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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Iatrogenic pulmonary embolisms are isolated complications that usually occur accidentally as a result of the migration of medical materials into the pulmonary vasculature&#46; The devices most often associated with these events are central venous catheters &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>V<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#41; during an endovascular procedure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nowadays&#44; the number of diagnostic and therapeutic endovascular procedures has increased substantially and&#44; consequently&#44; the use of medical materials and devices has risen&#44; contributing to the increased risk of pulmonary embolism&#46; Embolisms associated with various procedures have been described&#44; including vertebral cementation&#44; coil placement&#44; implantation of substances for esthetic purposes or to repair trauma&#46; The most common foreign bodies are fragments of central lines or CVC&#44; and sections of guidewires and catheters lost during an endovascular procedure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;12</span></a> When loss or migration of a device is detected&#44; recovery can be attempted using one of the many techniques currently available&#58; catheters&#44; loops&#44; and other systems for recovering foreign bodies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The most frequently used are systems composed of a catheter&#44; through which a guidewire forming a snare is inserted at its distal end&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">New social data systems are leading to the implantation of materials within the body&#46; These devices work by communicating with other external systems&#44; such as telephones&#46; Their fundamental task is to offer the secure storage of information that is easy to access from the exterior&#44; based on &#8220;near field communication&#8221; &#40;NFC&#41; technology&#44; a system similar to that of bank cards that does not need a battery supply&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both these devices and biointegrated sensors offer great possibilities for the future from multiple points of view&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Biosensors&#44; for example&#44; are attracting attention in various scientific fields&#44; particularly in medicine&#44; as they are being developed to generate&#44; transmit&#44; and process biological signals&#44; such as blood pressure&#44; pulse&#44; heart rate&#44; blood glucose level&#44; or respiratory signals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A percutaneous device is implanted via an introducer needle of a specific thickness into the back of the hand &#40;anatomical pouch&#41;&#44; between the first and second metacarpal&#46; The aim is to implant a cylinder-shaped capsule measuring approximately 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;9 gauge&#41; that would be lodged in or just under the subcutaneous cell tissue&#46; The purpose of this device would be to record&#44; store and transmit data to external devices in a secure and easily accessible way&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent publication<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> describes the implantation of such a system that lost communication with the exterior&#46; The possibility of implant migration was investigated and the biochip was finally located in the pulmonary artery&#46; This form of pulmonary embolism caused by data recording&#47;storage devices is new and differs from the presentations already described&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since dorsal vein drainage of the hand flows into the cephalic vein with an eminently caudocranial trajectory&#44; it cannot be ruled out in the case described that the implant had been positioned parallel to the path of the cephalic vein&#44; and was integrated into the venous flow&#44; facilitating its proximal migration to the pulmonary artery&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the size of the cephalic vein and radial artery in the theoretical anatomical region of the implant &#40;in a young man who we have taken as an example&#41;&#46; As can be seen&#44; both the artery and vein are large enough to be easily visible on ultrasound&#46; This is obvious proof of the potential risks posed by these implants&#58; they may become lodged in the vein&#44; generating proximal migration&#44; or they may cause local complications such as bleeding or hematoma due to venous &#40;less likely due to the low blood pressure&#41; or arterial &#40;more likely because of the high pressure of the circuit&#41; involvement&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary embolisms are often difficult to diagnose because of their varied clinical presentation&#44; the different nature of the embolized material&#44; such as glues or coils&#44; which constitute an important source of migrated materials&#44; and the heterogeneous radiological signals they generate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> As the use of these types of devices will presumably proliferate&#44; there is likely to be an increase in the number of cases of pulmonary embolisms derived from implantation techniques&#46; These procedures should be performed under medical supervision and should involve a mechanism for checking the extravascular location of the distal tip of the metal introducer prior to device release&#44; including real-time ultrasound visualization&#46; Ultrasound control may be difficult if proximal compression is not performed&#44; given the low pressure of the venous system&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; obtained under compression&#44; both the vein and the artery are easily visible&#46; This approach could ensure that the device is not placed intravascularly and that the vascular bed is unharmed&#59; these precautions would without doubt increase the complexity of the implantation procedure but would clearly improve its safety&#46; Another alternative would be to implant the device in a latero-lateral position&#44; to avoid it following the main axis of the cephalic vein&#46; It would be thus less likely to become lodged in a vein&#44; substantially reducing or minimizing the risk of proximal pulmonary embolism&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper has not received any funding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that they have no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Editorial
Iatrogenic Pulmonary Embolism. New Aspects
Embolismo pulmonar iatrogénico. Nuevos aspectos
José Martín Carreira Villamora,b,
Corresponding author
josemartin.carreira@usc.es

Corresponding author.
