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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome &#40;OSAHS&#41; is a disorder that affects between 1&#37; and 4&#37; of the general population&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span> At present polysomnography is considered the test of choice for establishing a diagnosis of OSAHS and evaluating its severity&#46; Traditionally&#44; sleep stages are scored by hand according to previously established criteria&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> However there is interobserver variability in the analysis of polysomnographic data and furthermore the process consumes a great deal of time and resources&#46; Modern polygraphs incorporate systems that automatically analyze neurological parameters and record respiratory episodes&#44; oxygen desaturation&#44; and respiratory movements&#46; Such automatic systems are not sufficiently validated and lack precision in discriminating sleep stages or detecting respiratory episodes in clinical practice&#46; Given the differences between various kinds of sleep analysis&#44; it was decided to undertake a study comparing hand and automatic scoring of the variables obtained by the 16-channel polygraphic system Somnostar &#945; 4100 &#40;SensorMedics Corporation&#44; Yorba Linda&#44; California&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Materials and Methods</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The study took place at the Hospital M&#250;tua de Terrassa&#44; a referral hospital in the town of Terrassa&#44; near Barcelona&#44; that serves a population of 200 000 inhabitants&#46; Attached to its Department of Respiratory Medicine&#44; the hospital has a sleep clinic that is equipped to carry out standard polysomnography and respiratory polygraphy&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Twenty-eight patients with a diagnosis of suspected OSAHS were referred from the outpatients&#39; clinic of the Department of Respiratory Medicine and studied over a period of 3 months&#46; All patients underwent chest x-ray&#44; forced spirometry&#44; and blood testing&#44; and all completed an Epworth questionnaire&#46; All patients then underwent attended conventional polysomnography &#40;Somnostar &#945;4100&#41; in the hospital&#39;s sleep unit&#46; Parameters from the following tests were monitored&#58; 4 electroencephalogram &#40;EEG&#41; channels &#40;EEG&#59; C4-A1&#44; C3-A2&#44; O1-A2&#44; O2-A1&#41;&#44; electrooculogram&#44; chin and tibial electromyograms&#44; and electrocardiogram&#46; Oronasal airflow was recorded using a thermistor sensor&#44; thoracic and abdominal movements using piezoelectric sensors&#44; and oxygen saturation in arterial blood using pulse oximetry&#46; The nasal pressure wave was not monitored because the equipment was not available&#44; and this represents a limitation of the study&#46; Apnea was defined as a cessation of oronasal airflow lasting for at least 10 seconds&#44; and hypopnea as a significant reduction of oronasal airflow and&#47;or thoracic-abdominal movements accompanied by arousals and&#47;or oxygen desaturation of 3&#37; or more&#46; Arousal was defined as an increase in the frequency of the EEG lasting for more than 3 seconds subject to certain conditions&#44; following the guidelines of the American Sleep Disorders Association&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> OSAHS was diagnosed when the apnea-hypopnea index &#40;AHI&#41; obtained by standard polysomnography was greater than 10 per hour&#46; None of the patients had previously initiated continuous positive airway pressure treatment&#46; One member of the research team &#40;BB&#41; carried out manual and automatic readings of the polysomnographic variables in random order&#46; The Somnostar &#945; 4100 traces out its results automatically but these marks were removed before hand scoring and therefore did not influence the manual readings&#46; Hand scoring of the different sleep stages was carried out according to the parameters previously established by Rechtscaffen and Kales&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> Automatic interpretation of the EEG was carried out by the software of the Somnostar &#945; 4100&#44; which uses spectral analysis&#46; In spectral analysis a mathematical algorithm identifies the amplitude and frequency of the EEG waves and classifies them as delta&#44; theta&#44; alpha&#44; or beta&#46; The same algorithm is applied to the signal given by the electrooculogram&#46; Respiratory episodes were analyzed and recorded automatically by the Somnostar &#945; 4100&#44; whose system establishes a baseline by taking the mean number of breaths in the 2 minutes preceding the event&#46; It defines apnea as a reduction in oronasal airflow of greater than 80&#37; from baseline&#44; and hypopnea as a decrease in oronasal airflow of at least 50&#37; from baseline associated with 4&#37; oxygen desaturation&#46; The results are expressed as means with SD between parentheses&#46; The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to establish agreement between the 2 types of analysis&#46; To obtain a graphic representation of the difference between the 2 types of analysis&#44; we used the Bland and Altman<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> method for assessing agreement between 2 methods of clinical measurement expected to yield the same results&#46; The sensitivity&#44; specificity&#44; and positive and negative predictive values of the respiratory parameters were