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El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si los pacientes con EPOC de los centros con mayor implicaci&#243;n en educaci&#243;n presentan una mayor adhesi&#243;n terap&#233;utica&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El proyecto RE-TAI consisti&#243; en un estudio observacional&#44; transversal&#44; que incluy&#243; 410 pacientes con EPOC provenientes de 21 centros &#40;11 de neumolog&#237;a&#44; 5 de medicina interna y 5 de atenci&#243;n primaria&#41;&#46; En una &#250;nica visita se recogieron las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas y se cumpliment&#243; el TAI&#46; Posteriormente&#44; los investigadores principales de los centros participantes cumplimentaron la Escala de Implicaci&#243;n en Educaci&#243;n &#40;EIE&#41;&#44; un cuestionario <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad hoc</span> compuesto por 8 preguntas evaluables mediante una puntuaci&#243;n entre 1 &#40;nunca&#41; y 5 &#40;siempre&#41;&#46; Se analiz&#243; la relaci&#243;n entre la puntuaci&#243;n EIE y el porcentaje de pacientes con adhesi&#243;n intermedia o buena &#40;TAI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&#41; mediante un an&#225;lisis univariante&#46; Se efectu&#243; un an&#225;lisis multivariante para determinar qu&#233; variables &#40;demogr&#225;ficas y cl&#237;nicas&#41; se asociaban&#44; de forma independiente&#44; con una adhesi&#243;n alta&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de EIE por centro oscilaron entre 25 y 38&#44; con una mediana &#40;Q1-Q3&#41; de 32 puntos &#40;26-33&#41; y una media &#40;DE&#41; de 30&#44;5 &#40;4&#44;1&#41;&#46; M&#225;s del 75&#37; de los centros respondieron tener siempre o casi siempre en cuenta las preferencias del paciente al prescribir el inhalador&#44; instruir a los pacientes en su uso&#44; utilizar inhaladores placebo y controlar la t&#233;cnica inhalatoria &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Casi el 62&#37; de los centros afirmaron utilizar cuestionarios o RERFF para determinar la adhesi&#243;n terap&#233;utica siempre o casi siempre&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis univariante mostr&#243; que la adhesi&#243;n al tratamiento intermedia o buena estaba significativamente asociada al valor de la EIE &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;09&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;03-1&#44;15&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41;&#44; mientras que el an&#225;lisis multivariante revel&#243; que la adhesi&#243;n intermedia o buena se asoci&#243; a una mayor puntuaci&#243;n de la EIE &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;08&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;02-1&#44;15&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;011&#41; y tambi&#233;n con el n&#250;mero de inhaladores utilizados por el paciente &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;53&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;06-2&#44;22&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;024&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El presente estudio confirma que el grado de implicaci&#243;n de los centros en la educaci&#243;n de sus pacientes puede afectar la adhesi&#243;n al tratamiento inhalado en los pacientes con EPOC&#46; Otros estudios sugieren&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; que ciertas estrategias de empoderamiento de pacientes&#44; educaci&#243;n sanitaria y monitorizaci&#243;n del cumplimiento terap&#233;utico incrementan la adhesi&#243;n al tratamiento inhalado de dichos pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-9</span></a>&#46; Asimismo&#44; las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica tambi&#233;n insisten en la importancia de la instauraci&#243;n de medidas de educaci&#243;n sanitaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46; Ello contrasta con algunas observaciones de nuestro estudio&#44; como por ejemplo no proporcionar planes de acci&#243;n personalizados o informaci&#243;n por escrito&#44; implicar al personal de enfermer&#237;a o determinar la adhesi&#243;n terap&#233;utica mediante cuestionarios espec&#237;ficos o RERFF&#46; La sobrecarga asistencial&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes con EPOC &#40;edad&#44; comorbilidades&#44; polimedicaci&#243;n&#44; etc&#46;&#41; o incluso la falta de informaci&#243;n de los especialistas sobre el uso de los inhaladores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> podr&#237;an explicar por qu&#233; existe este espacio de mejora en nuestro pa&#237;s&#46; A pesar de todo ello&#44; los pacientes con EPOC presentan un patr&#243;n de incumplimiento inconsciente mayor que&#44; por ejemplo&#44; los pacientes asm&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Por ello&#44; las medidas educacionales como planes de automanejo escritos o visuales&#44; educaci&#243;n en el uso del inhalador o materiales audiovisuales podr&#237;an ser buenas estrategias para mejorar la adhesi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio presenta algunas limitaciones&#46; La EIE&#44; utilizada para evaluar el grado de educaci&#243;n sanitaria ejercido en los centros participantes&#44; no ha sido previamente validada&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; de cada centro participante solo el investigador principal respondi&#243; a la EIE&#44; obviando as&#237; diferencias interpersonales entre varios investigadores que hayan podido reclutar pacientes&#46; La EIE utilizada no ha sido previamente validada&#46; La peque&#241;a poblaci&#243;n muestral no permiti&#243; efectuar comparaciones entre especialidades&#46; Nuestra intenci&#243;n es efectuar un nuevo estudio&#44; prospectivo&#44; con una mayor casu&#237;stica y con