, Enrique Flores Ríosa, Rafael Varela Pontea
a Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
b Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Iatrogenic pulmonary embolisms are isolated complications that usually occur accidentally as a result of the migration of medical materials into the pulmonary vasculature&#46; The devices most often associated with these events are central venous catheters &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>V<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#41; during an endovascular procedure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nowadays&#44; the number of diagnostic and therapeutic endovascular procedures has increased substantially and&#44; consequently&#44; the use of medical materials and devices has risen&#44; contributing to the increased risk of pulmonary embolism&#46; Embolisms associated with various procedures have been described&#44; including vertebral cementation&#44; coil placement&#44; implantation of substances for esthetic purposes or to repair trauma&#46; The most common foreign bodies are fragments of central lines or CVC&#44; and sections of guidewires and catheters lost during an endovascular procedure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;12</span></a> When loss or migration of a device is detected&#44; recovery can be attempted using one of the many techniques currently available&#58; catheters&#44; loops&#44; and other systems for recovering foreign bodies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The most frequently used are systems composed of a catheter&#44; through which a guidewire forming a snare is inserted at its distal end&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">New social data systems are leading to the implantation of materials within the body&#46; These devices work by communicating with other external systems&#44; such as telephones&#46; Their fundamental task is to offer the secure storage of information that is easy to access from the exterior&#44; based on &#8220;near field communication&#8221; &#40;NFC&#41; technology&#44; a system similar to that of bank cards that does not need a battery supply&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both these devices and biointegrated sensors offer great possibilities for the future from multiple points of view&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Biosensors&#44; for example&#44; are attracting attention in various scientific fields&#44; particularly in medicine&#44; as they are being developed to generate&#44; transmit&#44; and process biological signals&#44; such as blood pressure&#44; pulse&#44; heart rate&#44; blood glucose level&#44; or respiratory signals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A percutaneous device is implanted via an introducer needle of a specific thickness into the back of the hand &#40;anatomical pouch&#41;&#44; between the first and second metacarpal&#46; The aim is to implant a cylinder-shaped capsule measuring approximately 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;9 gauge&#41; that would be lodged in or just under the subcutaneous cell tissue&#46; The purpose of this device would be to record&#44; store and transmit data to external devices in a secure and easily accessible way&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent publication<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> describes the implantation of such a system that lost communication with the exterior&#46; The possibility of implant migration was investigated and the biochip was finally located in the pulmonary artery&#46; This form of pulmonary embolism caused by data recording&#47;storage devices is new and differs from the presentations already described&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since dorsal vein drainage of the hand flows into the cephalic vein with an eminently caudocranial trajectory&#44; it cannot be ruled out in the case described that the implant had been positioned parallel to the path of the cephalic vein&#44; and was integrated into the venous flow&#44; facilitating its proximal migration to the pulmonary artery&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the size of the cephalic vein and radial artery in the theoretical anatomical region of the implant &#40;in a young man who we have taken as an example&#41;&#46; As can be seen&#44; both the artery and vein are large enough to be easily visible on ultrasound&#46; This is obvious proof of the potential risks posed by these implants&#58; they may become lodged in the vein&#44; generating proximal migration&#44; or they may cause local complications such as bleeding or hematoma due to venous &#40;less likely due to the low blood pressure&#41; or arterial &#40;more likely because of the high pressure of the circuit&#41; involvement&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary embolisms are often difficult to diagnose because of their varied clinical presentation&#44; the different nature of the embolized material&#44; such as glues or coils&#44; which constitute an important source of migrated materials&#44; and the heterogeneous radiological signals they generate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> As the use of these types of devices will presumably proliferate&#44; there is likely to be an increase in the number of cases of pulmonary embolisms derived from implantation techniques&#46; These procedures should be performed under medical supervision and should involve a mechanism for checking the extravascular location of the distal tip of the metal introducer prior to device release&#44; including real-time ultrasound visualization&#46; Ultrasound control may be difficult if proximal compression is not performed&#44; given the low pressure of the venous system&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; obtained under compression&#44; both the vein and the artery are easily visible&#46; This approach could ensure that the device is not placed intravascularly and that the vascular bed is unharmed&#59; these precautions would without doubt increase the complexity of the implantation procedure but would clearly improve its safety&#46; Another alternative would be to implant the device in a latero-lateral position&#44; to avoid it following the main axis of the cephalic vein&#46; It would be thus less likely to become lodged in a vein&#44; substantially reducing or minimizing the risk of proximal pulmonary embolism&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper has not received any funding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that they have no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 03002896
Original language: English
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