Editorial
Use of Technology in Respiratory Medicine
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"tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "199" "paginaFinal" => "200" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 471 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 120182 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) Chest CT at presentation of a 13-year-old boy with a congenital heart disease depicting widespread left and right lower lobes varicose and cystic bronchiectasis. He had a chronic productive cough at presentation. (b) Chest CT of the same boy 3 years later depicting resolution of right lower lobe and many subsegments of the left lower lobe after intensive treatment including intravenous antibiotics at first diagnsosis. The adolescent was completely cough free.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Anne B. Chang, Ahmad Kantar, Gregory J. Redding, Adam T. Hill" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Anne B." "apellidos" => "Chang" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ahmad" "apellidos" => "Kantar" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gregory J." "apellidos" => "Redding" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Adam T." "apellidos" => "Hill" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289622006330?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/03002896/0000005900000004/v4_202307181303/S0300289622006330/v4_202307181303/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0300289623000352" "issn" => "03002896" "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2023.02.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-04-01" "aid" => "3268" "copyright" => "SEPAR" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "edi" "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2023;59:195-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Has the Reduction in Tobacco Consumption in Spain Stopped? No, But We Have to Speed It Up" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "195" "paginaFinal" => "196" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1386 "Ancho" => 2516 "Tamanyo" => 193718 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence (%) of daily smoking among men and women (aged<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15 years old) in Spain, 1978–2020. Own elaboration from the following sources: 1978: Tobacco National Survery; 1987–2006, 2011, 2017: Spanish National Health Interview Surveys; 2011, 2014, 2020: European Health Surveys in Spain.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Armando Peruga, Esteve Fernández, Raquel Fernández, Mónica Pérez-Ríos, Francisco Rodríguez-Lozano, Cristina Martínez" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Armando" "apellidos" => "Peruga" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Esteve" "apellidos" => "Fernández" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Raquel" "apellidos" => "Fernández" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mónica" "apellidos" => "Pérez-Ríos" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Lozano" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cristina" "apellidos" => "Martínez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289623000352?idApp=UINPBA00003Z" "url" => "/03002896/0000005900000004/v4_202307181303/S0300289623000352/v4_202307181303/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Use of Technology in Respiratory Medicine" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "197" "paginaFinal" => "198" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Nicolino Ambrosino, Andrea Aliverti" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Nicolino" "apellidos" => "Ambrosino" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "nico.ambrosino@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Andrea" "apellidos" => "Aliverti" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Respiratory Rehabilitation of the Institute of Montescano, Pavia, Italy" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0005"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">I know I’ve made some very poor decisions recently, but I can give you my complete assurance that my work will be back to normal. I’ve still got the greatest enthusiasm and confidence in the mission. And I want to help you”</span>. HAL 9000.</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stanley Kubrik, director. 2001: A space odissey.1968</p></span></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In just a few months’ time, the COVID-19 crisis has accelerated the digitization in all sectors, including healthcare. Cutting-edge technological tools and innovations are increasingly adopted in all areas of public health, medicine and wellbeing. Digital health ecosystems allow the shift from an organization-centric to a patient-centric model of delivering healthcare services.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In addition to traditional methods,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, wearable devices, mobile applications (apps) and tele-medicine become effective resources.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some examples of recent developments include automated and standardized analysis and software tools using AI for visualization and quantification of radiological images; low-dose-computed-tomography for monitoring interstitial lung diseases (ILD) with lower radiation dose; combined deep learning (DL) and machine learning algorithms able to distinguish idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis among various ILDs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–6</span></a>; DL algorithms to predict survival in intensive care unit (ICU)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>; robotic bronchoscopy showing promising results especially when combined with advanced imaging.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have the technology to monitor chest wall motion providing information on respiratory muscles action and on critical vital signs, like respiration and cardiac activity and manage at distance the impairment in physical performance with appropriate programs of tele-rehabilitation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–13</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is evidence that technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, domotics, and wearables, can relieve the burden of many healthcare tasks from professionals with more benefits and safety for more fragile individuals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,13–15</span></a> Furthermore, despite the usefulness of AI during the acute phase of pandemic has been questioned, it might be also helpful for the late sequelae of COVID-19.