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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We appreciated the paper of Recalde-Zamacona et al&#46;&#44; entitled&#58; Bronchial Artery Pseudoaneurysm and Mediastinal Hematoma after EBUS-TBNA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The authors have well illustrated the first case of bronchial artery pseudoaneurysm as complication of Endobronchial Ultrasound-Transbronchial Needle Aspiration &#40;EBUS-TBNA&#41; treated by the endovascular embolization&#46; Only limited numbers of cases of bronchial artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm have been described in literature using endovascular approaches without an indication&#47;guide line of the various techniques available&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bronchial artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysms are a very rare vascular event&#44; but potentially life-threatening&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> So&#44; they must be treated as quick as possible in urgent setting&#46; Iatrogenic&#44; vascular wall trauma and inflammation are the main etiologies of bronchial artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Nowadays&#44; endovascular approach is considered the first-line method for most aortic branch artery pathology&#59; as performed by Recalde-Zamacona et al&#46; with endovascular embolization in one of the few cases of bronchial artery pseudoaneurysm described in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5</span></a> Skills in endovascular procedures and good knowledge of materials are mandatory to approach these challenging clinical situations&#46; The various endovascular techniques can be applied individually or in combination with each other&#44; since every case can be different from the other&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5</span></a> Aim of our editorial is to complete and to give a possible indication of the three possible endovascular therapeutic techniques for bronchial artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm&#58; &#40;a&#41; isolation embolization&#44; &#40;b&#41; packing embolization and &#40;c&#41; stenting deployment&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isolation embolization technique characterized by the complete embolization of efferent &#40;distal&#41; and afferent &#40;proximal&#41; branch arteries of the aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm sac&#46; This method is generally the most commonly used&#46; It is performed when the aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm sac involves the distal tract of the bronchial artery and has multiple vessels involved&#46; Generally coils and micro-plugs are used as embolized agents&#46; But for smaller and distal terminal vessel micro-particles or liquid embolized agents are used&#46; Isolation embolization technique is equivalent to surgical vascular ligation&#46; The main disadvantage of this technique is that occlude the treated artery segment with blood flow interruption&#46; But&#44; the possible risk of ischemic lesion of downstream territory is very low due artery vascular compensation network over time by bronchial&#44; intercostal and mammary collateral artery vessels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Packing embolization technique is characterized by filling the aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm sac by metallic coils or liquid embolization agent device&#46; This method can be performed only when the aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm sac involves a straight tract of the bronchial artery without collateral branches and it has a small neck&#44; which guarantees the absence of migration out of the embolized agent from the sac into the main bronchial artery segment&#46; The main advantage of this technique is that guarantee patency of the bronchial artery treated segment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c&#41;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stenting deployment technique&#44; using covered or flow-diverter devices&#44; has the same aim packing embolization of guarantee aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm sac exclusion and to ensure blood perfusion to distal bronchial artery branch vessels&#46; This type of endovascular approach is more theoretical than practical due to two main limitations&#58; tortuosity and small size of bronchial artery that can limits the navigability of stent device&#44; and the need of an adequate bronchial artery distal and proximal neck for stent deployment &#40;no always present&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of endovascular embolization is the subsequent imaging follow-up&#44; especially with Multi Detector Computed Tomography &#40;MD-CT&#41;&#46; On MD-CT especially coils or high-density liquid embolic devices create artifacts&#44; which may not highlight a possible endoleak at the level of the treated bronchial artery segment&#46; In these case angiography has to be used to evaluate treated aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm over time&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; patients affected by bronchial artery aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm are very rare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> But this potentially life-threatening pathology needs an appropriate multidisciplinary discussion having attention on pseudoaneurysm anatomical location&#44; characteristics&#44; extension&#44; and patient&#39;s hemodynamic status to determine the specific treatment for each individual case&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicting interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors do not has any conflicts of interest&#44; 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Letter to the Editor
Bronchial Artery Aneurysm and Pseudoaneurysm: Which Endovascular Treatment?
Aneurisma y pseudoaneurisma de la arteria bronquial: ¿qué tratamiento endovascular?
