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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Previous muscle activity can alter muscle contractility and lead to strength underestimation or overestimation in functional measurements&#46; The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the maximum pressure produced by the diaphragm after different series of spontaneous near-to-maximal isometric contractions&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Duplicate studies were performed on 6 dogs with a mean &#40;SD&#41; weight of 26 &#40;7&#41; kg&#46; The supramaximal response of the diaphragm was achieved by simultaneous supramaximal stimulation of both phrenic nerves&#44; both under basal conditions and after series of 5&#44; 10&#44; and 20 spontaneous inspiratory efforts against the occluded airway&#44; performed before and after spinal anesthesia &#40;which eliminates the ventilatory contribution of the intercostal muscles&#41;&#46; The response was measured using the twitch gastric pressure &#40;Pga&#41; and twitch esophageal pressure &#40;Pes&#41; and by muscle shortening &#40;sonomicrometry&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The short series of 5 inspiratory efforts and&#44; in particular&#44; the medium series of 10 efforts produced potentiation of the contractile response&#44; with a rise in the Pga from 3&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;4&#41; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O to 3&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;3&#41; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; and from 3&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;3&#41; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O to 3&#46;9 &#40;0&#46;3&#41; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; respectively &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;05 in both cases&#41;&#46; The potentiation was somewhat greater after subarachnoid anesthesia &#40;an increase in the Pga of 21&#37; after the medium series of 10 efforts with anesthesia vs 11&#37; without anesthesia&#41;&#46; However&#44; the long series of 20 efforts produced a fall in the response&#44; with a decrease in the Pga from 3&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;4&#41; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O to 2&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;3&#41; cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;05&#41;&#44; probably due to fatigue overcoming the effect of potentiation&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Previous effort affects the contractile capacity of the diaphragm and it is difficult to predict the predominance of fatigue or potentiation in the response&#46; This factor must be taken into account when determining the maximum respiratory pressures in daily clinical practice&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La actividad previa puede modificar la contractilidad muscular&#44; lo que puede conducir a la infra o supraestimaci&#243;n de la fuerza en las determinaciones funcionales&#46; El presente trabajo se ha propuesto como objetivo valorar cambios en la presi&#243;n m&#225;xima generada por el diafragma tras diferentes series de contracciones isom&#233;tricas espont&#225;neas y cuasi m&#225;ximas&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron por duplicado 6 perros con un peso medio &#177; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar de 26 &#177; 7 kg&#46; Se obtuvo la respuesta supram&#225;xima del diafragma &#8212;presiones g&#225;strica &#40;Pga<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tw</span>&#41; y esof&#225;gica &#40;Pes<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tw</span>&#41; inducidas por estimulaci&#243;n fr&#233;nica bilateral&#44; y acortamiento muscular &#40;sonomicrometr&#237;a&#41;&#8212; por estimulaci&#243;n simult&#225;nea supram&#225;xima de ambos nervios fr&#233;nicos&#44; tanto en situaci&#243;n basal como tras series cortas &#40;5&#41;&#44; medianas &#40;10&#41; y largas &#40;20&#41; de esfuerzos inspiratorios espont&#225;neos contra la v&#237;a a&#233;rea ocluida&#44; antes y despu&#233;s de administrar anestesia subaracnoidea &#40;elimina la contribuci&#243;n ventilatoria de los m&#250;sculos intercostales&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La serie corta y&#44; sobre todo&#44; la serie mediana provocaron la potenciaci&#243;n de la respuesta contr&#225;ctil &#40;Pga<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tw</span> de 3&#44;2 &#177; 0&#44;4 a 3&#44;7 &#177; 0&#44;3&#44; y de 3&#44;5 &#177; 0&#44;3 a 3&#44;9 &#177; 0&#44;3 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; respectivamente&#59; p &#60; 0&#44;05 ambas&#41;&#46; La potenciaci&#243;n fue algo superior con anestesia subaracnoidea &#40;un 21 frente al 11&#37; sin anestesia&#44; para la Pga<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tw</span> tras las series medianas&#41;&#46; La serie larga provoc&#243;&#44; sin embargo&#44; una disminuci&#243;n de la respuesta &#40;Pga<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tw</span>&#58; 3&#44;2 &#177; 0&#44;4 a 2&#44;5 &#177; 0&#44;3 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#59; p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#44; probablemente por predominio de la fatiga sobre la potenciaci&#243;n&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los esfuerzos previos determinan la capacidad contr&#225;ctil del diafragma y resulta dif&#237;cil predecir el predominio de fatiga o de potenciaci&#243;n en la respuesta&#46; Este factor deber&#237;a tenerse en cuenta al determinar las presiones respiratorias m&#225;ximas en la cl&#237;nica diaria&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 44. Issue 12.
Pages 671-678 (January 2008)
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Vol. 44. Issue 12.
Pages 671-678 (January 2008)
Original Articles
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Diaphragmatic Response Is Influenced by Previous Muscle Activity
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Joaquim Geaa,b,c,
Corresponding author
jgea@imim.es

