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Asimismo&#44; las asociaciones existentes entre la EPOC y el estr&#233;s oxidativo y la inflamaci&#243;n tambi&#233;n podr&#237;an desencadenar o empeorar otras enfermedades com&#243;rbidas&#44; como una ECV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria &#40;ADE&#41; es una medida de la variabilidad que existe en el tama&#241;o de los eritrocitos circulantes&#46; Este par&#225;metro se analiza de manera rutinaria como un componente del hemograma completo &#250;til para el diagn&#243;stico diferencial de las anemias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Los resultados de estudios recientes han mostrado que la ADE podr&#237;a aportar informaci&#243;n &#250;til para el pron&#243;stico de pacientes con ECV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7-10</span></a> y de aquellos que padecen otras enfermedades de origen no card&#237;aco&#44; tales como el ictus o la hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; y tambi&#233;n para la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11-13</span></a>&#46; En todos estos estudios se plante&#243; la hip&#243;tesis de que un valor elevado de ADE podr&#237;an ser un reflejo de un estado inflamatorio cr&#243;nico subyacente&#44; lo que comportar&#237;a mayor riesgo de ECV y mayor mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La EPOC tambi&#233;n produce un efecto inflamatorio sist&#233;mico&#46; El proceso inflamatorio se puede extender m&#225;s all&#225; del aparato respiratorio y producir un estado de inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica persistente de bajo grado que se ha relacionado con diversas complicaciones de la EPOC&#44; por ejemplo caquexia&#44; ECV o arritmias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;14&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Se ha propuesto que la inflamaci&#243;n es la clave de la asociaci&#243;n entre EPOC y ECV&#46; Se puede concluir que la ADE&#44; que se considera un marcador de la inflamaci&#243;n&#44; puede estar elevada tanto en la EPOC como en las ECV&#46; Dos estudios recientes han mostrado que los valores elevados de ADE se correlacionan con la existencia de disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha y con la supervivencia global de los pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las personas fumadoras tambi&#233;n presentan inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; En estudios cl&#237;nicos y experimentales se han observado concentraciones elevadas de marcadores sist&#233;micos de inflamaci&#243;n en fumadores&#44; tales como la prote&#237;na C reactiva &#40;PCR&#41;&#44; el fibrin&#243;geno&#44; la interleucina-6&#44; la mol&#233;cula de adhesi&#243;n intercelular soluble<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 o la prote&#237;na quimiot&#225;ctica de monocitos<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 &#40;MCP-1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Solo en un estudio se han observado valores elevados de ADE en fumadores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pocos estudios de pacientes con EPOC han analizado la ADE&#46; En el presente trabajo nos propusimos examinar&#58; 1&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>los valores de ADE de pacientes con EPOC&#59; 2&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>el efecto de algunos par&#225;metros bioqu&#237;micos&#44; nutricionales&#44; card&#237;acos y respiratorios&#44; y del consumo de tabaco&#44; sobre los valores de ADE de pacientes con EPOC&#59; 3&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>el efecto del consumo de tabaco sobre los valores de ADE de la poblaci&#243;n sana&#44; y 4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>el efecto de la ADE&#44; como marcador rutinario&#44; para la predicci&#243;n de la ECV en pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Poblaci&#243;n del estudio</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron en el estudio 175 pacientes consecutivos con EPOC que estaban hospitalizados y en situaci&#243;n estable o en las 8 semanas siguientes al alta hospitalaria&#46; Los pacientes fueron ingresados para someterse a un seguimiento de rutina&#46; Se incluyeron adem&#225;s&#44; como grupo de control&#44; 110 sujetos sanos&#44; que fueron emparejados con los primeros seg&#250;n edad y sexo&#46; Se excluy&#243; de la cohorte a los sujetos con antecedentes de c&#225;ncer&#44; s&#237;ndrome de apnea del sue&#241;o&#44; valvulopat&#237;a card&#237;aca primaria&#44; patolog&#237;as del tejido conectivo&#44; enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal&#44; insuficiencia renal&#44; hepatopat&#237;a&#44; enfermedades hematol&#243;gicas&#44; deficiencia de hierro o de vitaminas &#40;p&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ej&#46;&#44; B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span> o folato&#41;&#44; los que hab&#237;an sufrido exacerbaci&#243;n en los 2 meses anteriores&#44; los que hab&#237;an tomado f&#225;rmacos antiinflamatorios &#40;corticoides sist&#233;micos&#44; inmunosupresores&#41; en los 2 meses anteriores y los que hab&#237;an recibido transfusiones de sangre&#46; El estudio se llev&#243; a cabo con arreglo a la Declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki &#40;1989&#41; de la Asociaci&#243;n M&#233;dica Mundial y fue aprobado por el comit&#233; &#233;tico del hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se registraron las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas &#40;edad&#44; sexo&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#91;IMC&#93;&#44; consumo de tabaco&#44; antecedentes patol&#243;gicos y consumo de f&#225;rmacos en aquel momento&#41; y la historia cl&#237;nica&#44; incluidas las ECV y metab&#243;licas&#44; el uso de medicaci&#243;n y los h&#225;bitos de los pacientes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; A los pacientes que presentaban insuficiencia card&#237;aca&#44; enfermedad coronaria o arritmia se les calific&#243; de pacientes con ECV&#46; Un cardi&#243;logo experto defini&#243; la presencia de ECV a partir de la historia cl&#237;nica&#44; el ecocardiograma&#44; el electrocardiograma y la evaluaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Pruebas anal&#237;ticas</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las ADE y las concentraciones de hemoglobina se determinaron como parte del hemograma y mediante el analizador hematol&#243;gico Beckman Coulter LH-750 &#40;Beckman Coulter&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Fullerton&#44; CA&#44; EE&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UU&#46;&#41;&#46; El intervalo de referencia de nuestro laboratorio para la ADE era de 11&#44;5-15&#44;5&#37;&#46; Las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de alb&#250;mina &#40;intervalo&#58; 3&#44;5-5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#41; se determinaron mediante kits de Abbot marcados &#40;n&#250;mero de cat&#225;logo&#58; 30-3050&#47;R2&#41; y las concentraciones de PCR &#40;intervalo&#58; 0-1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41; mediante los m&#233;todos inmunoturbidid&#233;micos del autoanalizador bioqu&#237;mico Beckman Coulter-Synchron LX- 20 del laboratorio de bioqu&#237;mica de nuestro hospital&#46; La gasometr&#237;a se analiz&#243; con aire ambiental &#40;Rapid lab 348&#44; Biobak&#44; Chiron&#44; Bayer Diagnostic&#44; Reino Unido&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Pruebas de funci&#243;n pulmonar</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recabaron datos de los resultados de las espirometr&#237;as de las historias de los pacientes efectuadas durante un ingreso hospitalario en el que el paciente hubiese mantenido una situaci&#243;n estable o en las 8 semanas posteriores al alta hospitalaria&#46; Para las pruebas de funci&#243;n pulmonar se utiliz&#243; el mismo tipo de espir&#243;metro en todos los centros &#40;V Max Series 20C&#44; Sensor Medics&#44; Yorba Linda&#44; CA&#47;Fukuda Denshi Spirosift 500&#41;&#46; El utillaje empleado para las espirometr&#237;as cumpl&#237;a los criterios de rendimiento de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Thoracic Society</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; La gravedad de la enfermedad de los pacientes la evaluaron 2 m&#233;dicos que desconoc&#237;an los datos del estudio&#44; de conformidad con los criterios de la Iniciativa global para la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los ecocardiogramas se efectuaron mediante ecocardi&#243;grafos SONOS 4&#44;500&#44; con transductores de 3&#44;5 y 2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz &#40;Sonos 5500&#44; Philips&#44; MA&#44; EE&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UU&#46;&#41;&#46; Se utilizaron proyecciones y mediciones normalizadas para evaluar la anatom&#237;a card&#237;aca&#44; la funci&#243;n ventricular y la competencia valvular&#59; la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n ventricular izquierda &#40;FEVI&#41; se determin&#243; por el m&#233;todo de Simpson&#44; con t&#233;cnicas de imagen arm&#243;nica por segundo&#46; La presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica de la arteria pulmonar se calcul&#243; sumando la presi&#243;n auricular derecha estimada y el gradiente de regurgitaci&#243;n tricusp&#237;dea&#46; Se consider&#243; que el paciente presentaba hipertensi&#243;n arterial pulmonar &#40;HAP&#41; si la presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica de la arteria pulmonar era superior a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Se diagnostic&#243; disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha &#40;DVD&#41; en presencia de cualquiera de los siguientes hallazgos&#58; dilataci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo derecho &#40;di&#225;metro diast&#243;lico &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#44; movimiento anormal del septo interventricular&#44; hipocinesia del ventr&#237;culo derecho o regurgitaci&#243;n de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide &#40;velocidad de reacci&#243;n&#44; 92&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#47;s&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; En caso de ser inferior al 50&#37; del FEVI y un di&#225;metro diast&#243;lico superior a 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; se diagnostic&#243; disfunci&#243;n ventricular izquierda &#40;DVI&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Evaluaci&#243;n nutricional</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes se sometieron a mediciones antropom&#233;tricas y bioqu&#237;micas para evaluar su estado nutricional y bioqu&#237;mico&#46; A partir de las mediciones antropom&#233;tricas se calcul&#243; el IMC &#40;peso &#91;kg&#93;&#47;talla &#91;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#93;&#41;&#46; Las determinaciones bioqu&#237;micas incluyeron la cuantificaci&#243;n de la concentraci&#243;n de alb&#250;mina &#40;intervalo&#58; 3&#44;5-5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables se presentaron mediante la media y la desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#44; o la mediana y el rango intercuartil&#46; Las medias se compararon con la prueba de la t de Student y las medianas con la prueba de la U de Mann-Whitney&#46; Las frecuencias se compararon mediante la prueba de Chi cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher&#46; Para los an&#225;lisis de correlaci&#243;n se utilizaron las pruebas de correlaci&#243;n de Spearman y de Pearson&#46; Se calcul&#243; el valor mediano de ADE&#44; a partir del cual los pacientes con EPOC fueron clasificados en 2 grupos&#58; aquellos cuyos valores de ADE fueron superiores o iguales a la mediana de ADE y aquellos cuyos valores fueron inferiores a dicha mediana&#46; Las variables independientes con valores de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;15 en el an&#225;lisis univariante se volvieron a analizar mediante una regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica multivariante&#46; Tambi&#233;n se efectu&#243; una regresi&#243;n lineal multivariante gradual para determinar los factores que mostraban una asociaci&#243;n independiente con valores incrementados ADE&#46; Se efectu&#243; un an&#225;lisis ROC para averiguar el valor de corte de ADE en la DVD&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de ADE de los pacientes con EPOC fueron significativamente