; enabling healthcare teams to assess a patient&#39;s knowledge about their disease in advance of consultations&#44; thus facilitating targeted interventions to improve self-management and treatment adherence&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">CRediT Authorship Contribution Statement</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Soraya S&#46; Nohara&#58; Significant participation in study design&#44; data collection&#44; or data analysis&#47;interpretation&#59; involvement in the preparation or review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript for publication&#59; responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of all aspects of the research&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gerson F&#46; Souza&#58; Involvement in the preparation or review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maria E&#46; Le&#227;o&#58; Involvement in the preparation or review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript for publication&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana C&#46; Fleury&#58; Involvement in the preparation or review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jos&#233; R&#46; Jardim&#58; Involvement in the preparation or review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript for publication&#59; responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of all aspects of the research&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that they have no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Domain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ICC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Disease knowledge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;90&#8211;0&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Excellent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Medicines&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;79&#8211;0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Self-management&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;84&#8211;0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Smoking&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;86&#8211;0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Good&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Exercise&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;94&#8211;0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Excellent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Diet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;77&#8211;0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 03002896
Original language: English
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