calculated on the basis of the manual analysis using as reference an AHI of 10 obtained by standard polysomnography&#46; A value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#60;&#60;&#47;I&#62;&#46;05 was considered to be statistically significant&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Results</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Twenty eight patients &#40;21 men&#44; 7 women&#41; with a mean age of 50 took part in the study&#46; The anthropometric and lung function characteristics in Table 1 show that they were moderately obese patients with excessive daytime sleepiness&#46; The final diagnosis established by manual analysis was OSAHS in 20 cases&#46; Eight patients did not have OSAHS&#46; There was moderate agreement between automatic and manual analysis on sleep parameters and on most respiratory parameters &#40;Table 2&#41;&#46; Automatic analysis tended to underestimate the duration of the stages of REM sleep &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;007&#41; and deep sleep &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;3&#41; but there was moderate agreement for light sleep &#40;stages 1 and 2&#41;&#46; Agreement between the 2 kinds of analysis on respiratory parameters was high&#44; both for the final AHI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;0001&#41; and for the apneas &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;0001&#41;&#46; However&#44; agreement was low for hypopneas&#44; which were underestimated by automatic analysis&#46; The graphic representation showed substantial differences between the 2 methods in recording sleep stages&#44; due fundamentally to lack of precision in the automatic analysis &#40;Figures 1 and 2&#41;&#46; Comparison of respiratory episodes showed few differences with regard to the AHI &#40;Figure 3&#41;&#46; However there was a definite reduction in agreement as the number of episodes &#40;mostly hypopneas&#41; increased&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab02.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab03.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Comparison of the standardized difference between manual &#40;m&#41; and automatic &#40;a&#41; analyses for stage 1 with the standardized mean for stage 1&#46; The horizontal lines represent the upper and lower limits of agreement &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab04.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Comparison of the standardized difference between manual &#40;m&#41; and automatic &#40;a&#41; analyses for stage 3 with the standardized mean for stage 3&#46; The horizontal lines represent the upper and lower limits of agreement &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab05.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 3&#46; Comparison of the standardized difference between the apnea-hypopnea index &#40;AHI&#41; in manual &#40;m&#41; and automatic &#40;a&#41; analyses with the standardized mean&#46; The horizontal lines represent the upper and lower limits of agreement &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">When the data was stratified by AHI for analysis&#44; manual analysis provided few new diagnoses among patients with an AHI over 30&#46; However&#44; for patients with an AHI between 15 and 30&#44; manual analysis gave 7 more positive diagnoses&#44; 25&#37; of the 28 cases studied &#40;Figure 4&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab06.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Figure 4&#46; Stratification of respiratory episodes by automatic and manual analyses&#46; AHI indicates apnea-hypopnea index&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">If we take manual analysis as the gold standard&#44; automatic analysis at an AHI cut point greater than 10 had a sensitivity of 55&#37;&#44; a specificity of 100&#37;&#44; a positive predictive value of 100&#37;&#44; a negative predictive value of 47&#37;&#44; and an overall diagnostic yield of 67&#46;8&#37;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Discussion</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This study confirms that the automatic analysis of respiratory and neurological variables carried out by the Somnostar &#945; 4100 is less sensitive than manual analysis&#46; Agreement between the 2 types of analysis is good for the AHI but poor for sleep stages&#44; especially deep sleep and REM&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Automatic methods of analysis of respiratory variables can be useful as they provide information about additional variables such as the duration of respiratory episodes&#44; mean and minimum saturation&#44; and the percentage of recording time with oxygen saturation less than 90&#37;&#46; They also measure snoring and body position&#46; Compared with manual analysis&#44; automatic methods tend to underestimate AHI&#44; mostly because they fail to recognize hypopneas&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> The sensitivity and specificity of automatic analysis varies according to what is being measured&#46; In this study automatic analysis underestimated AHI&#44; especially if the number of respiratory episodes was low &#40;less than 30&#41; and hypopneas predominated&#46; In addition&#44; when the AHI was greater than 10&#44; sensitivity and negative predictive values were 55&#37; and 47&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; This is probably tied to the failure to detect hypopneas&#44; the reason why a manual analysis of respiratory variables