m&#225;s altos que los de los sujetos de control &#40;pacientes con EPOC&#58; 15&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&#59; rango&#58; 10&#44;4-24&#44;5&#59; sujetos de control&#58; 13&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&#59; rango&#58; 10-17&#44;2&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; La ADE fue &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;5&#37; en 70 pacientes &#40;40&#37;&#41; y 23 &#40;11&#37;&#41; sujetos de control&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ADE de los pacientes con EPOC mostr&#243; correlaciones positivas con las concentraciones de PCR &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;27&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; DVD &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;24&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y la presencia de HAP &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; y ECV &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;24&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41;&#44; y correlaciones inversas con las concentraciones de hemoglobina &#40;Hb&#41; &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#44;26&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44; 01&#41; y de alb&#250;mina s&#233;rica &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#44;23&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Los an&#225;lisis de correlaci&#243;n de la poblaci&#243;n sana mostraron una significativa correlaci&#243;n entre la ADE y el &#237;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;57&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; y una correlaci&#243;n inversa con la concentraci&#243;n de Hb &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#44;38&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al comparar los pacientes con valores elevados de ADE &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;5&#37;&#41; con aquellos que no presentaban elevaciones de la ADE &#40;&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; los primeros tuvieron m&#225;s probabilidades de presentar valores m&#225;s elevados de PCR y de PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; y m&#225;s bajos de FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#46; Adem&#225;s de la DVD&#44; la presencia de HAP y de ECV fue significativamente m&#225;s alta entre los pacientes con ADE elevada &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46; En la poblaci&#243;n sana&#44; los valores de ADE fueron significativamente m&#225;s altos entre los fumadores&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los no fumadores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46; Asimismo&#44; en la comparaci&#243;n de los sujetos sanos con ADE incrementada o normal&#44; solo el &#237;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos indic&#243; significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica&#46; El an&#225;lisis univariante de los pacientes con EPOC mostr&#243; que los valores elevados de ADE &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;5&#37;&#41; eran los que se asociaban m&#225;s estrechamente con los niveles m&#225;s altos de PCR &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y de PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#44; las concentraciones m&#225;s bajas de Hb &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y la presencia de HAP &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1&#41;&#44; ECV &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y DVD &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;004&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multivariante&#44; la probabilidad de presentar una ECV fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes con valores elevados de ADE &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y presencia de DVD &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis ROC mostr&#243; que el punto de corte &#243;ptimo de ADE para el diagn&#243;stico de la DVD es de 16&#44;9&#46; Al utilizar este punto de corte&#44; la sensibilidad y la especificidad de la ADE para el diagn&#243;stico de la DVD fueron del 78 y del 88&#44;7&#37;&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; numerosos estudios han demostrado los que la ADE es un s&#243;lido factor pron&#243;stico de la mortalidad por todas las causas y de episodios cardiovasculares en pacientes con antecedentes de enfermedad card&#237;aca o insuficiencia card&#237;aca cr&#243;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7-10</span></a>&#46; Asimismo&#44; en cohortes poblacionales&#44; la ADE ha demostrado ser un factor de predicci&#243;n s&#243;lido de la mortalidad por todas las causas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Todos los estudios sugieren que la fisiopatolog&#237;a que conduce a la elevaci&#243;n de la ADE puede ser un reflejo de un estado inflamatorio cr&#243;nico subyacente que causar&#237;a mayor riesgo de ECV y mayor mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;14&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Planteamos la hip&#243;tesis de que&#44; en pacientes con EPOC&#44; una situaci&#243;n de inflamaci&#243;n cr&#243;nica podr&#237;a ser un v&#237;nculo mec&#225;nico entre la elevaci&#243;n de la ADE y la ECV&#46; El presente estudio ha demostrado que la ADE de los pacientes con EPOC es m&#225;s alta&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los sujetos de control&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se ha observado que en estos pacientes la ADE es un factor de predicci&#243;n independiente de ECV&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La elevaci&#243;n de la ADE es el resultado de la heterogeneidad del volumen eritrocitario y la fragmentaci&#243;n de eritrocitos en la circulaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Los factores que contribuyen a esta mayor heterogeneidad del volumen eritrocitario comprenden la deficiencia de hierro&#44; vitamina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span> o folato&#44; la reducci&#243;n de la vida de los eritrocitos&#44; la alteraci&#243;n de la eritropoyesis y las transfusiones de sangre<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; La inflamaci&#243;n tambi&#233;n tiene la capacidad de incrementar los valores de ADE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a>&#46; Estudios recientes han demostrado que los valores elevados de ADE tambi&#233;n se asocian con resultados adversos en la ECV y en otras patolog&#237;as no cardiovasculares como&#44; por ejemplo&#44; la insuficiencia card&#237;aca&#44; la hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; la embolia pulmonar&#44; la apnea del sue&#241;o&#44; as&#237; como en pacientes de unidades de cuidados intensivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9&#44;12&#44;13&#44;24-26</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; el presente estudio ha indicado que&#44; en adultos de mediana edad y ancianos&#44; la elevaci&#243;n de la ADE est&#225; muy relacionada con un mayor riesgo de muerte y de episodios cardiovasculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Los valores de ADE en pacientes con EPOC han sido examinados en 2 estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#46; Estos estudios concluyeron que la ADE podr&#237;a ser un marcador pron&#243;stico a largo plazo y un marcador de DVD&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; observamos que los valores de ADE de los pacientes con EPOC eran significativamente m&#225;s altos que los de los sujetos sanos&#46; Nuestro objetivo principal fue no discriminar a los pacientes con EPOC de los sujetos sanos&#46; Sin embargo&#44; cuando se comparan pacientes con EPOC y sujetos sanos&#44; la capacidad discriminatoria no es alta&#46; Al igual que en el estudio que llevaron a cabo Dincer et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; observamos que los valores elevados de ADE se asociaban con ECV en pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ECV es m&#225;s frecuente entre los pacientes con EPOC que en la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n es un factor de riesgo importante del desarrollo de ECV&#46; Asimismo&#44; se cree que la hipoxemia&#44; el estr&#233;s oxidativo y la inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica tambi&#233;n contribuyen a la aparici&#243;n de la ECV en pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46; Es posible que&#44; mediante todas estas v&#237;as&#44; la EPOC est&#233; relacionada con la ECV en cuanto se refiere a inflamaci&#243;n&#44; ateroesclerosis y disfunci&#243;n endotelial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; La liberaci&#243;n de citocinas inflamatorias en la EPOC podr&#237;a afectar la funci&#243;n medular &#243;sea&#44; lo que inhibir&#237;a la maduraci&#243;n eritrocitaria inducida por la eritropoyetina y&#44; como consecuencia&#44; incrementar&#237;a la ADE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; As&#237;&#44; valores elevados de ADE podr&#237;an ser el reflejo de inflamaci&#243;n cr&#243;nica subyacente&#44; lo que resultar&#237;a en mayor riesgo de ECV en pacientes con EPOC&#46; En el presente estudio observamos una correlaci&#243;n significativa entre la PCR y la ADE&#46; Este hallazgo podr&#237;a demostrar un posible v&#237;nculo entre la inflamaci&#243;n de la EPOC y los valores de ADE&#46; Un 34&#37; de los pacientes con EPOC de este estudio presentaban una ECV com&#243;rbida&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se concluy&#243; que la ECV concomitante era la causa principal de la elevaci&#243;n de la ADE de estos pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar &#40;HP&#41; produce hipertrofia ventricular derecha&#44; agrandamiento del ventr&#237;culo derecho y&#44; finalmente&#44; DVD&#46; Hampole et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> investigaron la relaci&#243;n existente entre la ADE y la muerte en 162 pacientes con HP&#44; y observaron que existe una asociaci&#243;n independiente entre la ADE y la mortalidad&#44; y que esta es mejor indicador pron&#243;stico que el p&#233;ptido pronatriur&#233;tico N-terminal&#46; En otro estudio efectuado en pacientes con EPOC se constat&#243; una asociaci&#243;n entre la elevaci&#243;n de la ADE y la DVD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; El estudio de Dincer prob&#243; que el punto de corte para detectar DVD en pacientes con EPOC era de 17&#44;7&#46; De manera similar&#44; nosotros concluimos que una ADE elevada se correlacionaba bien con la HP y la DVD en pacientes con EPOC&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; observamos que un valor de ADE de 16&#44;9 tambi&#233;n es altamente sensible y espec&#237;fico para el diagn&#243;stico de DVD&#44; y el an&#225;lisis multivariante indic&#243; que la DVD es uno de los factores que influyen en el valor de ADE de los pacientes con EPOC&#44; por lo que consideramos que una ADE incrementada puede ser un indicador de DVD&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tabaquismo es uno de los principales factores de riesgo de EPOC y un importante factor de riesgo de ECV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Por s&#237; mismo&#44; el tabaquismo puede producir inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica evidenciada&#44; por ejemplo&#44; por un aumento del recuento leucocitario total&#46; Pero el grado de inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica es mayor en los pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; La inflamaci&#243;n local que presentan los fumadores se caracteriza por un aumento de las c&#233;lulas inflamatorias&#44; tales como neutr&#243;filos&#44; linfocitos y macr&#243;fagos&#44; y concentraciones elevadas de TNF-&#945; y IL-8&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los controles sanos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Estos resultados sugieren que el tabaquismo puede asociarse con mayor producci&#243;n hep&#225;tica de PCR y a los mecanismos de la inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica&#46; En un estudio que examin&#243; la asociaci&#243;n entre el tabaquismo y la ADE en sujetos sanos se demostr&#243; que el consumo de tabaco incrementaba los valores de ADE&#44; y que la duraci&#243;n del tabaquismo y el n&#250;mero de cigarrillos diarios se correlacionaban bien con el valor de ADE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; En el presente