inclusi&#243;n de centros no sesgada&#44; que entre otros objetivos permitir&#225; adem&#225;s efectuar la comparaci&#243;n entre especialidades&#46; No obstante&#44; estas potenciales limitaciones no invalidan el alcance de los resultados obtenidos&#46;</p></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&#205;tem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Centros&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nunca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Casi nunca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A veces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Casi siempre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Siempre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46; &#191;Existe implicaci&#243;n de enfermer&#237;a en la educaci&#243;n de los pacientes respiratorios&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;42&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46; En la prescripci&#243;n de un nuevo inhalador&#44; &#191;se tienen en cuenta las preferencias o la opini&#243;n del paciente&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;71&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46; &#191;Se proporciona al paciente informaci&#243;n complementaria por escrito &#40;folletos&#44; libros&#44; etc&#46;&#41; sobre su enfermedad&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;52&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;28&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46; Para la determinaci&#243;n de la adhesi&#243;n terap&#233;utica del paciente&#44; &#191;se utiliza alg&#250;n m&#233;todo complementario&#44; como cuestionarios &#40;TAI&#44; Morisky-Green&#41; y&#47;o RERFF&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;42&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;19&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46; &#191;Se proporciona a los pacientes un plan de acci&#243;n individual por escrito&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;42&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46; &#191;Se ense&#241;a al paciente a utilizar el inhalador&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;71&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46; &#191;Se utilizan dispositivos placebo para el adiestramiento de los pacientes de la terapia inhalada&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Carta científica
Adhesión terapéutica de los pacientes con EPOC según los niveles de implicación en educación sanitaria de sus centros
Therapeutic Adherence of COPD Patients According to the Involvement Levels in Health Education in their Centers
Vicente Plazaa,
Corresponding author
vplaza@santpau.cat

Autor para correspondencia.
, Carmen Fernándeza, Elena Curtoa, M. Bel,n Alonso-Ortizb, Miren Itxaso Oruec, José María Vegad, Borja G. Cosíoe, Jordi Ginera
a Servicio de Neumología y Alergia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
b Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España
c Centro de Salud Javier Sáenz de Buruaga, Bilbao, España
d Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España
e Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa y CIBERES, Palma de Mallorca, España
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El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si los pacientes con EPOC de los centros con mayor implicaci&#243;n en educaci&#243;n presentan una mayor adhesi&#243;n terap&#233;utica&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El proyecto RE-TAI consisti&#243; en un estudio observacional&#44; transversal&#44; que incluy&#243; 410 pacientes con EPOC provenientes de 21 centros &#40;11 de neumolog&#237;a&#44; 5 de medicina interna y 5 de atenci&#243;n primaria&#41;&#46; En una &#250;nica visita se recogieron las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas y se cumpliment&#243; el TAI&#46; Posteriormente&#44; los investigadores principales de los centros participantes cumplimentaron la Escala de Implicaci&#243;n en Educaci&#243;n &#40;EIE&#41;&#44; un cuestionario <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad hoc</span> compuesto por 8 preguntas evaluables mediante una puntuaci&#243;n entre 1 &#40;nunca&#41; y 5 &#40;siempre&#41;&#46; Se analiz&#243; la relaci&#243;n entre la puntuaci&#243;n EIE y el porcentaje de pacientes con adhesi&#243;n intermedia o buena &#40;TAI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&#41; mediante un an&#225;lisis univariante&#46; Se efectu&#243; un an&#225;lisis multivariante para determinar qu&#233; variables &#40;demogr&#225;ficas y cl&#237;nicas&#41; se asociaban&#44; de forma independiente&#44; con una adhesi&#243;n alta&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de EIE por centro oscilaron entre 25 y 38&#44; con una mediana &#40;Q1-Q3&#41; de 32 puntos &#40;26-33&#41; y una media &#40;DE&#41; de 30&#44;5 &#40;4&#44;1&#41;&#46; M&#225;s del 75&#37; de los centros respondieron tener siempre o casi siempre en cuenta las preferencias del paciente al prescribir el inhalador&#44; instruir a los pacientes en su uso&#44; utilizar inhaladores placebo y controlar la t&#233;cnica inhalatoria &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Casi el 62&#37; de los centros afirmaron utilizar cuestionarios o RERFF para determinar la adhesi&#243;n terap&#233;utica siempre o casi siempre&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis univariante mostr&#243; que la adhesi&#243;n al tratamiento intermedia o buena estaba significativamente asociada al valor de la EIE &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;09&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;03-1&#44;15&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41;&#44; mientras que el an&#225;lisis multivariante revel&#243; que la adhesi&#243;n intermedia o buena se asoci&#243; a una