array:23 [
  "pii" => "S0300289602752095"
  "issn" => "03002896"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S0300-2896(02)75209-5"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2002-06-01"
  "aid" => "75209"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2002"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2002;38:256-62"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 7754
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 68
      "HTML" => 6758
      "PDF" => 928
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0300289602752101"
    "issn" => "03002896"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0300-2896(02)75210-1"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2002-06-01"
    "aid" => "75210"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2002;38:263-6"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 7034
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 90
        "HTML" => 6230
        "PDF" => 714
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Importancia de la medición de la interleucina 6 en suero como mediador de inflamación sistémica en pacientes con deficiencia de alfa-1-antitripsina"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "263"
          "paginaFinal" => "266"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Importance of serum interleukin-6 as a mediator of systemic inflammation in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:2 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "S. Vilà, M. Miravitlles, C. De La Roza, F. Morell, R. Vidal"
          "autores" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "S."
              "apellidos" => "Vilà"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M."
              "apellidos" => "Miravitlles"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "C."
              "apellidos" => "De La Roza"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "F."
              "apellidos" => "Morell"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "R."
              "apellidos" => "Vidal"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "F. Campos, R. Segura"
          "autores" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "F."
              "apellidos" => "Campos"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "R."
              "apellidos" => "Segura"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289602752101?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/03002896/0000003800000006/v1_201307081532/S0300289602752101/v1_201307081532/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0300289602752083"
    "issn" => "03002896"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0300-2896(02)75208-3"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2002-06-01"
    "aid" => "75208"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "edi"
    "cita" => "Arch Bronconeumol. 2002;38:253-5"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 6608
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 62
        "HTML" => 5791
        "PDF" => 755
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:7 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "¿Cómo evaluar la gravedad real de la EPOC?"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "253"
          "paginaFinal" => "255"
        ]
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "J.M. Marín Trigo"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J.M."
              "apellidos" => "Marín Trigo"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289602752083?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
    "url" => "/03002896/0000003800000006/v1_201307081532/S0300289602752083/v1_201307081532/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "es" => array:14 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Características epidemiológicas de las exacerbaciones por EPOC y asma en un hospital general"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "256"
        "paginaFinal" => "262"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "I. Otero González, M. Blanco Aparicio, C. Montero Martínez, P. Valiño López, H. Verea Hernando"
        "autores" => array:5 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "I."
            "apellidos" => "Otero González"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "ioteromed@hotmail.com"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Blanco Aparicio"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "C&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Montero Mart&#237;nez"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "P&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Vali&#241;o L&#243;pez"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "H&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Verea Hernando"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:1 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumolog&#237;a&#46; Hospital Juan Canalejo&#46; A Coru&#241;a"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Correspondencia&#58; Dra&#46; I&#46; Otero Gonz&#225;lez&#46; Servicio de Neumoloxia&#46; Hospital Juan Canalejo&#46; Xubias de arriba&#44; 84&#46; 15006 A Coru&#241;a"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "The epidemiology of COPD and asthma exacerbations in a general hospital"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2001-10-16"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2002-02-05"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec190578"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Asma"
            1 => "EPOC"
            2 => "Exacerbaciones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec190577"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Asthma"
            1 => "COPD"
            2 => "Exacerbation"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo para conocer las ca-racter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y epidemiol&#243;gicas de los pacientes que acudieron al servicio de urgencias del hospital con exacerbaciones de asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; durante los a&#241;os 1993 y 1994&#46; El an&#225;lisis se realiz&#243; mediante revisi&#243;n de las historias cl&#237;nicas de los pacientes atendidos durante estos 2 a&#241;os de acuerdo con un protocolo de estudio previamente establecido</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Identificamos 1&#46;592 exacerbaciones en 1&#46;209 pacientes asm&#225;ticos&#44; lo que representa el 0&#44;9&#37; del total de urgencias atendidas&#44; y una media &#177; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar de 2&#44;2 &#177; 1&#44;6 &#40;l&#237;mites&#44; 0&#8211;9&#41; de exacerbaciones diarias&#46; Las agudizaciones de EPOC fueron 2&#46;106 en 1&#46;208 pacientes&#44; lo que significa el 1&#44;2&#37; del total de urgencias&#44; y una media diaria de 2&#44;9 &#40;l&#237;mites&#44; 0&#8211;12&#41; casos&#46; La edad media de los pacientes con asma fue de 51&#44;2 &#40;l&#237;mites&#44; 14&#8211;93&#41; a&#241;os&#44; y la de los que padec&#237;an EPOC&#44; de 70&#44;3 &#40;l&#237;mites&#44; 29&#8211;96&#41;&#46; Con respecto al sexo&#44; entre los asm&#225;ticos el 69&#44;8&#37; eran mujeres y el 30&#44;1&#37;&#44; varones&#44; mientras que entre los pacientes con EPOC el 91&#44;4&#37; eran varones&#46; La tasa de reing resos por asma fue del 3&#44;4&#37; y para la EPOC&#44; del 4&#44;8&#37;&#46; Precisaron internamiento hospitalario el 26&#44;7&#37; de los asm&#225;ticos y el 49&#44;4&#37; de las agudizaciones de EPOC&#46; El 22&#44;6&#37; de los pacientes con asma y el 41&#44;6&#37; de los que