is necessary&#46; Similar results were published in a study by Zucconi et al&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> in which automatic and&#47;or semi-automatic analysis of respiratory variables had high sensitivity and specificity for high AHI cut points but not for low ones&#46; However&#44; some authors have found good correlation for AHI calculated by the 2 kinds of analysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> Correlation has largely depended on the type of automatic system used&#46; Authors who have evaluated systems of analysis that are less complex than conventional polysomnography have found that assisted manual analysis in such simplified systems does not have a higher diagnostic yield than automatic analysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> Other authors have seen that manual analysis is better than automatic scoring&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Automatic systems of sleep analysis have improved over the past few years&#46; However they underestimate total and stage 2 sleep time&#44; mostly due to difficulty identifying the K-waves and spindles&#46; They also overestimate stage 1&#44; but stage 3 and REM readings are little affected&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span> In this study agreement between the 2 types of analysis was moderate for the stages of light sleep and low for the deep sleep and REM stages&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There are various ways of analyzing EEGs using a spectral frequency index&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> The main advantage of spectral analysis over visual analysis is that the stages of deep sleep are assessed continuously and more objectively&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Certain computerized methods detect sleep spindles automatically by quantifying the frequency and amplitude of EEG waves&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span> With this type of analysis there is also a reduction in the number of artifacts&#46; It is therefore a very flexible method&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Philip-Joet et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> achieved 81&#37; total agreement&#44; 11&#37; partial agreement&#44; and 8&#37; disagreement between spectral analysis of EEGs and manual analysis&#46; With spectral analysis the reliability of the EEG reading can be estimated rapidly&#46; However in this study we found low agreement between the 2 types of analysis for sleep stages&#44; especially deep sleep and REM&#46; Probably the program for automatic analysis did not correctly identify spindles and K-waves&#46; Nor did the program correctly identify the REM stage&#44; which is sometimes confused with stage 1 because eye movements are interpreted incorrectly&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Several factors can modify the characteristics and interpretation of the EEG&#46; First&#44; the so-called &#34;first night effect&#34; causes an increase in the amount of time spent awake&#44; a decrease in total sleep time&#44; a reduction in sleep efficiency&#44; and a reduction in REM stage sleep&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span> Second&#44; interobserver variability&#44; with a level of agreement between different technicians of between 82&#37; and 88&#37;&#44; also affects interpretation&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span> Interobserver variability was not taken into account in the present study because the same researcher recorded all the readings&#46; Third&#44; intraobserver variability may slightly affect the manual readings of polysomnographic results and the fact that we did not assess it represents a limitation of our study&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">At present&#44; systems of automatic analysis used by polygraphic screening devices have limited sensitivity and specificity as they provide inadequate readings of some respiratory episodes &#40;hypopneas&#41; and of sleep stages&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> However&#44; as automatic analysis can simplify sleep assessment&#44; automatic polygraphy during sleep followed by manual analysis is now recommended&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In conclusion&#44; conventional manual polysomnography is the most sensitive and specific method for correctly stratifying sleep stages and recording respiratory episodes&#46; It is important to assess new automatic systems for use in day-to-day clinical practice and in this way increase available resources&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Acknowledgments</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors would like to thank Dr&#46; F&#46; Barb&#233;&#44; from the Hospital Universitari Son Dureta for his help in writing this article&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">Correspondence&#58; Dr&#46; B&#46; Barreiro L&#243;pez&#46;<br></br> Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#46; Hospital M&#250;tua de Terrassa&#46;<br></br> Pza&#46; Dr&#46; Robert&#44; 5&#46; 08221 Terrassa&#46; Barcelona&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46;<br></br> E-mail&#58; <a href="pneumologia&#64;mutuaterrassa&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> pneumologia&#64;mutuaterrassa&#46;es</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Manuscript received March 5&#44; 2003&#46; Accepted for publication July 1&#44; 