Journal Information
Vol. 46. Issue 12.
Pages 646-651 (January 2010)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 46. Issue 12.
Pages 646-651 (January 2010)
Review Article
Full text access
Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema
Combinación de fibrosis pulmonar y enfisema
Visits
8461
Karina Portillo Carroza,
Corresponding author
karisoe@yahoo.es

Corresponding author.
, Juan Roldán Sánchezb, Josep Morera Prata
a Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
b Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Santa Caterina, Salt, Girona, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract

The combination of pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a recently defined syndrome, in which an upper lobe emphysema and lower lobe fibrosis coexist in a single patient. These patients have a characteristic lung function profile, with apparently normal or minimally altered dynamic and static lung volumes, contrasting with a significant reduction of carbon monoxide transfer (DLco), and hypoxemia, which worsens with exercise. Pulmonary hypertension is highly prevalent and is the principal negative prognostic factor for this condition. High resolution computed axial tomography (HRCT) is the main tool to confirm the diagnosis. Cigarette smoking has been proposed as the main factor in its etiology; however, neither pathogenic mechanisms nor the sequence of events involved in this syndrome has been clarified yet. Experimental studies in animal models are providing information on the involvement of some inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis. There is currently no consensus on the therapeutic approach to be followed in these patients, since the studies published to date on this subject are limited to wellcharacterized series of cases. Therefore, it is a pathology with many unknowns yet to be resolved and highly likely to be underdiagnosed, unless its functional clinical characteristics are taken into account.

Key words:
Emphysema
Pulmonary fibrosis
Carbon monoxide diffusion
Pulmonary hypertension
Smoking
Resumen

La combinación de fibrosis pulmonar y enfisema (CFPE) es un síndrome definido recientemente, en el cual coexisten en un mismo individuo enfisema en lóbulos superiores y fibrosis en lóbulos inferiores. Estos pacientes presentan un perfil funcional respiratorio característico, con volúmenes pulmonares dinámicos y estáticos aparentemente normales o mínimamente alterados que contrastan con una grave alteración de la difusión del monóxido de carbono (DLCO) e hipoxemia arterial, la cual empeora durante el esfuerzo. La prevalencia de hipertensión pulmonar es elevada y representa la principal condición que determina el pronóstico. La tomografía axial computarizada de alta resolución (TCAR) constituye la herramienta primordial para confirmar su diagnóstico. Se ha postulado al humo del tabaco como el principal agente etiológico; sin embargo, ni los mecanismos fisiopatológicos ni la secuencia de eventos involucrados en este síndrome han sido aún dilucidados. Estudios experimentales en modelos animales están proporcionando información sobre la participación de algunos mediadores inflamatorios en su patogenia. Actualmente, no existe un consenso sobre la actitud terapéutica que seguir en estos pacientes, puesto que lo publicado hasta la fecha sobre esta entidad se limita a series de casos bien caracterizadas. Es, por tanto, una patología con múltiples incógnitas todavía por resolver y con alta probabilidad de ser infradiagnosticada si no se tienen en cuenta sus particularidades clínico-funcionales.

