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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cl&#225;sicamente las terapias utilizadas en la EPOC se han centrado sobre todo en f&#225;rmacos destinados a compensar la obstrucci&#243;n al flujo a&#233;reo o disminuir de forma inespec&#237;fica el grado de inflamaci&#243;n en las v&#237;as respiratorias&#46; Entre los primeros se encuentran fundamentalmente los f&#225;rmacos adren&#233;rgicos &#40;b&#225;sicamente &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos&#41;&#44; que modular&#237;an la respuesta del sistema simp&#225;tico a ese nivel&#44; as&#237; como las mol&#233;culas con efecto anticolin&#233;rgico&#44; que neutralizar&#237;an el sistema parasimp&#225;tico&#46; De hecho&#44; los &#250;ltimos avances en estos grupos de f&#225;rmacos han consistido fundamentalmente en conseguir una duraci&#243;n m&#225;s prolongada de sus efectos y asociar diversas mol&#233;culas en un mismo dispositivo&#46; Sorprendentemente&#44; no han aparecido todav&#237;a f&#225;rmacos que regulen la respuesta del sistema denominado &#171;no adren&#233;rgico-no colin&#233;rgico&#187; &#40;NANO&#44; o NANC seg&#250;n su acr&#243;nimo ingl&#233;s&#41; de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea&#44; cuyos mediadores son diferentes de los de los dos sistemas nerviosos aut&#243;nomos cl&#225;sicos antes mencionados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Respecto de la disminuci&#243;n del nivel de inflamaci&#243;n en la v&#237;a a&#233;rea&#44; los f&#225;rmacos cl&#225;sicos han sido los corticoides por v&#237;a inhalada o sist&#233;mica&#44; y m&#225;s recientemente los inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa de nucle&#243;tidos c&#237;clicos &#40;PDE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; incluyendo el roflumilast y la teofilina&#44; inicialmente utilizada como broncodilatador&#46; Estos f&#225;rmacos act&#250;an mediante la inhibici&#243;n de la isoenzima PDE4&#44; aunque la teofilina inhibe tambi&#233;n a PDE3 y produce adem&#225;s un aumento en la actividad de la histona deacetilasa &#40;HDAC&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se viene dando progresiva importancia a otros enfoques profil&#225;cticos y terap&#233;uticos de la EPOC&#46; Entre ellos hay algunos de largo recorrido&#44; como es el caso del tratamiento sustitutivo para el d&#233;ficit de alfa-1 antitiripsina y la rehabilitaci&#243;n respiratoria&#46; Esta consiste en una aproximaci&#243;n multidimensional en la que destacan&#44; por un lado&#44; la inducci&#243;n de h&#225;bitos de vida m&#225;s saludables y&#44; por otro&#44; el ejercicio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Entre los primeros se hallan la abstinencia del h&#225;bito tab&#225;quico y de otros factores delet&#233;reos de exposici&#243;n &#40;humo de carb&#243;n-le&#241;a&#44; contaminaci&#243;n ambiental&#41;&#46; Para el caso concreto del tabaco&#44; se dispone adem&#225;s de numerosas opciones tanto farmacol&#243;gicas como no farmacol&#243;gicas &#40;intervenci&#243;n motivacional&#44; sustituci&#243;n de la nicotina&#44; bupropi&#243;n&#44; vareniciclina&#44; etc&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n una dieta saludable y&#44; cada vez con mayor &#233;nfasis&#44; un nivel adecuado de actividad f&#237;sica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Este &#250;ltimo no depende exclusivamente&#44; como se sol&#237;a pensar hasta hace poco&#44; de la capacidad de ejercicio del paciente sino de sus h&#225;bitos conductuales y motivaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Resulta claro hoy en d&#237;a que ambas dimensiones &#40;capacidad y h&#225;bitos-motivaci&#243;n&#41; deben ser tenidas en cuenta simult&#225;neamente en las intervenciones terap&#233;uticas&#46; Cuando mejorar el nivel de actividad f&#237;sica resulte insuficiente deber&#225; acompa&#241;arse de rehabilitaci&#243;n-fisioterapia&#44; en las que hoy en d&#237;a predomina sobre todo el entrenamiento tanto muscular como cardiovascular al esfuerzo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#46; Otro terreno que ha ganado recientemente una progresiva importancia en la terapia de los pacientes con EPOC es la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica no invasiva &#40;VMNI&#41; domiciliaria&#46; De hecho&#44; a su claro beneficio en pacientes agudizados se ha a&#241;adido