estudio detectamos una correlaci&#243;n positiva entre el &#237;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos y la ADE en sujetos sanos&#46; La ADE fue significativamente m&#225;s alta en los sujetos fumadores que en los no fumadores&#46; Este hallazgo sugiere que los fumadores sanos que no padecen EPOC tambi&#233;n pueden presentar inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica&#46; Por consiguiente&#44; planteamos la hip&#243;tesis de que un aumento de la ADE se asocia con el consumo de tabaco y puede ser un indicador &#250;til de la actividad inflamatoria de los fumadores sanos&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las limitaciones que presenta este estudio son la inclusi&#243;n de pocos pacientes y la debilidad de algunas correlaciones&#46; Es necesario llevar a cabo un estudio longitudinal para determinar la relaci&#243;n causal entre la inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica y la ECV&#46; Este estudio deber&#237;a considerarse un estudio piloto que requiere ser validado&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para concluir&#44; un aumento de la ADE puede ser un indicador de inflamaci&#243;n subyacente en la EPOC y&#44; por s&#237; misma&#44; la ADE puede ser un instrumento simple y &#250;til para evaluar la ECV y la DVD en pacientes con EPOC&#46; En pacientes con EPOC&#44; la ADE ha demostrado ser m&#225;s sensible que la PCR para predecir la existencia de disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha y ECV&#46; Se trata de un par&#225;metro cuya determinaci&#243;n es m&#225;s frecuente y barata que la de otras citocinas inflamatorias &#40;TNF-&#945;&#44; IL-8&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en los sujetos sanos la ADE podr&#237;a ser un biomarcador del efecto de inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica del tabaquismo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Autor&#237;a</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El Dr&#46; S&#46;E&#46;C&#46; efectu&#243; todos los procedimientos&#44; prepar&#243; la base de datos y redact&#243; el manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El Dr&#46; O&#46;G&#46; asisti&#243; al Dr&#46; S&#46;E&#46;C&#46; durante la pr&#225;ctica de los procedimientos&#44; organiz&#243; la base de datos y contribuy&#243; a la redacci&#243;n del manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El Dr&#46; O&#46;M&#46;A&#46; asisti&#243; al Dr&#46; S&#46;E&#46;C&#46; durante la pr&#225;ctica de los procedimientos y la preparaci&#243;n de la base de datos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; incrementa el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular &#40;ECV&#41;&#46; La amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria &#40;ADE&#41; se considera un potente factor de predicci&#243;n de la evoluci&#243;n de los pacientes con ECV&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar los valores de ADE de pacientes con EPOC y compararlos en relaci&#243;n al estado cl&#237;nico&#44; ecocardiogr&#225;fico&#44; nutricional y anal&#237;tico de los pacientes&#46; Por otra parte&#44; nos propusimos analizar el efecto del consumo de tabaco sobre los valores de ADE de sujetos sanos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En el estudio se incluyeron 175 pacientes con EPOC estabilizados y 210 sujetos sanos&#46; Se registraron y se compararon las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas&#44; cl&#237;nicas&#44; nutricionales&#44; ecocardiogr&#225;ficas y anal&#237;ticas&#44; y los valores de ADE&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de ADE fueron m&#225;s altos en el grupo de pacientes con EPOC que en el grupo control &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&#37; vs&#46; 13&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Los valores de ADE de los pacientes con EPOC mostraron una correlaci&#243;n positiva con las concentraciones de PCR &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;27&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; las concentraciones de alb&#250;mina &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;23&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41; y la presencia de disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha &#40;DVD&#41; &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;24&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar &#40;HAP&#41; &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; y ECV &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;24&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica para variables m&#250;ltiples sugiri&#243; una relaci&#243;n independiente de la presencia de ECV &#40;4&#44;3&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;3-11&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y de DVD &#40;3&#44;1&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;7-8&#44;3&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; con valores elevados de ADE en los pacientes con EPOC&#46; En la poblaci&#243;n sana&#44; el an&#225;lisis solo mostr&#243; una correlaci&#243;n significativa entre la ADE y la duraci&#243;n del consumo de tabaco &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;57&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En pacientes con EPOC&#44; la ADE se asocia de manera independiente con la ECV y la DVD&#46; En la poblaci&#243;n sana&#44; la ADE tambi&#233;n se asocia con el consumo de tabaco&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; increases the risk of cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#46; Red blood cell distribution width &#40;RDW&#41; is accepted as a powerful predictor of outcomes in patients with CVD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Aims</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To study RDW in patients with COPD&#44; and to compare the value of this measurement with clinical&#44; echocardiographic&#44; nutritional and laboratory status&#46; Secondly&#44; we aimed to determine the effect of smoking on RDW values in healthy subjects&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">One hundred and seventy-five patients with stable COPD and 210 healthy controls were enrolled in the study&#46; Demographic&#44; clinical&#44; nutritional status&#44; echocardiographic&#44; and laboratory characteristics&#44; RDW values were recorded and compared&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RDW values were higher in the COPD group than in controls &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;3&#37; vs&#46; 13&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;5&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In COPD patients&#44; RDW levels positively correlated with CRP levels &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; albumin levels &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;23&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;04&#41;&#44; right ventricular dysfunction &#40;RVD&#41; &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;24&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; pulmonary hypertension &#40;PAH&#41; &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;02&#41;&#44; and presence of CVD &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;24&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;02&#41;&#46; In multivariable logistic regression suggested that presence of CVD &#40;4&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;3 to 11&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#44; and presence of RVD &#40;3&#46;1&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;7 to 8&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;02&#41; were independently related to elevated RDW levels in COPD patients&#46; In the healthy population&#44; correlations analysis showed only a significant correlation between RDW and cigarette smoking years &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;57&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RDW is independently associated with CVD and RVD in patients with COPD&#46; In the healthy population&#44; RDW is also associated with smoking status&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Background"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Aims"
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            "identificador" => "abst0040"
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            "identificador" => "abst0045"
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            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria fueron m&#225;s elevados en el grupo de EPOC que en el grupo control &#40;15&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3 vs&#46; 13&#44;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figura 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curva de caracter&#237;sticas operativas del receptor&#46; Los valores de amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria obtenidos antes del ecocardiograma fueron predictivos de la presencia de DVD&#44; con una sensibilidad del 71&#37; y una especificidad del 88&#37;&#44; y un valor de corte &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#44;9&#46;</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ADE&#58; amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria&#59; DVD&#58; disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en un segundo&#59; FVC&#58; capacidad vital forzada&#44; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; n&#58; n&#250;mero de casos&#59; n&#46;d&#46;&#58; no disponible&#59; n&#46;s&#46;&#58; estad&#237;sticamente no significativo&#59; PCR&#59; prote&#237;na C reactiva&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes con EPOC &#40;n &#61; 175&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes sanos &#40;n &#61; 210&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor de p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61 &#177; 7&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&#44;4 &#177; 11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo &#40;varones&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">110 &#40;63&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IMC &#40;kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#44;8 &#177; 3&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#44;8 &#177; 2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tabaquismo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumadores &#40;&#237;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43&#44;4 &#177; 1&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#44;5 &#177; 1&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumadores activos &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77 &#40;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">113 &#40;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exfumadores &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89 &#40;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No fumadores &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72 &#40;34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables anal&#237;ticas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ADE &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#44;04 &#177; 2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;08 &#177; 2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hb &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;3 &#177; 1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;1 &#177; 3&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;1 &#40;0&#44;5-2&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;5 &#40;0&#44;4-0&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;3 &#177; 0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;5 &#177; 1&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64 &#177; 11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47 &#177; 5&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;37 &#40;7&#44;35-7&#44;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pruebas de funci&#243;n pulmonar</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC &#40;&#37; previsto&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;32-60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96&#44;3 &#40;63-110&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37; previsto&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36 &#40;26-57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">91&#44;8 &#40;78-105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; previsto&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64 &#40;52-70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95&#44;1 &#40;77-98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1416514.