Correspondence: Dr J. Gea Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital del Mar-IMIM Pg. Marítim, 2708003 Barcelona, Spain Correo electrónico
, Juan B. Gáldiza,b,d, Norman Comtoisa, Ercheng Zhua,b, José Antonio Fiza,e, Igor Salazkina, Alejandro Grassinoa,b
a Hôpital de Notre-Dame, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
b Meakins-Christie Laboratorios, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
c Servei de Pneumologia-URMAR, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Departament CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CibeRes), Spain
d Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de Cruces, Universidad del País Vasco, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
e Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Objective

Previous muscle activity can alter muscle contractility and lead to strength underestimation or overestimation in functional measurements. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the maximum pressure produced by the diaphragm after different series of spontaneous near-to-maximal isometric contractions.

Methods

Duplicate studies were performed on 6 dogs with a mean (SD) weight of 26 (7) kg. The supramaximal response of the diaphragm was achieved by simultaneous supramaximal stimulation of both phrenic nerves, both under basal conditions and after series of 5, 10, and 20 spontaneous inspiratory efforts against the occluded airway, performed before and after spinal anesthesia (which eliminates the ventilatory contribution of the intercostal muscles). The response was measured using the twitch gastric pressure (Pga) and twitch esophageal pressure (Pes) and by muscle shortening (sonomicrometry).

Results

The short series of 5 inspiratory efforts and, in particular, the medium series of 10 efforts produced potentiation of the contractile response, with a rise in the Pga from 3.2 (0.4) cm H2O to 3.7 (0.3) cm H2O, and from 3.5 (0.3) cm H2O to 3.9 (0.3) cm H2O, respectively (P=.05 in both cases). The potentiation was somewhat greater after subarachnoid anesthesia (an increase in the Pga of 21% after the medium series of 10 efforts with anesthesia vs 11% without anesthesia). However, the long series of 20 efforts produced a fall in the response, with a decrease in the Pga from 3.2 (0.4) cm H2O to 2.5 (0.3) cm H2O (P<.05), probably due to fatigue overcoming the effect of potentiation.

Conclusions

Previous effort affects the contractile capacity of the diaphragm and it is difficult to predict the predominance of fatigue or potentiation in the response. This factor must be taken into account when determining the maximum respiratory pressures in daily clinical practice.

Key words:
Respiratory muscles
Potentiation
Fatigue
Respiratory pressures
Objetivo

La actividad previa puede modificar la contractilidad muscular, lo que puede conducir a la infra o supraestimación de la fuerza en las determinaciones funcionales. El presente trabajo se ha propuesto como objetivo valorar cambios en la presión máxima generada por el diafragma tras diferentes series de contracciones isométricas espontáneas y cuasi máximas.

Métodos

Se estudiaron por duplicado 6 perros con un peso medio ± desviación estándar de 26 ± 7 kg. Se obtuvo la respuesta supramáxima del diafragma —presiones gástrica (Pgatw) y esofágica (Pestw) inducidas por estimulación frénica bilateral, y acortamiento muscular (sonomicrometría)— por estimulación simultánea supramáxima de ambos nervios frénicos, tanto en situación basal como tras series cortas (5), medianas (10) y largas (20) de esfuerzos inspiratorios espontáneos contra la vía aérea ocluida, antes y después de administrar anestesia subaracnoidea (elimina la contribución ventilatoria de los músculos intercostales).

Resultados

La serie corta y, sobre todo, la serie mediana provocaron la potenciación de la respuesta contráctil (Pgatw de 3,2 ± 0,4 a 3,7 ± 0,3, y de 3,5 ± 0,3 a 3,9 ± 0,3 cmH2O, respectivamente; p < 0,05 ambas). La potenciación fue algo superior con anestesia subaracnoidea (un 21 frente al 11% sin anestesia, para la Pgatw tras las series medianas). La serie larga provocó, sin embargo, una disminución de la respuesta (Pgatw: 3,2 ± 0,4 a 2,5 ± 0,3 cmH2O; p < 0,05), probablemente por predominio de la fatiga sobre la potenciación.

Conclusiones

Los esfuerzos previos determinan la capacidad contráctil del diafragma y resulta difícil predecir el predominio de fatiga o de potenciación en la respuesta. Este factor debería tenerse en cuenta al determinar las presiones respiratorias máximas en la clínica diaria.

Palabras clave:
Músculos respiratorios
Potenciación
Fatiga
Presiones respiratorias
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This study was funded by a grant from the Medical Research Council of Canada. The period spent by J. Gea and J.B. Gáldiz in Montréal was funded in part by the continuing education fund to support researchers, of the Health Research Fund (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria or FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health.

Copyright © 2008. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
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