Palabras clave:
Enfisema
Fibrosis pulmonar
Difusión del monóxido de carbono
Hipertensión pulmonar
Tabaquismo
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
V. Cottin, H. Nunes, P. Brillet, P. Delaval, G. Devouassoux, I. Tillie-Leblond, et al.
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity.
Eur Respir J, 26 (2005), pp. 586-593
[2.]
A. Xaubet, J. Ancochea, R. Blanquer, C. Montero, F. Morell, E. Rodríguez, et al.
Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales difusas.
Arch Bronconeumol, 39 (2003), pp. 580-600
[3.]
B.R. Celli, W. Mac Nee, A. Agustí, A. Anzueto, B. Berg, A.S. Buist, et al.
Standars for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper.
Eur Respir J, 23 (2004), pp. 932-946
[4.]
L. Núñez-Naveira, C. Montero-Martínez, D. Ramos-Barbón.
Oxidación, inflamación y modificaciones estructurales.
Arch Bronconeumol, 43 (2007), pp. 18-29
[5.]
K.F. Rabe, S. Hurd, A. Anzueto, P.J. Barnes, S.A. Buist, P. Calverley, et al.
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 176 (2007), pp. 532-555
[6.]
A.A. Zeki, M. Schivo, A.L. Chan, K.A. Hardin, N.J. Kenyon, T.E. Albertson, et al.
Geoepidemiology of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
J Autoimmun, (2009),
[7.]
O. Auerbach, L. Garfinkel, E. Hammond.
Relation of smoking and age to findings in lung parenchyma: a microscopic study.
Chest, 65 (1974), pp. 29-35
[8.]
J.A. Hernandez, A.E. Anderson, W.L. Holmes, A.G. Foraker.
Pulmonary parenchymal defects in dogs following prolonged cigarette exposure.
Am Rev Resp Dis, 93 (1966), pp. 78-83
[9.]
E.C. Hammond, O. Auerbach, D. Kirman, L. Garfinkel.
Effect of cigarette smoking on dogs. Design of experiment, mortality, and findings in lung parenchyma.
Arch Environ Health, 21 (1970), pp. 740-753
[10.]
J. Wiggins, B. Strickland, M. Turner-Warwick.
Combined cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and emphysema: the value of high resolution computed tomography in assessment.
Respir Med, 84 (1990), pp. 365-369
[11.]
M.J. Doherty, M.G. Pearson, E.A. O’Grady, V. Pellegrini, P.M. Calverley.
Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis with preserved lung volumes.
Thorax, 52 (1997), pp. 998-1002
[12.]
A. Grubstein, D. Bendayan, I. Schactman, M. Cohen, D. Shitrit, M.R. Kramer.
Concomitant upper-lobe bullous emphysema, lower-lobe interstitial fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension in heavy smokers: report of eight cases and review of the literature.
Respir Med, 99 (2005), pp. 948-954
[13.]
D.R. Silva, M.B. Gazzana, S.S. Barreto, M.M. Knorst.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in smokers.
J Bras Pneumol, 34 (2008), pp. 779-786
[14.]
M. Kosacka, A. Brzecka, R. Jankowska, J. Lewczuk, E. Mroczek, B. Weryƒska.
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema-case report and literature review.
Pneumonol Alergol Pol, 77 (2009), pp. 205-210
[15.]
M. Mejía, G. Carrillo, J. Rojas-Serrano, A. Estrada, T. Suarez, D. Alonso, et al.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: decreased survival associated with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Chest, 136 (2009), pp. 10-15
[16.]
M.D. Jankowich, M. Polsky, M. Klein, S. Rounds.
Heterogeneity in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.
Respiration, 75 (2008), pp. 411-417
[17.]
J.P. Casas, H. Abbona, A. Robles, A.M. López.
Volúmenes pulmonares normales en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar idiopática y enfisema.
Medicina (B Aires), 68 (2008), pp. 282-284
[18.]
J.F. Aduen, D.A. Zisman, S.I. Mobin, C. Venegas, F. Álvarez, M. Biewend, et al.
Retrospective study of pulmonary function tests in patients presenting with isolated reduction in single-breath diffusion capacity: implications for the diagnosis of combined obstructive and restrictive lung disease.
Mayo Clin Proc, 82 (2007), pp. 48-54
[19.]
M. Mura, M. Zompatori, A.M. Pacilli, L. Fasano, M. Schiavina, M. Fabbri.
The presence of emphysema further impairs physiologic function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Respir Care, 51 (2006), pp. 257-265
[20.]
T. Akagi, T. Matsumoto, T. Harada, M. Tanaka, T. Kuraki, M. Fujita, et al.
Coexistent emphysema delays the decrease of vital capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Respir Med, 103 (2009), pp. 1209-1215
[21.]
Y. Kitaguchi, K. Fujimoto, M. Hanaoka, S. Kawakami, T. Honda, K. Kubo.
Clinical characteristics of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.
Respirology, 15 (2010), pp. 265-271
[22.]
S. Arce, L. Molinari, E. De Vito.
Evolución funcional respiratoria en dos pacientes con enfisema y fibrosis pulmonar.
Medicina (B Aires), 69 (2009), pp. 350-352
[23.]
V. Cottin, P.Y. Brillet, H. Nunes, J.F. Cordier.
Groupe d’étude et de recherche sur les maladies “orphelines” pulmonaires (GERM”O”P). Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.
Presse Med, 36 (2007), pp. 936-944
[24.]
Z. Daniil, A. Koutsokera, K. Gourgoulianis.
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in patients exposed to agrochemical compounds.
Eur Respir J, 27 (2006), pp. 434
[25.]