2003&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "Objective&#58; To compare automatic and manual analysis of neurological and respiratory variables obtained with the SomnoStar &#945; 4100&#44; a 16-channel polysomnographic system&#46; Patients and method&#58; Twenty-eight patients suspected of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome were enrolled and given conventional polysomnographic tests&#46; The order of automatic and manual reading of respiratory episodes&#44; sleep stages&#44; and arousals was randomized&#46; We assessed agreement with the intraclass correlation coefficient and plotted standardized differences against standardized means&#44; using the Bland-Altman method&#46; Results&#58; Poor agreement was observed between the 2 types of analysis of sleep stages&#44; especially for REM and deep sleep stages&#46; Agreement was good for apneic episodes among the respiratory variables&#59; however&#44; automatic analysis underestimated hypopneas&#46; If manual analysis is considered the gold standard at the apnea-hypopnea index cut point greater than 10&#44; automatic analysis obtained a sensitivity of 55&#37;&#44; a specificity and positive predictive value of 100&#37;&#44; a negative predictive value of 47&#37;&#44; and an overall diagnostic yield of 67&#46;8&#37;&#46; Conclusions&#58; The automatic analysis of the SomnoStar 4100 system provides an unsatisfactory reading of sleep stages and respiratory episodes&#44; especially hypopneas&#46;"
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Comparison Between Automatic and Manual Analysis in the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome
Comparación entre el análisis automático y manual de la polisomnografía convencional en el diagnóstico del síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño
B. Barreiroa, G. Badosaa, S. Quintanab, L. Estebana, JL. Herediaa
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
b Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome &#40;OSAHS&#41; is a disorder that affects between 1&#37; and 4&#37; of the general population&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span> At present polysomnography is considered the test of choice for establishing a diagnosis of OSAHS and evaluating its severity&#46; Traditionally&#44; sleep stages are scored by hand according to previously established criteria&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> However there is interobserver variability in the analysis of polysomnographic data and furthermore the process consumes a great deal of time and resources&#46; Modern polygraphs incorporate systems that automatically analyze neurological parameters and record respiratory episodes&#44; oxygen desaturation&#44; and respiratory movements&#46; Such automatic systems are not sufficiently validated and lack precision in discriminating sleep stages or detecting respiratory episodes in clinical practice&#46; Given the differences between various kinds of sleep analysis&#44; it was decided to undertake a study comparing hand and automatic scoring of the variables obtained by the 16-channel polygraphic system Somnostar &#945; 4100 &#40;SensorMedics Corporation&#44; Yorba Linda&#44; California&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Materials and Methods</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The study took place at the Hospital M&#250;tua de Terrassa&#44; a referral hospital in the town of Terrassa&#44; near Barcelona&#44; that serves a population of 200 000 inhabitants&#46; Attached to its Department of Respiratory Medicine&#44; the hospital has a sleep clinic that is equipped to carry out standard polysomnography and respiratory polygraphy&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Twenty-eight patients with a diagnosis of suspected OSAHS were referred from the outpatients&#39; clinic of the Department of Respiratory Medicine and studied over a period of 3 months&#46; All patients underwent chest x-ray&#44; forced spirometry&#44; and blood testing&#44; and all completed an Epworth questionnaire&#46; All patients then underwent attended conventional polysomnography &#40;Somnostar &#945;4100&#41; in the hospital&#39;s sleep unit&#46; Parameters from the following tests were monitored&#58; 4 electroencephalogram &#40;EEG&#41; channels &#40;EEG&#59; C4-A1&#44; C3-A2&#44; O1-A2&#44; O2-A1&#41;&#44; electrooculogram&#44; chin and tibial electromyograms&#44; and electrocardiogram&#46; Oronasal airflow was recorded using a thermistor sensor&#44; thoracic and abdominal movements using piezoelectric sensors&#44; and oxygen saturation in arterial blood using pulse oximetry&#46; The nasal pressure wave was not monitored because the equipment was not available&#44; and this represents a limitation of the study&#46; Apnea was defined as a cessation of oronasal airflow lasting for at least 10 seconds&#44; and hypopnea as a significant reduction of oronasal airflow and&#47;or thoracic-abdominal movements accompanied by arousals and&#47;or oxygen desaturation of 3&#37; or more&#46; Arousal was defined as an increase in the frequency of the EEG lasting for more than 3 seconds subject to certain conditions&#44; following the guidelines of the American Sleep Disorders Association&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> OSAHS was diagnosed when the apnea-hypopnea index &#40;AHI&#41; obtained by standard polysomnography was greater than 10 per hour&#46; None of the patients had previously initiated continuous positive airway pressure treatment&#46; One member of the research team &#40;BB&#41; carried