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0045"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Resultados presentados mediante el valor medio &#177; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0050"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Resultados presentados mediante la mediana &#40;intervalos de cuartiles&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas y espirom&#233;tricas de los grupos del estudio</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en un segundo&#59; FVC&#58; capacidad vital forzada&#59; HAP&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial pulmonar&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; LVD&#59; disfunci&#243;n ventricular izquierda&#59; n&#44; n&#250;mero de casos&#59; n&#46;d&#46;&#44; no disponible&#59; n&#46;s&#46;&#44; estad&#237;sticamente no significativo&#59; PCR&#58; prote&#237;na C reactiva&#59; RVD&#44; disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes con EPOC</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sujetos sanos</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ADE</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ADE</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Coeficiente r&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Coeficiente r&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Edad media &#40;a&#241;os&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sexo &#40;varones&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#205;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumadores activos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exfumadores&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IMC &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables respiratorias</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; prev&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbilidades</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertensi&#243;n&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad CV&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables anal&#237;ticas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemoglobina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DVI &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DVD &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Presencia de HAP &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ADE &#62; 15&#44;5&#37;<br>&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ADE &#8804; 15&#44;5&#37;<br>&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Edad media &#40;a&#241;os&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sexo &#40;varones&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63 &#40;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#205;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40 &#40;10-60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;8-54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumadores activos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">49 &#40;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exfumadores&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IMC &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables respiratorias</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33 &#40;20-70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37 &#40;20-70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; prev&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67 &#40;56-74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68 &#40;56-75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41 &#40;30-54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;34-67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbilidades</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertensi&#243;n &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad CV &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Par&#225;metros hem&#225;ticos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemoglobina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VCM &#40;fl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;7 &#40;0&#44;7-10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;5 &#40;0&#44;6-3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;39 &#40;7&#44;35 - 7&#44;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;4 &#40;7&#44;37-7&#44;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Duraci&#243;n de la enfermedad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;7-20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;6-20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Par&#225;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Disfunci&#243;n VI&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Disfunci&#243;n VD&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32 &#40;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Presencia de HAP&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab1416515.png"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0025"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Resultados mostrados mediante la media<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#46;</p>"
            ]
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0030"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Resultados mostrados mediante la mediana &#40;cuartiles&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparaci&#243;n de par&#225;metros entre los grupos de pacientes con EPOC con ADE normal y ADE elevada</p>"
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            "identificador" => "at4"
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            "rol" => "short"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en un segundo&#59; FVC&#58; capacidad vital forzada&#59; HAP&#58; hipertensi&#243;n arterial pulmonar&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; LVD&#58; disfunci&#243;n ventricular izquierda&#59; n&#58; n&#250;mero de casos&#59; n&#46;s&#46;&#58; estad&#237;sticamente no significativo&#59; p&#58; amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria elevado vs&#46; no elevado&#59; PCR&#58; prote&#237;na C reactiva&#59; RVD&#58; disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha&#59; VCM&#58; volumen corpuscular medio&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fumadores &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>113&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No fumadores &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Edad media &#40;a&#241;os&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sexo &#40;varones&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59 &#40;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IMC &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables respiratorias</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">94&#44;1 &#40;56-110&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97&#44;5 &#40;53-105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; previsto&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87&#44;8 &#40;78-105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">91 &#40;80-105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95&#44;1 &#40;77-98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92&#44;3 &#40;80-98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Par&#225;metros hem&#225;ticos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemoglobina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VCM &#40;fl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95 &#40;0&#44;7-4&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;3 &#40;0&#44;6-5&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;11<br>1&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;98-1&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;45<br>1&#44;01 &#40;0&#44;97-1&#44;06&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presencia de HAP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;01<br>4&#44;3 &#40;1&#44;3-11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presencia de DVD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;02<br>3&#44;1 &#40;1&#44;7-8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presencia de DVI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presencia de hipertensi&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;44<br>1&#44;3 &#40;0&#44;6-3&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis univariante y multivariante de los factores de riesgo de elevaci&#243;n de la amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica</p>"
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Lung function and cardiovascular risk&#58; Relationship with inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins"
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                            1 => "P&#46; Lind"
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                          ]
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                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Circulation"
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            2 => array:3 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pulmonary function is a long-term predictor of mortality in the general population&#58; 29-year follow-up of the Buffalo Health Study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "H&#46;J&#46; Schunemann"
                            1 => "J&#46; Dorn"
                            2 => "B&#46;J&#46; Grant"
                            3 => "W&#46; Winkelstein Jr&#46;"
                            4 => "M&#46; Trevisan"
                          ]
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                            1 => "D&#46;A&#46; McAllister"
                            2 => "W&#46; Macnee"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01136.x"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "2"
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Amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y en sujetos sanos
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Healthy Subjects
Guler Ozgula, Ekrem Cengiz Seyhanb,
Corresponding author
drekremcs@gmail.com
drekremcs@yahoo.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Mehmet Akif Özgülc, Mehmet Zeki Günlüoğlub
a Bağcılar Teaching Hospital, Estambul, Turquía
b Chest Diseases, Medical Faculty, Medipol University, Estambul, Turquía
c Yedikule Teaching Hospital for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Estambul, Turquía