en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os suficiente evidencia positiva en pacientes estables y bien seleccionados &#40;fundamentalmente hiperc&#225;pnicos&#41;&#44; e incluso en enfermos que acaban de padecer una exacerbaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n los suplementos nutricionales e incluso f&#225;rmacos anab&#243;licos pueden ser de utilidad en el subgrupo de pacientes con p&#233;rdida de peso o caquexia franca&#44; ya que permiten recuperar funci&#243;n muscular y capacidad de ejercicio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; No debe olvidarse tampoco el papel del trasplante pulmonar&#44; indicado en pacientes con enfermedad avanzada&#44; y la reducci&#243;n de volumen pulmonar&#44; tanto por v&#237;a endosc&#243;pica como quir&#250;rgica&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; y ya en el terreno m&#225;s novedoso&#44; han aparecido las terapias con moduladores de la respuesta biol&#243;gica &#40;MRB&#41;&#44; o m&#225;s coloquialmente &#171;f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#187;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Entre ellos destacan hoy en d&#237;a sobre todo los anticuerpos contra determinadas mol&#233;culas claves en las distintas modalidades de inflamaci&#243;n &#40;interleucinas y sus receptores&#44; inmunoglobulinas&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; los inhibidores de cinasas &#40;y por tanto de factores de transcripci&#243;n&#41; y&#44; en el terreno m&#225;s especulativo&#44; los potenciales moduladores del microbioma&#46; Entre los primeros destacan los anticuerpos contra TNF-&#945;&#44; IL-1 &#40;&#945; y &#946;&#41;&#44; IL-4&#44; IL-5&#44; IL-6&#44; IL-8&#44; IL-13&#44; IL-17&#44; IL-23&#44; IL-33&#44; TGF-&#946;&#44; CCL-11&#44; TSLP e IgE&#44; mientras que entre los nuevos inhibidores de cinasas &#40;entre los cl&#225;sicos se encontraban la teofilina&#44; los corticoides y los macr&#243;lidos&#41; se pueden citar IMD-1041 y -0354&#44; losmapimod&#44; PH-797804&#44; RV-568&#44; SB-681323&#44; PF-03715455&#44; trametinib&#44; solumetinib y tioredoxina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Todav&#237;a con escasa base conceptual&#44; ya que el microbioma respiratorio en concreto es relativamente desconocido&#44; quedar&#237;an los llamados probi&#243;ticos &#40;preparados que contienen microorganismos vivos que se incorporan a la flora del sujeto&#41; y los prebi&#243;ticos &#40;compuestos inorg&#225;nicos utilizables por la microbiota considerada como beneficiosa&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos estos tratamientos responden a una concepci&#243;n relativamente nueva de la enfermedad&#44; en la que no basta con el diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;rico de EPOC&#44; sino que deben tenerse en cuenta una serie de rasgos individuales que deber&#237;an permitir una medicina de mayor precisi&#243;n y&#44; por tanto&#44; m&#225;s personalizada&#46; Por otra parte&#44; estos rasgos individuales pueden ser comunes a grupos de individuos con la misma enfermedad&#44; constituyendo los fenotipos de esta&#46; Desde esta &#243;ptica&#44; la EPOC ser&#237;a una enfermedad polif&#233;nica &#40;palabra todav&#237;a no incorporada a la Real Academia Espa&#241;ola pero de uso amplio en biolog&#237;a&#41;&#44; al englobar diversos fenotipos&#46; En este momento&#44; existe un gran inter&#233;s en averiguar si a los fenotipos &#40;o al menos a algunos de ellos&#41; les corresponden endotipos espec&#237;ficos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a>&#59; es decir&#44; con mecanismos biol&#243;gicos comunes&#46; Esto es importante por tres razones&#58; mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre los diferentes mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos de la enfermedad&#44; hallar biomarcadores lo m&#225;s espec&#237;ficos posibles que permitan identificar los mencionados endotipos&#44; y dise&#241;ar tratamientos m&#225;s personalizados&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Financiado parcialmente por SAF2014-54371 &#40;Fondos FEDER&#41;&#44; SEPAR 2015 y FUCAP&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Editorial
La terapia de la EPOC, más allá de la farmacología clásica
COPD Therapy: Beyond Conventional Pharmacology
Joaquim Gea
Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar - IMIM. DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, España
