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Vol. 37. Issue 5.
Pages 227-234 (May 2001)
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Vol. 37. Issue 5.
Pages 227-234 (May 2001)
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Complicaciones pulmonares y mortalidad en el postoperatorio de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica leve y moderada sometidos a cirugía general electiva
Postoperative lung complications and mortality in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD undergoing elective general surgery
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R. De Albuquerque Medeirosa, S.M. Faresinb,*, J.R. Jardimc
a Máster en Neumología por la Universidad Federal de São Paulo/EPM. Médico de la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva dela Universidad Federal de Río Grande del Norte
b Doctora en Medicina por la Universidad Federal de São Paulo y Cooordinadora del ambulatorio de Evaluación de Riesgo quirúrgico de la Disciplina de Neumología de la Universidad de São Paulo/EPM. Brasil
c Profesor Adjunto de la Disciplina de Neumología de la UNIFESP/EPM. Brasil
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Objetivo

Verificar la incidencia de complicaciones pul-monares postoperatorias (CPP) y mortalidad en enfermos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) de grado leve y moderado sometidos a cirugía general electiva, y correlacionarlas con sexo, edad, anestesia, incisión quirúr-gica, tiempo quirúrgico, tabaquismo, síntomas respiratorios, otras enfermedades clínicas, estado nutricional, examen pul-monar, electrocardiograma anormal, valores de PaO2, PaCO2, FEV1 y FEV1 /FVC.

Tipo De Estudio

Prospectivo y abierto.

Material y método

Se evaluó e incluyó a 59 portadores de EPOC (FEV1 /FVC por debajo del 88% de lo previsto para mujeres y por debajo del 89% para varones), en un hospital universitario de nivel terciario, acompañados en los períodos pre y postoperatorio, hasta su alta hospitalaria o su fallecimiento.

Resultados

Veinte pacientes (33,9%) presentaron CPP y 6 fallecieron (dos por causa pulmonar [3,4%]). Ocurrieron 35 CPP (neumonía, 37,2%); broncospasmo, 22,9%; atelect-tasia, 11,4%; insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, 11,4; ventila-ción mecánica prolongada, 11,4%; infección bronquial, 5,7%. Los factores de riesgo para CPP fueron el sexo mas-culino, tiempo quirúrgico mayor de 210 min, relación FEV1 /FVC disminuida (71,9 ± 10,9%) e incisión quirúrgica en el tórax o la región abdominal superior. No hubo diferen-cia entre el grupo con y sin CPP cuando analizamos las va-riables edad, presencia de síntomas respiratorios, enferme-dad clínica asociada, examen pulmonar alterado, estado nutricional, tabaquismo, electrocardiograma anormal, PaO2, PaCO2, FEV1 y tiempo de hospitalización preoperato-ria. El uso de la mediana del consumo de cigarrillos de 40 paquetes/año ha demostrado que los pacientes con consumo por encima de este valor presentaron un número más gran-de de CPP. Los pacientes con CPP permanecieron interna-dos más días (16,6 ± 15,0 frente a 7,5 ± 5,7) y en unidades de terapia intensiva (7,0 ± 5,9 frente a 1,7 ± 0,7) que los que no tuvieron complicaciones (p < 0,05).

Conclusiones

La incidencia de CPP fue del 33,9%, y la mortalidad por causa pulmonar del 3,4%. Se consideraron factores de riesgo el sexo masculino, intensidad del tabaqui-mo, tiempo quirúrgico mayor de 210 min, relación FEV1 /FVC disminuida e incisión quirúrgica en tórax o re-gión abodminal alta. No hubo ningún factor de riesgo que pronosticase la mortalidad en este grupo.

Palabras clave:
Complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias
Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica
Mortalidad
Objective

To verify the incidence of postoperative pul-monary complications (PPC) and mortality in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who undergo elective general surgery. Incidence of PPC and mortality were studied in relation to sex, age, anesthesia, surgical incision, duration of surgery, smoking, respiratory symptoms, comorbidity, nutritional status, lung examination, abnormal electrocardiogram, and PaO2, PaCO2, FEV1 and FEV1 /FVC.

Design

Prospective, open study.

Material and methods

Fifty-nine COPD patients were enrolled (FEV1 /FVC < 88% of reference for women and < 89% for men) and studied at a tertiary care univer-sity hospital. The patients were examined during the pre-operative period and followed until discharge.

Results

Twenty patients (33.9%) experienced PPC and 6 died, two (3.4%) from lung-related causes. Thirty-five PPC events occurred: pneumonia (37.2%), bronchospasm (22.9%), atelectasis (11.4%), acute respiratory insufficiency (11.4%), prolonged mechanical ventilation (11.4%) and bron-chial infection (5.7%). Risk factors for PPC were male gen-der, duration of surgery over 270 minutes, low FEV1 /FVC (71.9 ± 10.9%) and surgical incision in the chest or upper ab-domen. No significant difference between patients with or without PPC were found for age, presence of respiratory symptoms, comorbidity, abnormal lung examination, nutri-tional status, smoking, abnormal electrocardiogram, PaO2, PaCO2, FEV1 or duration of pre-operative hospitalization. The rate of PPC was higher in patients smoking more than a mean 40 packs of cigarettes per year. Patients with PPC had longer hospital stays (16.6 ± 15.0 vs. 7.5 ± 5.7 days) and sta-yed longer in intensive care units (7.0 ± 5.9 vs. 1.7 ± 0.7 days) than did those with no complications (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The incidence of PPC was 33.9% and lung-related mortality was 3.4%. Risk factors were male gender, amount of smoking, duration of surgery over 270 minutes, low FEV1 /FVC, and chest or upper abdominal incision. No risk factor was found to predict mortality in this group.

Keywords:
Postoperative pulmonary complications
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD
Mortality
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Artículo financiado parcialmente por el CNPQ.

Copyright © 2001. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
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