V. Cottin, J. Le Pavec, G. Prévot, H. Mal, M. Humbert, G. Simonneau, et al.
Pulmonary hypertension in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome.
Eur Respir J, 35 (2010), pp. 105-111
[26.]
P. Rogliani, M. Mura, P. Mattia, A. Ferlosio, G. Farinelli, S. Mariotta, et al.
HRCT and histopathological evaluation of fibrosis and tissue destruction in IPF associated with pulmonary emphysema.
Respir Med, 102 (2008), pp. 1753-1761
[27.]
E. Monsó, J.M. Tura, M. Marsal, F. Morrell, J. Pujadas, J. Morera.
Mineralogical microanalysis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Arch Environ Health, 301 (1990), pp. 1015-1017
[28.]
C.E. Girod, T.E. King Jr..
COPD: a dust-induced disease?.
[29.]
K.M. Antoniou, D.M. Hansell, M.B. Rubens, K. Marten, S.R. Desai, N.M. Siafakas, et al.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: outcome in relation to smoking status.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 177 (2008), pp. 190-194
[30.]
V.S. Taskar, D.B. Coultas.
Is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis an environmental disease?.
Proc Am Thorac Soc, 3 (2006), pp. 293-298
[31.]
A.L. Katzenstein, S. Mukhopadhyay, C. Zanardi, E. Dexter.
Clinically occult interstitial fibrosis in smokers: classification and significance of a surprisingly common finding in lobectomy specimens.
Hum Pathol, 41 (2010), pp. 316-325
[32.]
D.J. Lederer, P.L. Enright, S.M. Kawut, E.A. Hoffman, G. Hunninghake, E.J. Van Beek, et al.
Cigarette smoking is associated with subclinical parenchymal lung disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)-lung study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 180 (2009), pp. 407-414
[33.]
J.A. Barberà, V.I. Peinado, S. Santos, J. Ramirez, J. Roca, R. Rodriguez-Roisin.
Reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary arteries of smokers.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 709-713
[34.]
P.C. Fulkerson, C.A. Fischetti, L.M. Hassman, N.M. Nikolaidis, M.E. Rothenberg.
Persistent effects induced by IL-13 in the lung.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 35 (2006), pp. 337-346
[35.]
R. Gosens, M. Mutawe, S. Martin, S. Basu, S.T. Bos, T. Tran, et al.
Caveolae and caveolins in the respiratory system.
Curr Mol Med, 8 (2008), pp. 741-753
[36.]
L.C. Huber, A. Soltermann, M. Fischler, S. Gay, W. Weder, E.W. Russi, et al.
Caveolin-1 expression and hemodynamics in COPD patients.
Open Respir Med J, 3 (2009), pp. 73-78
[37.]
G.W. Hoyle, J. Li, J.B. Finkelstein, T. Eisenberg, J.Y. Liu, J.A. Lasky, et al.
Emphysematous lesions, inflammation, and fibrosis in the lungs of transgenic mice overexpressing platelet-derived growth factor.
Am J Pathol, 154 (1999), pp. 1763-1775
[38.]
L.K. Lundblad, J. Thompson-Figueroa, T. Leclair, M.J. Sullivan, M.E. Poynter, C.G. Irvin, et al.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha overexpression in lung disease: a single cause behind a complex phenotype.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 171 (2005), pp. 1363-1370
[39.]
C.G. Lee, S. Cho, R.J. Homer, J.A. Elias.
Genetic control of transforming growth factorbeta1-induced emphysema and fibrosis in the murine lung.
Proc Am Thorac Soc, 3 (2006), pp. 476-477
[40.]
M. Selman, C. Navarro, M. Gaxiola.
Fibrosis pulmonar idiopática: en busca de un tratamiento eficaz.
Arch Bronconeumol, 41 (2005), pp. 15-20
[41.]
C. Casanova, J.P. De Torres, M. Montes de Oca.
Aspectos sistémicos y factores pronósticos.
Arch Bronconeumol, 43 (2007), pp. 25-34
[42.]
E. Antón Díaz, D. Ruiz López, J. Ancochea Bermudez.
Herencia y ambiente en la EPOC.
Arch Bronconeumol, 43 (2007), pp. 10-17
[43.]
H. Takizawa, M. Tanaka, K. Takami, T. Ohtoshi, K. Ito, M. Satoh, et al.
Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 in small airway epithelium from tobacco smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 1476-1483
[44.]
G. Peces-Barba.
Etiopatogenia del atrapamiento aéreo en la EPOC.
Arch Bronconeumol, 41 (2005), pp. 9-17
[45.]
A.K. Attili, E.A. Kazerooni, B.H. Gross, K.R. Flaherty, J.L. Myers, F.J. Martinez.
Smokingrelated interstitial lung disease: radiologic-clinical-pathologic correlation.
Radiographics, 28 (2008), pp. 1383-1396
[46.]
P.Y. Brillet, V. Cottin, P. Letoumelin, F. Landino, M.W. Brauner, D. Valeyre, et al.
Combined apical emphysema and basal fibrosis syndrome (emphysema/fibrosis syndrome): CT imaging features and pulmonary function tests.
J Radiol, 90 (2009), pp. 43-51
[47.]
N.M. Patel, D.J. Lederer, A.C. Borczuk, S.M. Kawut.
Pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Chest, 132 (2007), pp. 998-1006
[48.]
G. Sergiacomi, F. Bolacchi, M. Cadioli, M.L. Angeli, F. Fucci, S. Crusco, et al.
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: 3D time-resolved MR angiographic evaluation of pulmonary arterial mean transit time and time to peak enhancement.
Radiology, 254 (2010), pp. 601-608
[49.]
V. Fuster, J. Sanz.
Hipertensión pulmonar: nuevos conocimientos a través detecnología de imagen.
Rev Esp Cardiol, 60 (2007), pp. 2-9
Copyright © 2010. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?