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data collected by robots and mobile apps may be analyzed by means of dedicated machine learning algorithms able to extract meaningful information for prevention diagnosis and treatment. However, data protection and privacy regulations and laws must be guaranteed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These are only some of the problems arising from an increasingly pervasive use of technologies. New questions on accountability arise. Who will be responsible for dysfunction of a home ventilator resulting in patient's damage? The prescribing physician, private companies, the caregiver?<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Another issue regards the supervision of healthcare professionals when such technologies are employed. Does use of robotics require the constant in-person supervision of a qualified professional? Will there be a doctor still listening to lung sounds with a stethoscope?</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To face these problems, we need to redesign the academic programs for the specializations we may require most in the next years, and include data science in the programs. The amount of medical data needed to train an effective and robust DL model would be much more compared with other application areas. Healthcare data and biomedical images are highly heterogeneous depending on several acquisition parameters that might not be standardized across different centers. Different from other application domains, the problems in biomedicine and healthcare are characterized by a high level of complexity. The diseases are highly heterogeneous, and most of diseases are still considered idiopathic, with little knowledge on their causes and progression. Finally, although DL models have been successful in quite a few application domains, they are often treated as black boxes. While this might be acceptable in other more deterministic domains, in healthcare it is not. Model interpretability (i.e., providing which phenotypes are driving the predictions) is crucial to give recommendations to medical professionals, and to support them in the decision-making process.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is just an example on how the redesign of academic programs for specializations, including respiratory medicine, represents an urgent need. New educational programs able to integrate and strengthen the skills of the professional figure of the medical doctor with the skills relevant to Biomedical Engineering and Data Science have been recently developed and proposed. These first ventures not only should be followed by other similar initiatives, but also a new paradigm in medical education should be implemented. New medical professionals should be trained to treat patients through a better awareness and management of technology. This will allow the new doctors to gain in-depth knowledge of advanced medical technologies and be able to design personalized therapies using complex technological systems for clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. In addition, the new doctors will have to be able to optimize therapeutic outcomes based on the potential of data analytics and machine/deep learning techniques, the use of new materials and advanced therapeutic devices such as surgical robots, endo-prostheses, bio-printers.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is another important issue to consider. Advances in technology are increasingly changing relationships between consumers (patients) and providers of products and services (healthcare services, hospitals, and other) in every business. Digital health and mobile health technology by means of apps could provide an important contribution to manage chronic conditions, to provide behavioral interventions (i.e., promote physical activity, improve adherence to drug therapy, facilitate smoking cessation), and to improve health outcomes (i.e., reduce hospital and health care facilities visits). These interventions are more effective when including text-messaging or personalization features. Participation of patients and healthcare professionals in design and development of the apps helps identifying patients’ needs, implementing proper technical solutions to meet these needs and improve acceptance and effectiveness.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The democratization of recognized expertise associated to the use of information technology can be a positive force for improving access, cost, and equity, but also can challenge the role and status of traditional experts (physicians), including their marginalization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> It is important that new generations of doctors embrace the change, and turn it into an opportunity. Interestingly, it has been found that, rather than viewing the system as a surrogate for their clinical judgment, clinicians perceive themselves as partnering with the technology, suggesting that, even without a deep understanding of machine learning, clinicians can build trust with these systems through experience, expert endorsement and validation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, we are in the middle of a cultural storm in medicine, new technologies and new expertises are increasingly involved in research and care. Physicians will be not the unique masters of this universe: from one side they need to update their knowledge and tools to manage health reality, from the other side they must accept to share responsibilities with other professionals.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, robotics, AI, virtual reality will not be able to substitute the main weapon of medical art/science, since as of today the needed empathy between patients and caregivers cannot be learnt by machines.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The COVID-19 impact on the scientific production on the 25 main death causes according to world region" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "F.E. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 83 | 36 | 119 |
| 2024 September | 93 | 22 | 115 |
| 2024 August | 99 | 44 | 143 |
| 2024 July | 87 | 24 | 111 |
| 2024 June | 83 | 20 | 103 |
| 2024 May | 86 | 27 | 113 |
| 2024 April | 82 | 29 | 111 |
| 2024 March | 117 | 19 | 136 |
| 2024 February | 121 | 28 | 149 |
| 2024 January | 149 | 40 | 189 |
| 2023 December | 121 | 31 | 152 |
| 2023 November | 158 | 45 | 203 |
| 2023 October | 135 | 38 | 173 |
| 2023 September | 136 | 45 | 181 |
| 2023 August | 91 | 31 | 122 |
| 2023 July | 78 | 36 | 114 |
| 2023 June | 54 | 15 | 69 |
| 2023 May | 148 | 38 | 186 |
| 2023 April | 480 | 114 | 594 |
| 2023 March | 39 | 26 | 65 |
| 2023 February | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2022 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2022 October | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2022 September | 2 | 1 | 3 |
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