mayor puntuaci&#243;n de la EIE &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;08&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;02-1&#44;15&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;011&#41; y tambi&#233;n con el n&#250;mero de inhaladores utilizados por el paciente &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;53&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;06-2&#44;22&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;024&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El presente estudio confirma que el grado de implicaci&#243;n de los centros en la educaci&#243;n de sus pacientes puede afectar la adhesi&#243;n al tratamiento inhalado en los pacientes con EPOC&#46; Otros estudios sugieren&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; que ciertas estrategias de empoderamiento de pacientes&#44; educaci&#243;n sanitaria y monitorizaci&#243;n del cumplimiento terap&#233;utico incrementan la adhesi&#243;n al tratamiento inhalado de dichos pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-9</span></a>&#46; Asimismo&#44; las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica tambi&#233;n insisten en la importancia de la instauraci&#243;n de medidas de educaci&#243;n sanitaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46; Ello contrasta con algunas observaciones de nuestro estudio&#44; como por ejemplo no proporcionar planes de acci&#243;n personalizados o informaci&#243;n por escrito&#44; implicar al personal de enfermer&#237;a o determinar la adhesi&#243;n terap&#233;utica mediante cuestionarios espec&#237;ficos o RERFF&#46; La sobrecarga asistencial&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes con EPOC &#40;edad&#44; comorbilidades&#44; polimedicaci&#243;n&#44; etc&#46;&#41; o incluso la falta de informaci&#243;n de los especialistas sobre el uso de los inhaladores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> podr&#237;an explicar por qu&#233; existe este espacio de mejora en nuestro pa&#237;s&#46; A pesar de todo ello&#44; los pacientes con EPOC presentan un patr&#243;n de incumplimiento inconsciente mayor que&#44; por ejemplo&#44; los pacientes asm&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Por ello&#44; las medidas educacionales como planes de automanejo escritos o visuales&#44; educaci&#243;n en el uso del inhalador o materiales audiovisuales podr&#237;an ser buenas estrategias para mejorar la adhesi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio presenta algunas limitaciones&#46; La EIE&#44; utilizada para evaluar el grado de educaci&#243;n sanitaria ejercido en los centros participantes&#44; no ha sido previamente validada&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; de cada centro participante solo el investigador principal respondi&#243; a la EIE&#44; obviando as&#237; diferencias interpersonales entre varios investigadores que hayan podido reclutar pacientes&#46; La EIE utilizada no ha sido previamente validada&#46; La peque&#241;a poblaci&#243;n muestral no permiti&#243; efectuar comparaciones entre especialidades&#46; Nuestra intenci&#243;n es efectuar un nuevo estudio&#44; prospectivo&#44; con una mayor casu&#237;stica y con inclusi&#243;n de centros no sesgada&#44; que entre otros objetivos permitir&#225; adem&#225;s efectuar la comparaci&#243;n entre especialidades&#46; No obstante&#44; estas potenciales limitaciones no invalidan el alcance de los resultados obtenidos&#46;</p></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&#205;tem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Centros&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nunca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Casi nunca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A veces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Casi siempre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Siempre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46; &#191;Existe implicaci&#243;n de enfermer&#237;a en la educaci&#243;n de los pacientes respiratorios&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;42&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46; En la prescripci&#243;n de un nuevo inhalador&#44; &#191;se tienen en cuenta las preferencias o la opini&#243;n del paciente&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;71&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46; &#191;Se proporciona al paciente informaci&#243;n complementaria por escrito &#40;folletos&#44; libros&#44; etc&#46;&#41; sobre su enfermedad&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;52&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;28&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46; Para la determinaci&#243;n de la adhesi&#243;n terap&#233;utica del paciente&#44; &#191;se utiliza alg&#250;n m&#233;todo complementario&#44; como cuestionarios &#40;TAI&#44; Morisky-Green&#41; y&#47;o RERFF&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;42&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;19&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46; &#191;Se proporciona a los pacientes un plan de acci&#243;n individual por escrito&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;42&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46; &#191;Se ense&#241;a al paciente a utilizar el inhalador&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;71&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46; &#191;Se utilizan dispositivos placebo para el adiestramiento de los pacientes de la terapia inhalada&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46; &#191;Se controla peri&#243;dicamente la t&#233;cnica de inhalaci&#243;n en cada paciente&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 03002896
Original language: Spanish
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