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    "titulo" => "La terapia de la EPOC&#44; m&#225;s all&#225; de la farmacolog&#237;a cl&#225;sica"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cl&#225;sicamente las terapias utilizadas en la EPOC se han centrado sobre todo en f&#225;rmacos destinados a compensar la obstrucci&#243;n al flujo a&#233;reo o disminuir de forma inespec&#237;fica el grado de inflamaci&#243;n en las v&#237;as respiratorias&#46; Entre los primeros se encuentran fundamentalmente los f&#225;rmacos adren&#233;rgicos &#40;b&#225;sicamente &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos&#41;&#44; que modular&#237;an la respuesta del sistema simp&#225;tico a ese nivel&#44; as&#237; como las mol&#233;culas con efecto anticolin&#233;rgico&#44; que neutralizar&#237;an el sistema parasimp&#225;tico&#46; De hecho&#44; los &#250;ltimos avances en estos grupos de f&#225;rmacos han consistido fundamentalmente en conseguir una duraci&#243;n m&#225;s prolongada de sus efectos y asociar diversas mol&#233;culas en un mismo dispositivo&#46; Sorprendentemente&#44; no han aparecido todav&#237;a f&#225;rmacos que regulen la respuesta del sistema denominado &#171;no adren&#233;rgico-no colin&#233;rgico&#187; &#40;NANO&#44; o NANC seg&#250;n su acr&#243;nimo ingl&#233;s&#41; de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea&#44; cuyos mediadores son diferentes de los de los dos sistemas nerviosos aut&#243;nomos cl&#225;sicos antes mencionados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Respecto de la disminuci&#243;n del nivel de inflamaci&#243;n en la v&#237;a a&#233;rea&#44; los f&#225;rmacos cl&#225;sicos han sido los corticoides por v&#237;a inhalada o sist&#233;mica&#44; y m&#225;s recientemente los inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa de nucle&#243;tidos c&#237;clicos &#40;PDE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; incluyendo el roflumilast y la teofilina&#44; inicialmente utilizada como broncodilatador&#46; Estos f&#225;rmacos act&#250;an mediante la inhibici&#243;n de la isoenzima PDE4&#44; aunque la teofilina inhibe tambi&#233;n a PDE3 y produce adem&#225;s un aumento en la actividad de la histona deacetilasa &#40;HDAC&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se viene dando progresiva importancia a otros enfoques profil&#225;cticos y terap&#233;uticos de la EPOC&#46; Entre ellos hay algunos de largo recorrido&#44; como es el caso del tratamiento sustitutivo para el d&#233;ficit de alfa-1 antitiripsina y la rehabilitaci&#243;n respiratoria&#46; Esta consiste en una aproximaci&#243;n multidimensional en la que destacan&#44; por un lado&#44; la inducci&#243;n de h&#225;bitos de vida m&#225;s saludables y&#44; por otro&#44; el ejercicio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Entre los primeros se hallan la abstinencia del h&#225;bito tab&#225;quico y de otros factores delet&#233;reos de exposici&#243;n &#40;humo de carb&#243;n-le&#241;a&#44; contaminaci&#243;n ambiental&#41;&#46; Para el caso concreto del tabaco&#44; se dispone adem&#225;s de numerosas opciones tanto farmacol&#243;gicas como no farmacol&#243;gicas &#40;intervenci&#243;n motivacional&#44; sustituci&#243;n de la nicotina&#44; bupropi&#243;n&#44; vareniciclina&#44; etc&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n una dieta saludable y&#44; cada vez con mayor &#233;nfasis&#44; un nivel adecuado de actividad f&#237;sica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Este &#250;ltimo no depende exclusivamente&#44; como se sol&#237;a pensar hasta hace poco&#44; de la capacidad de ejercicio del paciente sino de sus h&#225;bitos conductuales y motivaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Resulta claro hoy en d&#237;a que ambas dimensiones &#40;capacidad y h&#225;bitos-motivaci&#243;n&#41; deben ser tenidas en cuenta simult&#225;neamente en las intervenciones terap&#233;uticas&#46; Cuando mejorar el nivel de actividad f&#237;sica resulte insuficiente deber&#225; acompa&#241;arse de rehabilitaci&#243;n-fisioterapia&#44; en las que hoy en d&#237;a predomina sobre todo el entrenamiento tanto muscular como cardiovascular al esfuerzo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#46; Otro terreno que ha ganado recientemente una progresiva importancia en la terapia de los pacientes con EPOC es la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica no invasiva &#40;VMNI&#41; domiciliaria&#46; De hecho&#44; a su claro beneficio en pacientes agudizados se ha a&#241;adido en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os suficiente evidencia positiva en pacientes estables y bien seleccionados &#40;fundamentalmente hiperc&#225;pnicos&#41;&#44; e incluso en enfermos que acaban de padecer una exacerbaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n los suplementos nutricionales e incluso f&#225;rmacos anab&#243;licos pueden ser de utilidad en el subgrupo de pacientes con p&#233;rdida de peso o caquexia franca&#44; ya que permiten recuperar funci&#243;n muscular y capacidad de ejercicio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; No debe olvidarse tampoco el papel del trasplante pulmonar&#44; indicado en pacientes con enfermedad avanzada&#44; y la reducci&#243;n de volumen pulmonar&#44; tanto por v&#237;a endosc&#243;pica como quir&#250;rgica&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; y ya en el terreno m&#225;s novedoso&#44; han aparecido las terapias con moduladores de la respuesta biol&#243;gica &#40;MRB&#41;&#44; o m&#225;s coloquialmente &#171;f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#187;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Entre ellos destacan hoy en d&#237;a sobre todo los anticuerpos contra determinadas mol&#233;culas claves en las distintas modalidades de inflamaci&#243;n &#40;interleucinas y sus receptores&#44; inmunoglobulinas&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; los inhibidores de cinasas &#40;y por tanto de factores de transcripci&#243;n&#41; y&#44; en el terreno m&#225;s especulativo&#44; los potenciales moduladores del microbioma&#46; Entre los primeros destacan los anticuerpos contra TNF-&#945;&#44; IL-1 &#40;&#945; y &#946;&#41;&#44; IL-4&#44; IL-5&#44; IL-6&#44; IL-8&#44; IL-13&#44; IL-17&#44; IL-23&#44; IL-33&#44; TGF-&#946;&#44; CCL-11&#44; TSLP e IgE&#44; mientras que entre los nuevos inhibidores de cinasas &#40;entre los cl&#225;sicos se encontraban la teofilina&#44; los corticoides y los macr&#243;lidos&#41; se pueden citar IMD-1041 y -0354&#44; losmapimod&#44; PH-797804&#44; RV-568&#44; SB-681323&#44; PF-03715455&#44; trametinib&#44; solumetinib y tioredoxina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Todav&#237;a con escasa base conceptual&#44; ya que el microbioma respiratorio en concreto es relativamente desconocido&#44; quedar&#237;an los llamados probi&#243;ticos &#40;preparados que contienen microorganismos vivos que se incorporan a la flora del sujeto&#41; y los prebi&#243;ticos &#40;compuestos inorg&#225;nicos utilizables por la microbiota considerada como beneficiosa&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos estos tratamientos responden a una concepci&#243;n relativamente nueva de la enfermedad&#44; en la que no basta con el diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;rico de EPOC&#44; sino que deben tenerse en cuenta una serie de rasgos individuales que deber&#237;an permitir una medicina de mayor precisi&#243;n y&#44; por tanto&#44; m&#225;s personalizada&#46; Por otra parte&#44; estos rasgos individuales pueden ser comunes a grupos de individuos con la misma enfermedad&#44; constituyendo los fenotipos de esta&#46; Desde esta &#243;ptica&#44; la EPOC ser&#237;a una enfermedad polif&#233;nica &#40;palabra todav&#237;a no incorporada a la Real Academia Espa&#241;ola pero de uso amplio en biolog&#237;a&#41;&#44; al englobar diversos fenotipos&#46; En este momento&#44; existe un gran inter&#233;s en averiguar si a los fenotipos &#40;o al menos a algunos de ellos&#41; les corresponden endotipos espec&#237;ficos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a>&#59; es decir&#44; con mecanismos biol&#243;gicos comunes&#46; Esto es importante por tres razones&#58; mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre los diferentes mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos de la enfermedad&#44; hallar biomarcadores lo m&#225;s espec&#237;ficos posibles que permitan identificar los mencionados endotipos&#44; y dise&#241;ar tratamientos m&#225;s personalizados&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Financiado parcialmente por SAF2014-54371 &#40;Fondos FEDER&#41;&#44; SEPAR 2015 y FUCAP&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 03002896
Original language: Spanish
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