Umberto G. Rossia,
Corresponding author
, Francesco Petrocellib, Maurizio Cariatic
a Department of Radiological Area – Interventional Radiology Unit, E.O. Galliera Hospital, Mura delle Cappuccine 14, 16128 Genova, Italy
b Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS San Martino Policlinic University Hospital, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
c Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advanced Technology – Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo and Carlo Hospital, Via A di Rudinì, 8 - Via Pio II, 3-20100 Milano, Italy
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We appreciated the paper of Recalde-Zamacona et al&#46;&#44; entitled&#58; Bronchial Artery Pseudoaneurysm and Mediastinal Hematoma after EBUS-TBNA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The authors have well illustrated the first case of bronchial artery pseudoaneurysm as complication of Endobronchial Ultrasound-Transbronchial Needle Aspiration &#40;EBUS-TBNA&#41; treated by the endovascular embolization&#46; Only limited numbers of cases of bronchial artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm have been described in literature using endovascular approaches without an indication&#47;guide line of the various techniques available&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bronchial artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysms are a very rare vascular event&#44; but potentially life-threatening&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> So&#44; they must be treated as quick as possible in urgent setting&#46; Iatrogenic&#44; vascular wall trauma and inflammation are the main etiologies of bronchial artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Nowadays&#44; endovascular approach is considered the first-line method for most aortic branch artery pathology&#59; as performed by Recalde-Zamacona et al&#46; with endovascular embolization in one of the few cases of bronchial artery pseudoaneurysm described in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5</span></a> Skills in endovascular procedures and good knowledge of materials are mandatory to approach these challenging clinical situations&#46; The various endovascular techniques can be applied individually or in combination with each other&#44; since every case can be different from the other&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5</span></a> Aim of our editorial is to complete and to give a possible indication of the three possible endovascular therapeutic techniques for bronchial artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm&#58; &#40;a&#41; isolation embolization&#44; &#40;b&#41; packing embolization and &#40;c&#41; stenting deployment&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isolation embolization technique characterized by the complete embolization of efferent &#40;distal&#41; and afferent &#40;proximal&#41; branch arteries of the aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm sac&#46; This method is generally the most commonly used&#46; It is performed when the aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm sac involves the distal tract of the bronchial artery and has multiple vessels involved&#46; Generally coils and micro-plugs are used as embolized agents&#46; But for smaller and distal terminal vessel micro-particles or liquid embolized agents are used&#46; Isolation embolization technique is equivalent to surgical vascular ligation&#46; The main disadvantage of this technique is that occlude the treated artery segment with blood flow interruption&#46; But&#44; the possible risk of ischemic lesion of downstream territory is very low due artery vascular compensation network over time by bronchial&#44; intercostal and mammary collateral artery vessels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Packing embolization technique is characterized by filling the aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm sac by metallic coils or liquid embolization agent device&#46; This method can be performed only when the aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm sac involves a straight tract of the bronchial artery without collateral branches and it has a small neck&#44; which guarantees the absence of migration out of the embolized agent from the sac into the main bronchial artery segment&#46; The main advantage of this technique is that guarantee patency of the bronchial artery treated segment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c&#41;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stenting deployment technique&#44; using covered or flow-diverter devices&#44; has the same aim packing embolization of guarantee aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm sac exclusion and to ensure blood perfusion to distal bronchial artery branch vessels&#46; This type of endovascular approach is more theoretical than practical due to two main limitations&#58; tortuosity and small size of bronchial artery that can limits the navigability of stent device&#44; and the need of an adequate bronchial artery distal and proximal neck for stent deployment &#40;no always present&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of endovascular embolization is the subsequent imaging follow-up&#44; especially with Multi Detector Computed Tomography &#40;MD-CT&#41;&#46; On MD-CT especially coils or high-density liquid embolic devices create artifacts&#44; which may not highlight a possible endoleak at the level of the treated bronchial artery segment&#46; In these case angiography has to be used to evaluate treated aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm over time&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; patients affected by bronchial artery aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm are very rare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> But this potentially life-threatening pathology needs an appropriate multidisciplinary discussion having attention on pseudoaneurysm anatomical location&#44; characteristics&#44; extension&#44; and patient&#39;s hemodynamic status to determine the specific treatment for each individual case&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicting interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors do not has any conflicts of interest&#44; financial or otherwise&#44; relating to the content here&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 03002896
Original language: English
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2024 October 42 20 62
2024 September 51 15 66
2024 August 58 32 90
2024 July 48 21 69
2024 June 55 23 78
2024 May 61 28 89
2024 April 35 27 62
2024 March 66 15 81
2024 February 33 36 69
2024 January 45 29 74
2023 December 29 34 63
2023 November 40 18 58
2023 October 42 30 72
2023 September 35 29 64
2023 August 42 33 75
2023 July 42 29 71
2023 June 32 15 47
2023 May 36 19 55
2023 April 32 23 55
2023 March 35 26 61
2023 February 29 12 41
2023 January 33 32 65
2022 December 58 27 85
2022 November 50 37 87
2022 October 50 24 74
2022 September 40 32 72
2022 August 40 40 80
2022 July 39 53 92
2022 June 47 44 91
2022 May 40 38 78
2022 April 65 57 122
2022 March 74 48 122
2022 February 29 30 59
2022 January 1 0 1
2021 September 12 4 16
2021 May 2 0 2
2021 March 0 2 2
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