out manual and automatic readings of the polysomnographic variables in random order&#46; The Somnostar &#945; 4100 traces out its results automatically but these marks were removed before hand scoring and therefore did not influence the manual readings&#46; Hand scoring of the different sleep stages was carried out according to the parameters previously established by Rechtscaffen and Kales&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> Automatic interpretation of the EEG was carried out by the software of the Somnostar &#945; 4100&#44; which uses spectral analysis&#46; In spectral analysis a mathematical algorithm identifies the amplitude and frequency of the EEG waves and classifies them as delta&#44; theta&#44; alpha&#44; or beta&#46; The same algorithm is applied to the signal given by the electrooculogram&#46; Respiratory episodes were analyzed and recorded automatically by the Somnostar &#945; 4100&#44; whose system establishes a baseline by taking the mean number of breaths in the 2 minutes preceding the event&#46; It defines apnea as a reduction in oronasal airflow of greater than 80&#37; from baseline&#44; and hypopnea as a decrease in oronasal airflow of at least 50&#37; from baseline associated with 4&#37; oxygen desaturation&#46; The results are expressed as means with SD between parentheses&#46; The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to establish agreement between the 2 types of analysis&#46; To obtain a graphic representation of the difference between the 2 types of analysis&#44; we used the Bland and Altman<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> method for assessing agreement between 2 methods of clinical measurement expected to yield the same results&#46; The sensitivity&#44; specificity&#44; and positive and negative predictive values of the respiratory parameters were calculated on the basis of the manual analysis using as reference an AHI of 10 obtained by standard polysomnography&#46; A value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#60;&#60;&#47;I&#62;&#46;05 was considered to be statistically significant&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Results</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Twenty eight patients &#40;21 men&#44; 7 women&#41; with a mean age of 50 took part in the study&#46; The anthropometric and lung function characteristics in Table 1 show that they were moderately obese patients with excessive daytime sleepiness&#46; The final diagnosis established by manual analysis was OSAHS in 20 cases&#46; Eight patients did not have OSAHS&#46; There was moderate agreement between automatic and manual analysis on sleep parameters and on most respiratory parameters &#40;Table 2&#41;&#46; Automatic analysis tended to underestimate the duration of the stages of REM sleep &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;007&#41; and deep sleep &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;3&#41; but there was moderate agreement for light sleep &#40;stages 1 and 2&#41;&#46; Agreement between the 2 kinds of analysis on respiratory parameters was high&#44; both for the final AHI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;0001&#41; and for the apneas &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;0001&#41;&#46; However&#44; agreement was low for hypopneas&#44; which were underestimated by automatic analysis&#46; The graphic representation showed substantial differences between the 2 methods in recording sleep stages&#44; due fundamentally to lack of precision in the automatic analysis &#40;Figures 1 and 2&#41;&#46; Comparison of respiratory episodes showed few differences with regard to the AHI &#40;Figure 3&#41;&#46; However there was a definite reduction in agreement as the number of episodes &#40;mostly hypopneas&#41; increased&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab02.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab03.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Comparison of the standardized difference between manual &#40;m&#41; and automatic &#40;a&#41; analyses for stage 1 with the standardized mean for stage 1&#46; The horizontal lines represent the upper and lower limits of agreement &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab04.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Comparison of the standardized difference between manual &#40;m&#41; and automatic &#40;a&#41; analyses for stage 3 with the standardized mean for stage 3&#46; The horizontal lines represent the upper and lower limits of agreement &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab05.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 3&#46; Comparison of the standardized difference between the apnea-hypopnea index &#40;AHI&#41; in manual &#40;m&#41; and automatic &#40;a&#41; analyses with the standardized mean&#46; The horizontal lines represent the upper and lower limits of agreement &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">When the data was stratified by AHI for analysis&#44; manual analysis provided few new diagnoses among patients with an AHI over 30&#46; However&#44; for patients with an AHI between 15 and 30&#44; manual analysis gave 7 more positive diagnoses&#44; 25&#37; of the 28 cases studied &#40;Figure 4&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="260v39n12-13055459tab06.