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curva de caracter&#237;sticas operativas del receptor&#46; Los valores de amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria obtenidos antes del ecocardiograma fueron predictivos de la presencia de DVD&#44; con una sensibilidad del 71&#37; y una especificidad del 88&#37;&#44; y un valor de corte &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#44;9&#46;</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ADE&#58; amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria&#59; DVD&#58; disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha comunicado que las enfermedades cardiovasculares &#40;ECV&#41;&#44; tales como la insuficiencia card&#237;aca congestiva&#44; la hipertensi&#243;n&#44; las arritmias o la enfermedad coronaria&#44; son frecuentes en pacientes que padecen enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-3</span></a>&#46; Por consiguiente&#44; la EPOC guarda una relaci&#243;n con la morbimortalidad de origen cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; La explicaci&#243;n m&#225;s obvia de las elevadas tasas de morbimortalidad cardiovascular que se observan en los pacientes con EPOC es la elevada prevalencia del tabaquismo y de otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular conocidos en este grupo de pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Asimismo&#44; las asociaciones existentes entre la EPOC y el estr&#233;s oxidativo y la inflamaci&#243;n tambi&#233;n podr&#237;an desencadenar o empeorar otras enfermedades com&#243;rbidas&#44; como una ECV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria &#40;ADE&#41; es una medida de la variabilidad que existe en el tama&#241;o de los eritrocitos circulantes&#46; Este par&#225;metro se analiza de manera rutinaria como un componente del hemograma completo &#250;til para el diagn&#243;stico diferencial de las anemias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Los resultados de estudios recientes han mostrado que la ADE podr&#237;a aportar informaci&#243;n &#250;til para el pron&#243;stico de pacientes con ECV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7-10</span></a> y de aquellos que padecen otras enfermedades de origen no card&#237;aco&#44; tales como el ictus o la hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; y tambi&#233;n para la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11-13</span></a>&#46; En todos estos estudios se plante&#243; la hip&#243;tesis de que un valor elevado de ADE podr&#237;an ser un reflejo de un estado inflamatorio cr&#243;nico subyacente&#44; lo que comportar&#237;a mayor riesgo de ECV y mayor mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La EPOC tambi&#233;n produce un efecto inflamatorio sist&#233;mico&#46; El proceso inflamatorio se puede extender m&#225;s all&#225; del aparato respiratorio y producir un estado de inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica persistente de bajo grado que se ha relacionado con diversas complicaciones de la EPOC&#44; por ejemplo caquexia&#44; ECV o arritmias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;14&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Se ha propuesto que la inflamaci&#243;n es la clave de la asociaci&#243;n entre EPOC y ECV&#46; Se puede concluir que la ADE&#44; que se considera un marcador de la inflamaci&#243;n&#44; puede estar elevada tanto en la EPOC como en las ECV&#46; Dos estudios recientes han mostrado que los valores elevados de ADE se correlacionan con la existencia de disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha y con la supervivencia global de los pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las personas fumadoras tambi&#233;n presentan inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; En estudios cl&#237;nicos y experimentales se han observado concentraciones elevadas de marcadores sist&#233;micos de inflamaci&#243;n en fumadores&#44; tales como la prote&#237;na C reactiva &#40;PCR&#41;&#44; el fibrin&#243;geno&#44; la interleucina-6&#44; la mol&#233;cula de adhesi&#243;n intercelular soluble<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 o la prote&#237;na quimiot&#225;ctica de monocitos<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 &#40;MCP-1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Solo en un estudio se han observado valores elevados de ADE en fumadores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pocos estudios de pacientes con EPOC han analizado la ADE&#46; En el presente trabajo nos propusimos examinar&#58; 1&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>los valores de ADE de pacientes con EPOC&#59; 2&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>el efecto de algunos par&#225;metros bioqu&#237;micos&#44; nutricionales&#44; card&#237;acos y respiratorios&#44; y del consumo de tabaco&#44; sobre los valores de ADE de pacientes con EPOC&#59; 3&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>el efecto del consumo de tabaco sobre los valores de ADE de la poblaci&#243;n sana&#44; y 4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>el efecto de la ADE&#44; como marcador rutinario&#44; para la predicci&#243;n de la ECV en pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Poblaci&#243;n del estudio</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron en el estudio 175 pacientes consecutivos con EPOC que estaban hospitalizados y en situaci&#243;n estable o en las 8 semanas siguientes al alta hospitalaria&#46; Los pacientes fueron ingresados para someterse a un seguimiento de rutina&#46; Se incluyeron adem&#225;s&#44; como grupo de control&#44; 110 sujetos sanos&#44; que fueron emparejados con los primeros seg&#250;n edad y sexo&#46; Se excluy&#243; de la cohorte a los sujetos con antecedentes de c&#225;ncer&#44; s&#237;ndrome de apnea del sue&#241;o&#44; valvulopat&#237;a card&#237;aca primaria&#44; patolog&#237;as del tejido conectivo&#44; enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal&#44; insuficiencia renal&#44; hepatopat&#237;a&#44; enfermedades hematol&#243;gicas&#44; deficiencia de hierro o de vitaminas &#40;p&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ej&#46;&#44; B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span> o folato&#41;&#44; los que hab&#237;an sufrido exacerbaci&#243;n en los 2 meses anteriores&#44; los que hab&#237;an tomado f&#225;rmacos antiinflamatorios &#40;corticoides sist&#233;micos&#44; inmunosupresores&#41; en los 2 meses anteriores y los que hab&#237;an recibido transfusiones de sangre&#46; El estudio se llev&#243; a cabo con arreglo a la Declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki &#40;1989&#41; de la Asociaci&#243;n M&#233;dica Mundial y fue aprobado por el comit&#233; &#233;tico del hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se registraron las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas &#40;edad&#44; sexo&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#91;IMC&#93;&#44; consumo de tabaco&#44; antecedentes patol&#243;gicos y consumo de f&#225;rmacos en aquel momento&#41; y la historia cl&#237;nica&#44; incluidas las ECV y metab&#243;licas&#44; el uso de medicaci&#243;n y los h&#225;bitos de los pacientes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; A los pacientes que presentaban insuficiencia card&#237;aca&#44; enfermedad coronaria o arritmia se les calific&#243; de pacientes con ECV&#46; Un cardi&#243;logo experto defini&#243; la presencia de ECV a partir de la historia cl&#237;nica&#44; el ecocardiograma&#44; el electrocardiograma y la evaluaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Pruebas anal&#237;ticas</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las ADE y las concentraciones de hemoglobina se determinaron como parte del hemograma y mediante el analizador hematol&#243;gico Beckman Coulter LH-750 &#40;Beckman Coulter&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Fullerton&#44; CA&#44; EE&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UU&#46;&#41;&#46; El intervalo de referencia de nuestro laboratorio para la ADE era de 11&#44;5-15&#44;5&#37;&#46; Las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de alb&#250;mina &#40;intervalo&#58; 3&#44;5-5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#41; se determinaron mediante kits de Abbot marcados &#40;n&#250;mero de cat&#225;logo&#58; 30-3050&#47;R2&#41; y las concentraciones de PCR &#40;intervalo&#58; 0-1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41; mediante los m&#233;todos inmunoturbidid&#233;micos del autoanalizador bioqu&#237;mico Beckman Coulter-Synchron LX- 20 del laboratorio de bioqu&#237;mica de nuestro hospital&#46; La gasometr&#237;a se analiz&#243; con aire ambiental &#40;Rapid lab 348&#44; Biobak&#44; Chiron&#44; Bayer Diagnostic&#44; Reino Unido&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Pruebas de funci&#243;n pulmonar</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recabaron datos de los resultados de las espirometr&#237;as de las historias de los pacientes efectuadas durante un ingreso hospitalario en el que el paciente hubiese mantenido una situaci&#243;n estable o en las 8 semanas posteriores al alta hospitalaria&#46; Para las pruebas de funci&#243;n pulmonar se utiliz&#243; el mismo tipo de espir&#243;metro en todos los centros &#40;V Max Series 20C&#44; Sensor Medics&#44; Yorba Linda&#44; CA&#47;Fukuda Denshi Spirosift 500&#41;&#46; El utillaje empleado para las espirometr&#237;as cumpl&#237;a los criterios de rendimiento de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Thoracic Society</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; La gravedad de la enfermedad de los pacientes la evaluaron 2 m&#233;dicos que desconoc&#237;an los datos del estudio&#44; de conformidad con los criterios de la Iniciativa global para la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los ecocardiogramas se efectuaron mediante ecocardi&#243;grafos SONOS 4&#44;500&#44; con transductores de 3&#44;5 y 2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz &#40;Sonos 5500&#44; Philips&#44; MA&#44; EE&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UU&#46;&#41;&#46; Se utilizaron proyecciones y mediciones normalizadas para evaluar la anatom&#237;a card&#237;aca&#44; la funci&#243;n ventricular y la competencia valvular&#59; la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n ventricular izquierda &#40;FEVI&#41; se determin&#243; por el m&#233;todo de Simpson&#44; con t&#233;cnicas de imagen arm&#243;nica por segundo&#46; La presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica de la arteria pulmonar se calcul&#243; sumando la presi&#243;n auricular derecha estimada y el gradiente de regurgitaci&#243;n tricusp&#237;dea&#46; Se consider&#243; que el paciente presentaba hipertensi&#243;n arterial pulmonar &#40;HAP&#41; si la presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica de la arteria pulmonar era superior a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Se diagnostic&#243; disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha &#40;DVD&#41; en presencia de cualquiera de los siguientes hallazgos&#58; dilataci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo derecho &#40;di&#225;metro diast&#243;lico &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#44; movimiento anormal del septo interventricular&#44; hipocinesia del ventr&#237;culo derecho o regurgitaci&#243;n de la v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide &#40;velocidad de reacci&#243;n&#44; 92&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#47;s&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; En caso de ser inferior al 50&#37; del FEVI y un di&#225;metro diast&#243;lico superior a 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; se diagnostic&#243; disfunci&#243;n ventricular izquierda &#40;DVI&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Evaluaci&#243;n nutricional</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes se sometieron a mediciones antropom&#233;tricas y bioqu&#237;micas para evaluar su estado nutricional y bioqu&#237;mico&#46; A partir de las mediciones antropom&#233;tricas se calcul&#243; el IMC &#40;peso &#91;kg&#93;&#47;talla &#91;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#93;&#41;&#46; Las determinaciones bioqu&#237;micas incluyeron la cuantificaci&#243;n de la concentraci&#243;n de alb&#250;mina &#40;intervalo&#58; 3&#44;5-5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables se presentaron mediante la media y la desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#44; o la mediana y el rango intercuartil&#46; Las medias se compararon con la prueba de la t de Student y las medianas con la prueba de la U de Mann-Whitney&#46; Las frecuencias se compararon mediante la prueba de Chi cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher&#46; Para los an&#225;lisis de correlaci&#243;n se utilizaron las pruebas de correlaci&#243;n de Spearman y de Pearson&#46; Se calcul&#243; el valor mediano de ADE&#44; a partir del cual los pacientes con EPOC fueron clasificados en 2 grupos&#58; aquellos cuyos valores de ADE fueron superiores o iguales a la mediana de ADE y aquellos cuyos valores fueron inferiores a dicha mediana&#46; Las variables independientes con valores de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;15 en el an&#225;lisis univariante se volvieron a analizar mediante una regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica multivariante&#46; Tambi&#233;n se efectu&#243; una regresi&#243;n lineal multivariante gradual para determinar los factores que mostraban una asociaci&#243;n independiente con valores incrementados ADE&#46; Se efectu&#243; un an&#225;lisis ROC para averiguar el valor de corte de ADE en la DVD&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de ADE de los pacientes con EPOC fueron significativamente m&#225;s altos que los de los sujetos de control &#40;pacientes con EPOC&#58; 15&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&#59; rango&#58; 10&#44;4-24&#44;5&#59; sujetos de control&#58; 13&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&#59; rango&#58; 10-17&#44;2&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; La ADE fue &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;5&#37; en 