padec&#237;an EPOC acudieron al hospital entre las 0&#58;00 y las 8&#58;00 h</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tanto en el caso del asma como en el de la EPOC&#44; en los meses invernales se registr&#243; una mayor afluencia&#46; La correlaci&#243;n observada entre el n&#250;mero de exacerbaciones de asma y EPOC y los casos declarados de gripe en la comunidad para asma fue&#58; r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;63 &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;0001&#41; y para EPOC&#44; r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;83 &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;0001&#41;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros datos destacan la importante carga asistencial que representan las exacerbaciones por enfermedad obstructiva de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea como motivo de atenci&#243;n hospitalaria urgente y sugieren que las infecciones respiratorias comunitarias podr&#237;an ser la causa subyacente</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This retrospective study identified the clinical and epide-miological characteristics of patients coming to the emergency room of our hospital with exacerbated asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; in 1993 and 1994&#46; We followed a previously established protocol to review the case histories of patients from both years</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The 1&#44;592 exacerbations we identified in 1&#44;209 asthmatics accounted for 0&#46;9&#37; of all emergency visits&#44; with a mean of 2&#46;2 &#177; 1&#46;6 &#40;0&#8211;9&#41; visits daily&#46; The 2&#44;106 exacerbations of COPD in 1&#44;208 patients accounted for 1&#46;2&#37; of all emergencies&#44; with a mean 2&#46;9 &#40;1&#8211;12&#41; visits per day&#46; The mean age was 51&#46;2 &#40;14&#8211;93&#41; years for asthmatics and 70&#46;3 &#40;29&#8211;96&#41; years for COPD patients&#46; Of asthmatics&#44; 69&#46;8&#37; were women and 30&#46;1&#37; were men&#44; whereas 91&#46;4&#37; of COPD patients were men&#46; The readmission rate was 3&#46;4&#37; for asthmatics and 4&#46;8&#37; for COPD patients&#46; The hospitalization rate was 26&#46;7&#37; for asthmatics and 49&#46;4&#37; for COPD exacerbation patients&#46; The hospital saw 22&#46;6&#37; of asthma exacerbations between midnight and 8 a&#46;m&#46; and 41&#46;6&#37; of COPD exacerba-tions during the same time frame</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">For both diseases&#44; more emergencies occurred in winter&#46; Correlation between asthma and COPD and declared in-fluenza cases in the community were r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;63 &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;001&#41; for asthma and r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;83 &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;0001&#41; for COPD</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our findings underline the considerable emergency care burden generated by exacerbations of obstructive airway diseases and suggest that community acquired respiratory infections are usually the underlying cause</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:52 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Worldwide differences in asthma prevalence and mortality"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46;J&#46; Woolcock"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Why is asthma mortality so low in USA&#63; Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "90"
                        "numero" => "Suppl"
                        "paginaInicial" => "40"
                        "paginaFinal" => "45"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-reported prevalence of asthma symptoms in children in Australia&#44; England&#44; Germany and New Zealand&#58; an international comparison using the ISAAC protocol"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Pearce"
                            1 => "S&#46; Weiland"
                            2 => "U&#46; Keil"
                            3 => "P&#46; Langridge"
                            4 => "H&#46;R&#46; Anderson"
                            5 => "D&#46; Strachan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1445"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1461"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estudio Europeo del Asma&#46; Prevalencia de hiperreactividad bronquial y asma en adultos j&#243;venes de cinco &#225;reas espa&#241;olas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Grupo Espa&#241;ol del Estudio Europeo de Asma"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "106"
                        "paginaInicial" => "761"
                        "paginaFinal" => "767"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epidemiolog&#237;a del asma bronquial en la poblaci&#243;n escolar de Galicia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Otero"
                            1 => "M&#46;T&#46; Mart&#237;n"
                            2 => "L&#46; Dom&#237;nguez"
                            3 => "H&#46; Verea"
                            4 => "C&#46; Montero"
                            5 => "Rico D&#237;az"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "numero" => "Supl 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "7"
                        "paginaFinal" => "8"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevention of asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;K&#46; Peat"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1545"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1555"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8836671"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Chronic obstructive lung disease in Copenhagen&#58; cross-sectional epidemiological aspects"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Lange"
                            1 => "S&#46; Groth"
                            2 => "J&#46; Nyboe"
                            3 => "M&#46; Appleyard"
                            4 => "J&#46; Mortensen"
                            5 => "G&#46; Jensen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "226"
                        "paginaInicial" => "25"
                        "paginaFinal" => "32"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2787829"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence of obstructive lung disease in a general population&#58; relation to occupational title and exposure to some airborne agents"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "P&#46;S&#46; Bakke"
                            1 => "V&#46; Baste"
                            2 => "R&#46; Hanoa"
                            3 => "A&#46; Gulsvick"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Thorax"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "paginaInicial" => "863"
                        "paginaFinal" => "870"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1792631"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Geographic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD&#58; results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiological study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Sobradillo Pena"
                            1 => "M&#46; Miravitlles"
                            2 => "R&#46; Gabriel"
                            3 => "C&#46;A&#46; Jim&#233;nez-ruiz"
                            4 => "C&#46; Villasante"
                            5 => "J&#46;F&#46; Masa"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "118"