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Figure 4&#46; Stratification of respiratory episodes by automatic and manual analyses&#46; AHI indicates apnea-hypopnea index&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">If we take manual analysis as the gold standard&#44; automatic analysis at an AHI cut point greater than 10 had a sensitivity of 55&#37;&#44; a specificity of 100&#37;&#44; a positive predictive value of 100&#37;&#44; a negative predictive value of 47&#37;&#44; and an overall diagnostic yield of 67&#46;8&#37;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Discussion</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This study confirms that the automatic analysis of respiratory and neurological variables carried out by the Somnostar &#945; 4100 is less sensitive than manual analysis&#46; Agreement between the 2 types of analysis is good for the AHI but poor for sleep stages&#44; especially deep sleep and REM&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Automatic methods of analysis of respiratory variables can be useful as they provide information about additional variables such as the duration of respiratory episodes&#44; mean and minimum saturation&#44; and the percentage of recording time with oxygen saturation less than 90&#37;&#46; They also measure snoring and body position&#46; Compared with manual analysis&#44; automatic methods tend to underestimate AHI&#44; mostly because they fail to recognize hypopneas&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> The sensitivity and specificity of automatic analysis varies according to what is being measured&#46; In this study automatic analysis underestimated AHI&#44; especially if the number of respiratory episodes was low &#40;less than 30&#41; and hypopneas predominated&#46; In addition&#44; when the AHI was greater than 10&#44; sensitivity and negative predictive values were 55&#37; and 47&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; This is probably tied to the failure to detect hypopneas&#44; the reason why a manual analysis of respiratory variables is necessary&#46; Similar results were published in a study by Zucconi et al&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> in which automatic and&#47;or semi-automatic analysis of respiratory variables had high sensitivity and specificity for high AHI cut points but not for low ones&#46; However&#44; some authors have found good correlation for AHI calculated by the 2 kinds of analysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> Correlation has largely depended on the type of automatic system used&#46; Authors who have evaluated systems of analysis that are less complex than conventional polysomnography have found that assisted manual analysis in such simplified systems does not have a higher diagnostic yield than automatic analysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> Other authors have seen that manual analysis is better than automatic scoring&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Automatic systems of sleep analysis have improved over the past few years&#46; However they underestimate total and stage 2 sleep time&#44; mostly due to difficulty identifying the K-waves and spindles&#46; They also overestimate stage 1&#44; but stage 3 and REM readings are little affected&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span> In this study agreement between the 2 types of analysis was moderate for the stages of light sleep and low for the deep sleep and REM stages&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There are various ways of analyzing EEGs using a spectral frequency index&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> The main advantage of spectral analysis over visual analysis is that the stages of deep sleep are assessed continuously and more objectively&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Certain computerized methods detect sleep spindles automatically by quantifying the frequency and amplitude of EEG waves&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span> With this type of analysis there is also a reduction in the number of artifacts&#46; It is therefore a very flexible method&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Philip-Joet et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> achieved 81&#37; total agreement&#44; 11&#37; partial agreement&#44; and 8&#37; disagreement between spectral analysis of EEGs and manual analysis&#46; With spectral analysis the reliability of the EEG reading can be estimated rapidly&#46; However in this study we found low agreement between the 2 types of analysis for sleep stages&#44; especially deep sleep and REM&#46; Probably the program for automatic analysis did not correctly identify spindles and K-waves&#46; Nor did the program correctly identify the REM stage&#44; which is sometimes confused with stage 1 because eye movements are interpreted incorrectly&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Several factors can modify the characteristics and interpretation of the EEG&#46; First&#44; the so-called &#34;first night effect&#34; causes an increase in the amount of time spent awake&#44; a decrease in total sleep time&#44; a reduction in sleep efficiency&#44; and a reduction in REM stage sleep&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span> Second&#44; interobserver variability&#44; with a level of agreement between different technicians of between 82&#37; and 88&#37;&#44; also affects interpretation&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span> Interobserver variability was not taken into account in the present study because the same researcher recorded all the readings&#46; Third&#44; intraobserver variability may slightly affect the manual readings