70 pacientes &#40;40&#37;&#41; y 23 &#40;11&#37;&#41; sujetos de control&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ADE de los pacientes con EPOC mostr&#243; correlaciones positivas con las concentraciones de PCR &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;27&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; DVD &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;24&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y la presencia de HAP &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; y ECV &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;24&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41;&#44; y correlaciones inversas con las concentraciones de hemoglobina &#40;Hb&#41; &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#44;26&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44; 01&#41; y de alb&#250;mina s&#233;rica &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#44;23&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Los an&#225;lisis de correlaci&#243;n de la poblaci&#243;n sana mostraron una significativa correlaci&#243;n entre la ADE y el &#237;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;57&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; y una correlaci&#243;n inversa con la concentraci&#243;n de Hb &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#44;38&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al comparar los pacientes con valores elevados de ADE &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;5&#37;&#41; con aquellos que no presentaban elevaciones de la ADE &#40;&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; los primeros tuvieron m&#225;s probabilidades de presentar valores m&#225;s elevados de PCR y de PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; y m&#225;s bajos de FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#46; Adem&#225;s de la DVD&#44; la presencia de HAP y de ECV fue significativamente m&#225;s alta entre los pacientes con ADE elevada &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46; En la poblaci&#243;n sana&#44; los valores de ADE fueron significativamente m&#225;s altos entre los fumadores&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los no fumadores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46; Asimismo&#44; en la comparaci&#243;n de los sujetos sanos con ADE incrementada o normal&#44; solo el &#237;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos indic&#243; significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica&#46; El an&#225;lisis univariante de los pacientes con EPOC mostr&#243; que los valores elevados de ADE &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;5&#37;&#41; eran los que se asociaban m&#225;s estrechamente con los niveles m&#225;s altos de PCR &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y de PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#44; las concentraciones m&#225;s bajas de Hb &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y la presencia de HAP &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1&#41;&#44; ECV &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y DVD &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;004&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multivariante&#44; la probabilidad de presentar una ECV fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes con valores elevados de ADE &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y presencia de DVD &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis ROC mostr&#243; que el punto de corte &#243;ptimo de ADE para el diagn&#243;stico de la DVD es de 16&#44;9&#46; Al utilizar este punto de corte&#44; la sensibilidad y la especificidad de la ADE para el diagn&#243;stico de la DVD fueron del 78 y del 88&#44;7&#37;&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; numerosos estudios han demostrado los que la ADE es un s&#243;lido factor pron&#243;stico de la mortalidad por todas las causas y de episodios cardiovasculares en pacientes con antecedentes de enfermedad card&#237;aca o insuficiencia card&#237;aca cr&#243;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7-10</span></a>&#46; Asimismo&#44; en cohortes poblacionales&#44; la ADE ha demostrado ser un factor de predicci&#243;n s&#243;lido de la mortalidad por todas las causas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Todos los estudios sugieren que la fisiopatolog&#237;a que conduce a la elevaci&#243;n de la ADE puede ser un reflejo de un estado inflamatorio cr&#243;nico subyacente que causar&#237;a mayor riesgo de ECV y mayor mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;14&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Planteamos la hip&#243;tesis de que&#44; en pacientes con EPOC&#44; una situaci&#243;n de inflamaci&#243;n cr&#243;nica podr&#237;a ser un v&#237;nculo mec&#225;nico entre la elevaci&#243;n de la ADE y la ECV&#46; El presente estudio ha demostrado que la ADE de los pacientes con EPOC es m&#225;s alta&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los sujetos de control&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se ha observado que en estos pacientes la ADE es un factor de predicci&#243;n independiente de ECV&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La elevaci&#243;n de la ADE es el resultado de la heterogeneidad del volumen eritrocitario y la fragmentaci&#243;n de eritrocitos en la circulaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Los factores que contribuyen a esta mayor heterogeneidad del volumen eritrocitario comprenden la deficiencia de hierro&#44; vitamina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span> o folato&#44; la reducci&#243;n de la vida de los eritrocitos&#44; la alteraci&#243;n de la eritropoyesis y las transfusiones de sangre<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; La inflamaci&#243;n tambi&#233;n tiene la capacidad de incrementar los valores de ADE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a>&#46; Estudios recientes han demostrado que los valores elevados de ADE tambi&#233;n se asocian con resultados adversos en la ECV y en otras patolog&#237;as no cardiovasculares como&#44; por ejemplo&#44; la insuficiencia card&#237;aca&#44; la hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; la embolia pulmonar&#44; la apnea del sue&#241;o&#44; as&#237; como en pacientes de unidades de cuidados intensivos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9&#44;12&#44;13&#44;24-26</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; el presente estudio ha indicado que&#44; en adultos de mediana edad y ancianos&#44; la elevaci&#243;n de la ADE est&#225; muy relacionada con un mayor riesgo de muerte y de episodios cardiovasculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Los valores de ADE en pacientes con EPOC han sido examinados en 2 estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#46; Estos estudios concluyeron que la ADE podr&#237;a ser un marcador pron&#243;stico a largo plazo y un marcador de DVD&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; observamos que los valores de ADE de los pacientes con EPOC eran significativamente m&#225;s altos que los de los sujetos sanos&#46; Nuestro objetivo principal fue no discriminar a los pacientes con EPOC de los sujetos sanos&#46; Sin embargo&#44; cuando se comparan pacientes con EPOC y sujetos sanos&#44; la capacidad discriminatoria no es alta&#46; Al igual que en el estudio que llevaron a cabo Dincer et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; observamos que los valores elevados de ADE se asociaban con ECV en pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ECV es m&#225;s frecuente entre los pacientes con EPOC que en la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n es un factor de riesgo importante del desarrollo de ECV&#46; Asimismo&#44; se cree que la hipoxemia&#44; el estr&#233;s oxidativo y la inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica tambi&#233;n contribuyen a la aparici&#243;n de la ECV en pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46; Es posible que&#44; mediante todas estas v&#237;as&#44; la EPOC est&#233; relacionada con la ECV en cuanto se refiere a inflamaci&#243;n&#44; ateroesclerosis y disfunci&#243;n endotelial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; La liberaci&#243;n de citocinas inflamatorias en la EPOC podr&#237;a afectar la funci&#243;n medular &#243;sea&#44; lo que inhibir&#237;a la maduraci&#243;n eritrocitaria inducida por la eritropoyetina y&#44; como consecuencia&#44; incrementar&#237;a la ADE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; As&#237;&#44; valores elevados de ADE podr&#237;an ser el reflejo de inflamaci&#243;n cr&#243;nica subyacente&#44; lo que resultar&#237;a en mayor riesgo de ECV en pacientes con EPOC&#46; En el presente estudio observamos una correlaci&#243;n significativa entre la PCR y la ADE&#46; Este hallazgo podr&#237;a demostrar un posible v&#237;nculo entre la inflamaci&#243;n de la EPOC y los valores de ADE&#46; Un 34&#37; de los pacientes con EPOC de este estudio presentaban una ECV com&#243;rbida&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se concluy&#243; que la ECV concomitante era la causa principal de la elevaci&#243;n de la ADE de estos pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar &#40;HP&#41; produce hipertrofia ventricular derecha&#44; agrandamiento del ventr&#237;culo derecho y&#44; finalmente&#44; DVD&#46; Hampole et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> investigaron la relaci&#243;n existente entre la ADE y la muerte en 162 pacientes con HP&#44; y observaron que existe una asociaci&#243;n independiente entre la ADE y la mortalidad&#44; y que esta es mejor indicador pron&#243;stico que el p&#233;ptido pronatriur&#233;tico N-terminal&#46; En otro estudio efectuado en pacientes con EPOC se constat&#243; una asociaci&#243;n entre la elevaci&#243;n de la ADE y la DVD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; El estudio de Dincer prob&#243; que el punto de corte para detectar DVD en pacientes con EPOC era de 17&#44;7&#46; De manera similar&#44; nosotros concluimos que una ADE elevada se correlacionaba bien con la HP y la DVD en pacientes con EPOC&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; observamos que un valor de ADE de 16&#44;9 tambi&#233;n es altamente sensible y espec&#237;fico para el diagn&#243;stico de DVD&#44; y el an&#225;lisis multivariante indic&#243; que la DVD es uno de los factores que influyen en el valor de ADE de los pacientes con EPOC&#44; por lo que consideramos que una ADE incrementada puede ser un indicador de DVD&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tabaquismo es uno de los principales factores de riesgo de EPOC y un importante factor de riesgo de ECV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Por s&#237; mismo&#44; el tabaquismo puede producir inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica evidenciada&#44; por ejemplo&#44; por un aumento del recuento leucocitario total&#46; Pero el grado de inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica es mayor en los pacientes con EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; La inflamaci&#243;n local que presentan los fumadores se caracteriza por un aumento de las c&#233;lulas inflamatorias&#44; tales como neutr&#243;filos&#44; linfocitos y macr&#243;fagos&#44; y concentraciones elevadas de TNF-&#945; y IL-8&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los controles sanos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Estos resultados sugieren que el tabaquismo puede asociarse con mayor producci&#243;n hep&#225;tica de PCR y a los mecanismos de la inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica&#46; En un estudio que examin&#243; la asociaci&#243;n entre el tabaquismo y la ADE en sujetos sanos se demostr&#243; que el consumo de tabaco incrementaba los valores de ADE&#44; y que la duraci&#243;n del tabaquismo y el n&#250;mero de cigarrillos diarios se correlacionaban bien con el valor de ADE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; En el presente estudio detectamos una correlaci&#243;n positiva entre el &#237;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos y la ADE en sujetos sanos&#46; La ADE fue significativamente m&#225;s alta en los sujetos fumadores que en los no fumadores&#46; Este hallazgo sugiere que los fumadores sanos que no padecen EPOC tambi&#233;n pueden presentar inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica&#46; Por consiguiente&#44; planteamos la hip&#243;tesis de que un aumento de la ADE se asocia con el consumo de tabaco y puede ser un indicador &#250;til de la actividad inflamatoria de los fumadores sanos&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las limitaciones que presenta este estudio son la inclusi&#243;n de pocos pacientes y la debilidad de algunas correlaciones&#46; Es necesario llevar a cabo un estudio longitudinal para determinar la relaci&#243;n causal entre la inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica y la ECV&#46; Este estudio deber&#237;a considerarse un estudio piloto que requiere ser validado&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para concluir&#44; un aumento de la ADE puede ser un indicador de inflamaci&#243;n subyacente en la EPOC y&#44; por s&#237; misma&#44; la ADE puede ser un instrumento simple y &#250;til para evaluar la ECV y la DVD en pacientes con EPOC&#46; En pacientes con EPOC&#44; la ADE ha demostrado ser m&#225;s sensible que la PCR para predecir la existencia de disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha y ECV&#46; Se trata de un par&#225;metro cuya determinaci&#243;n es m&#225;s frecuente y barata que la de otras citocinas inflamatorias &#40;TNF-&#945;&#44; IL-8&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en los sujetos sanos la ADE podr&#237;a ser un biomarcador del efecto de inflamaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica del tabaquismo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Autor&#237;a</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El Dr&#46; S&#46;E&#46;C&#46; efectu&#243; todos los procedimientos&#44; prepar&#243; la base de datos y redact&#243; el manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El Dr&#46; O&#46;G&#46; asisti&#243; al Dr&#46; S&#46;E&#46;C&#46; durante la pr&#225;ctica de los procedimientos&#44; organiz&#243; la base de datos y contribuy&#243; a la redacci&#243;n del manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El Dr&#46; O&#46;M&#46;A&#46; asisti&#243; al Dr&#46; S&#46;E&#46;C&#46; durante la pr&#225;ctica de los procedimientos y la preparaci&#243;n de la base de datos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; incrementa el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular &#40;ECV&#41;&#46; La amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria &#40;ADE&#41; se considera un potente factor de predicci&#243;n de la evoluci&#243;n de los pacientes con ECV&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar los valores de ADE de pacientes con EPOC y compararlos en relaci&#243;n al estado cl&#237;nico&#44; ecocardiogr&#225;fico&#44; nutricional y anal&#237;tico de los pacientes&#46; Por otra parte&#44; nos propusimos analizar el efecto del consumo de tabaco sobre los valores de ADE de sujetos sanos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En el estudio se incluyeron 175 pacientes con EPOC estabilizados y 210 sujetos sanos&#46; Se registraron y se compararon las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas&#44; cl&#237;nicas&#44; nutricionales&#44; ecocardiogr&#225;ficas y anal&#237;ticas&#44; y los valores de ADE&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de ADE fueron m&#225;s altos en el grupo de pacientes con EPOC que en el grupo control &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&#37; vs&#46; 13&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Los valores de ADE de los pacientes con EPOC mostraron una correlaci&#243;n positiva con las concentraciones de PCR &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;27&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; las concentraciones de alb&#250;mina &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;23&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41; y la presencia de disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha &#40;DVD&#41; &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;24&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar &#40;HAP&#41; &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; y ECV &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;24&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica para variables m&#250;ltiples sugiri&#243; una relaci&#243;n independiente de la presencia de ECV &#40;4&#44;3&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;3-11&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y de DVD &#40;3&#44;1&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;7-8&#44;3&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; con valores elevados de ADE en los pacientes con EPOC&#46; En la poblaci&#243;n sana&#44; el an&#225;lisis solo mostr&#243; una correlaci&#243;n significativa entre la ADE y la duraci&#243;n del consumo de tabaco &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;57&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En pacientes con EPOC&#44; la ADE se asocia de manera independiente con la ECV y la DVD&#46; En la poblaci&#243;n sana&#44; la ADE tambi&#233;n se asocia con el consumo de tabaco&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
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            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; increases the risk of cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#46; Red blood cell distribution width &#40;RDW&#41; is accepted as a powerful predictor of outcomes in patients with CVD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Aims</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To study RDW in patients with COPD&#44; and to compare the value of this measurement with clinical&#44; echocardiographic&#44; nutritional and laboratory status&#46; Secondly&#44; we aimed to determine the effect of smoking on RDW values in healthy subjects&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">One hundred and seventy-five patients with stable COPD and 210 healthy controls were enrolled in the study&#46; Demographic&#44; clinical&#44; nutritional status&#44; echocardiographic&#44; and laboratory characteristics&#44; RDW values were recorded and compared&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RDW values were higher in the COPD group than in controls &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;3&#37; vs&#46; 13&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;5&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In COPD patients&#44; RDW levels positively correlated with CRP levels &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; albumin levels &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;23&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;04&#41;&#44; right ventricular dysfunction &#40;RVD&#41; &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;24&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; pulmonary hypertension &#40;PAH&#41; &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;02&#41;&#44; and presence of CVD &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;24&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;02&#41;&#46; In multivariable logistic regression suggested that presence of CVD &#40;4&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;3 to 11&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#44; and presence of RVD &#40;3&#46;1&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;7 to 8&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;02&#41; were independently related to elevated RDW levels in COPD patients&#46; In the healthy population&#44; correlations analysis showed only a significant correlation between RDW and cigarette smoking years &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;57&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RDW is independently associated with CVD and RVD in patients with COPD&#46; In the healthy population&#44; RDW is also associated with smoking status&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
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            "titulo" => "Aims"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria fueron m&#225;s elevados en el grupo de EPOC que en el grupo control &#40;15&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3 vs&#46; 13&#44;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curva de caracter&#237;sticas operativas del receptor&#46; Los valores de amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria obtenidos antes del ecocardiograma fueron predictivos de la presencia de DVD&#44; con una sensibilidad del 71&#37; y una especificidad del 88&#37;&#44; y un valor de corte &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#44;9&#46;</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ADE&#58; amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria&#59; DVD&#58; disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en un segundo&#59; FVC&#58; capacidad vital forzada&#44; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; n&#58; n&#250;mero de casos&#59; n&#46;d&#46;&#58; no disponible&#59; n&#46;s&#46;&#58; estad&#237;sticamente no significativo&#59; PCR&#59; prote&#237;na C reactiva&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes con EPOC &#40;n &#61; 175&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes sanos &#40;n &#61; 210&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor de p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61 &#177; 7&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&#44;4 &#177; 11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo &#40;varones&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">110 &#40;63&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IMC &#40;kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#44;8 &#177; 3&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#44;8 &#177; 2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tabaquismo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumadores &#40;&#237;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43&#44;4 &#177; 1&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#44;5 &#177; 1&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumadores activos &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77 &#40;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">113 &#40;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exfumadores &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89 &#40;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No fumadores &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72 &#40;34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables anal&#237;ticas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ADE &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#44;04 &#177; 2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;08 &#177; 2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hb &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;3 &#177; 1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;1 &#177; 3&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;1 &#40;0&#44;5-2&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;5 &#40;0&#44;4-0&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;3 &#177; 0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;5 &#177; 1&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64 &#177; 11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47 &#177; 5&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;37 &#40;7&#44;35-7&#44;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pruebas de funci&#243;n pulmonar</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC &#40;&#37; previsto&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;32-60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96&#44;3 &#40;63-110&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37; previsto&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36 &#40;26-57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">91&#44;8 &#40;78-105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; previsto&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64 &#40;52-70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95&#44;1 &#40;77-98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab1416514.png"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0045"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Resultados presentados mediante el valor medio &#177; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#46;</p>"
            ]