of polysomnographic results and the fact that we did not assess it represents a limitation of our study&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">At present&#44; systems of automatic analysis used by polygraphic screening devices have limited sensitivity and specificity as they provide inadequate readings of some respiratory episodes &#40;hypopneas&#41; and of sleep stages&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> However&#44; as automatic analysis can simplify sleep assessment&#44; automatic polygraphy during sleep followed by manual analysis is now recommended&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In conclusion&#44; conventional manual polysomnography is the most sensitive and specific method for correctly stratifying sleep stages and recording respiratory episodes&#46; It is important to assess new automatic systems for use in day-to-day clinical practice and in this way increase available resources&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Acknowledgments</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors would like to thank Dr&#46; F&#46; Barb&#233;&#44; from the Hospital Universitari Son Dureta for his help in writing this article&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"></p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">Correspondence&#58; Dr&#46; B&#46; Barreiro L&#243;pez&#46;<br></br> Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#46; Hospital M&#250;tua de Terrassa&#46;<br></br> Pza&#46; Dr&#46; Robert&#44; 5&#46; 08221 Terrassa&#46; Barcelona&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46;<br></br> E-mail&#58; <a href="pneumologia&#64;mutuaterrassa&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> pneumologia&#64;mutuaterrassa&#46;es</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Manuscript received March 5&#44; 2003&#46; Accepted for publication July 1&#44; 2003&#46;</p>"
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            0 => "S&#237;ndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sue&#241;o"
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        "resumen" => "Objective&#58; To compare automatic and manual analysis of neurological and respiratory variables obtained with the SomnoStar &#945; 4100&#44; a 16-channel polysomnographic system&#46; Patients and method&#58; Twenty-eight patients suspected of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome were enrolled and given conventional polysomnographic tests&#46; The order of automatic and manual reading of respiratory episodes&#44; sleep stages&#44; and arousals was randomized&#46; We assessed agreement with the intraclass correlation coefficient and plotted standardized differences against standardized means&#44; using the Bland-Altman method&#46; Results&#58; Poor agreement was observed between the 2 types of analysis of sleep stages&#44; especially for REM and deep sleep stages&#46; Agreement was good for apneic episodes among the respiratory variables&#59; however&#44; automatic analysis underestimated hypopneas&#46; If manual analysis is considered the gold standard at the apnea-hypopnea index cut point greater than 10&#44; automatic analysis obtained a sensitivity of 55&#37;&#44; a specificity and positive predictive value of 100&#37;&#44; a negative predictive value of 47&#37;&#44; and an overall diagnostic yield of 67&#46;8&#37;&#46; Conclusions&#58; The automatic analysis of the SomnoStar 4100 system provides an unsatisfactory reading of sleep stages and respiratory episodes&#44; especially hypopneas&#46;"
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        "resumen" => "Objetivo&#58; Comparar el an&#225;lisis autom&#225;tico y manual de las variables neurol&#243;gicas y respiratorias obtenidas por el polisomn&#243;grafo de 16 canales Somnostar &#945; 4100&#46; Pacientes y m&#233;todo&#58; Se incluy&#243; en el estudio a 28 pacientes con sospecha de s&#237;ndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sue&#241;o a los cuales se les practic&#243; una polisomnograf&#237;a convencional&#46; Se decidi&#243; de forma aleatoria el orden de las lecturas autom&#225;tica y manual de los episodios respiratorios&#44; fases de sue&#241;o y arousals&#46; Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis de concordancia &#40;coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n intraclase&#41;&#44; as&#237; como una representaci&#243;n gr&#225;fica de las diferencias utilizando el m&#233;todo de Bland y Altman&#46; Resultados&#58; Se observ&#243; una mala concordancia entre los dos tipos de an&#225;lisis respecto a las fases de sue&#241;o&#44; sobre todo REM y las fases de sue&#241;o profundo&#46; Respecto a los par&#225;metros respiratorios la concordancia fue buena para las apneas&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el an&#225;lisis autom&#225;tico infraestim&#243; las hipopneas&#46; Si se considera el an&#225;lisis manual como patr&#243;n de referencia para un punto de corte de &#237;ndice de apneas-hipopneas mayor de 10&#44; el an&#225;lisis autom&#225;tico obtuvo una sensibilidad del 55&#37;&#44; una especificidad y un valor predictivo positivo del 100&#37;&#44; un valor predictivo negativo del 47&#37; y una eficacia diagn&#243;stica global del 67&#44;8&#37;&#46; Conclusiones&#58; El an&#225;lisis autom&#225;tico del sistema Somnostar 4100 proporciona una lectura inadecuada de las fases de sue&#241;o as&#237; como de los episodios respiratorios&#44; fundamentalmente de las hipopneas&#46;"
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