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0050"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Resultados presentados mediante la mediana &#40;intervalos de cuartiles&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas y espirom&#233;tricas de los grupos del estudio</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en un segundo&#59; FVC&#58; capacidad vital forzada&#59; HAP&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial pulmonar&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; LVD&#59; disfunci&#243;n ventricular izquierda&#59; n&#44; n&#250;mero de casos&#59; n&#46;d&#46;&#44; no disponible&#59; n&#46;s&#46;&#44; estad&#237;sticamente no significativo&#59; PCR&#58; prote&#237;na C reactiva&#59; RVD&#44; disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes con EPOC</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sujetos sanos</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ADE</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ADE</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Coeficiente r&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Coeficiente r&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Edad media &#40;a&#241;os&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sexo &#40;varones&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#205;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumadores activos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exfumadores&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IMC &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables respiratorias</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; prev&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbilidades</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertensi&#243;n&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad CV&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables anal&#237;ticas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemoglobina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Par&#225;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;d&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DVI &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DVD &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Presencia de HAP &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ADE &#62; 15&#44;5&#37;<br>&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ADE &#8804; 15&#44;5&#37;<br>&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Edad media &#40;a&#241;os&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sexo &#40;varones&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47 &#40;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63 &#40;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#205;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40 &#40;10-60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;8-54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumadores activos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">49 &#40;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exfumadores&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IMC &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables respiratorias</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33 &#40;20-70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37 &#40;20-70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; prev&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67 &#40;56-74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68 &#40;56-75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41 &#40;30-54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;34-67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbilidades</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertensi&#243;n &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad CV &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Par&#225;metros hem&#225;ticos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemoglobina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VCM &#40;fl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;7 &#40;0&#44;7-10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;5 &#40;0&#44;6-3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;39 &#40;7&#44;35 - 7&#44;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;4 &#40;7&#44;37-7&#44;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Duraci&#243;n de la enfermedad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;7-20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;6-20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Par&#225;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Disfunci&#243;n VI&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Disfunci&#243;n VD&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32 &#40;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Presencia de HAP&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0025"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Resultados mostrados mediante la media<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparaci&#243;n de par&#225;metros entre los grupos de pacientes con EPOC con ADE normal y ADE elevada</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en un segundo&#59; FVC&#58; capacidad vital forzada&#59; HAP&#58; hipertensi&#243;n arterial pulmonar&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; LVD&#58; disfunci&#243;n ventricular izquierda&#59; n&#58; n&#250;mero de casos&#59; n&#46;s&#46;&#58; estad&#237;sticamente no significativo&#59; p&#58; amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria elevado vs&#46; no elevado&#59; PCR&#58; prote&#237;na C reactiva&#59; RVD&#58; disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha&#59; VCM&#58; volumen corpuscular medio&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fumadores &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>113&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No fumadores &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Edad media &#40;a&#241;os&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sexo &#40;varones&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59 &#40;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IMC &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables respiratorias</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">94&#44;1 &#40;56-110&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97&#44;5 &#40;53-105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; previsto&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87&#44;8 &#40;78-105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">91 &#40;80-105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95&#44;1 &#40;77-98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92&#44;3 &#40;80-98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Par&#225;metros hem&#225;ticos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemoglobina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VCM &#40;fl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95 &#40;0&#44;7-4&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;3 &#40;0&#44;6-5&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">n&#46;s&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab1416512.png"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0035"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Resultados mostrados mediante la media<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0040"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Resultados mostrados mediante la mediana &#40;cuartiles&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas&#44; espirom&#233;tricas y par&#225;metros hem&#225;ticos iniciales de los sujetos sanos</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DVD&#58; disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha&#59; DVI&#58; disfunci&#243;n ventricular izquierda&#59; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en un segundo&#59; FVC&#58; capacidad vital forzada&#59; HAP&#58; hipertensi&#243;n arterial pulmonar&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; n&#46;s&#46;&#58; estad&#237;sticamente no significativo&#59; PCR&#58; prote&#237;na C reactiva&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">An&#225;lisis univariante<br>p<br>OR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">An&#225;lisis multivariante<br>p<br>OR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;17<br>1&#44;026 &#40;0&#44;98-1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sexo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;98<br>1 &#40;0&#44;5-1&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IMC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;6<br>0&#44;99 &#40;0&#44;91-1&#44;18&#41;<br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#205;ndice de consumo de cigarrillos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;69<br>1 &#40;0&#44;9-1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fumador activo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;75<br>0&#44;8 &#40;0&#44;3-1&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001<br>1&#44;3 &#40;1&#44;1-1&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;7<br>0&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;4-1&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;23<br>0&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;95-1&#44;01&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;04<br>1&#44;04 &#40;1&#44;01-1&#44;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;11<br>1&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;98-1&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Alb&#250;mina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;05<br>0&#44;36 &#40;0&#44;17-0&#44;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;52<br>0&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;86-1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;004<br>0&#44;8 &#40;0&#44;6-0&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;06<br>0&#44;8 &#40;0&#44;6-1&#44;01&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FVC&#44; previsto &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;18<br>1&#44;6 &#40;0&#44;9-1&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;FVC &#40;&#37; previsto&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;45<br>1&#44;01 &#40;0&#44;97-1&#44;06&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; previsto &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;9<br>0&#44;97 &#40;0&#44;95-1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presencia de HAP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;08<br>0&#44;6 &#40;0&#44;3-1&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;5<br>0&#44;74 &#40;0&#44;3-1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presencia de enfermedad cardiovascular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001<br>5&#44;3 &#40;2&#44;7-9&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;01<br>4&#44;3 &#40;1&#44;3-11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presencia de DVD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001<br>6&#44;08 &#40;3&#44;1-11&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;02<br>3&#44;1 &#40;1&#44;7-8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presencia de DVI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;46<br>0&#44;58 &#40;0&#44;14-2&#44;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Presencia de hipertensi&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#44;44<br>1&#44;3 &#40;0&#44;6-3&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1416516.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis univariante y multivariante de los factores de riesgo de elevaci&#243;n de la amplitud de distribuci&#243;n eritrocitaria en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evaluating novel cardiovascular risk factors&#58; Can we better predict heart attacks&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "P&#46;M&#46; Ridker"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "130"
                        "paginaInicial" => "933"
                        "paginaFinal" => "937"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10375342"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Lung function and cardiovascular risk&#58; Relationship with inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Engstrom"
                            1 => "P&#46; Lind"
                            2 => "B&#46; Hedblad"
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