                        "paginaInicial" => "981"
                        "paginaFinal" => "989"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11035667"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A study of acute asthma in the accident and emergency department"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Ebden"
                            1 => "O&#46;J&#46; Carey"
                            2 => "D&#46; Quinton"
                            3 => "J&#46;B&#46; Cookson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dis Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "82"
                        "paginaInicial" => "162"
                        "paginaFinal" => "167"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3166929"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Asthma in the South Bronx&#58; clinical and epidemiological characteristics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46;S&#46; Karetsky"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol"
                        "fecha" => "1977"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "383"
                        "paginaFinal" => "390"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/925262"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Emergency room care of asthmatics&#58; a comparison between Auckland and Toronto"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "H&#46;H&#46; Rea"
                            1 => "J&#46;E&#46; Garrett"
                            2 => "J&#46; Mulder"
                            3 => "K&#46;R&#46; Chapman"
                            4 => "J&#46;G&#46; White"
                            5 => "A&#46;S&#46; Rebuck"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Allergy"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "66"
                        "paginaInicial" => "49"
                        "paginaFinal" => "52"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Frecuentaci&#243;n del paciente con asma agudizada a la urgencia hospitalaria de tercer nivel&#46; A&#241;o 1990"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Del Castillo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Clin Esp"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "194"
                        "paginaInicial" => "325"
                        "paginaFinal" => "329"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8059027"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patrones de frecuentaci&#243;n y factores asociados al ingreso en el hospital de las urgencias hospitalarias por asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Ballester"
                            1 => "S&#46; P&#233;rez-Hoyos"
                            2 => "M&#46;L&#46; Rivera"
                            3 => "T&#46; Merelles"
                            4 => "J&#46;M&#46; Ten&#237;as"
                            5 => "J&#46;B&#46; Soriano"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "paginaInicial" => "20"
                        "paginaFinal" => "26"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10047916"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparison of asthma&#44; emphysema and chronic bronchitis diagnoses in a general population sample"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Dodge"
                            1 => "M&#46;G&#46; Cline"
                            2 => "B&#46; Burrows"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/arrd.1986.133.6.981"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "133"
                        "paginaInicial" => "981"
                        "paginaFinal" => "986"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3717770"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "15&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reliability of monitoring system for respiratory emergency room admissions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Martinez"
                            1 => "J&#46; Sunyer"
                            2 => "J&#46;M&#46; Ant&#243;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "337"
                        "paginaFinal" => "341"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8472822"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "16&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Asthma research&#58; future directions for emergency medicine"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46;M&#46; Nowak"
                            1 => "S&#46;S&#46; Hurd"
                            2 => "E&#46;M&#46; Skobeloff"
                            3 => "V&#46;S&#46; Taggart"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Emerg Med"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "244"
                        "paginaFinal" => "249"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8629762"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "17&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Belda"
                            1 => "V&#46; Gil"
                            2 => "D&#46; Orozco"
                            3 => "F&#46; Garc&#237;a"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Epidemiolog&#237;a de las urgencias m&#233;dicas hospitalarias&#46; I Congreso Iberoamericano de Medicina Interna y XVIII Congreso de la SEMI"
                        "paginaInicial" => "79"
                        "paginaFinal" => "86"
                        "serieFecha" => "1988"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "18&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A risk screening questionnaire for adult asthmatics to predict attendance at hospital emergency departments"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Wakefield"
                            1 => "R&#46; Ruffin"
                            2 => "D&#46; Campbell"
                            3 => "M&#46; Staugas"
                            4 => "J&#46; Beilby"
                            5 => "K&#46; Mc- Caul"
                            6 => "Panel for the South Australian Referennce"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "112"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1527"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1533"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9404749"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "19&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Risk factors for repeat attendance at hospital emergency departments among adults and children with asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "for the South Australian Referennce Panel"
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Wakefield"
                            1 => "M&#46; Staugas"
                            2 => "R&#46; Ruffin"
                            3 => "D&#46; Campbell"
                            4 => "J&#46; Beilby"
                            5 => "K&#46; Mc- Caul"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Aust NZ J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "277"
                        "paginaFinal" => "284"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "20&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factors associated with emergency department dependence of patients with asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "N&#46;A&#46; Hanania"
                            1 => "A&#46; David-Wang"
                            2 => "S&#46; Kesten"
                            3 => "K&#46;R&#46; Chapman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "111"
                        "paginaInicial" => "290"
                        "paginaFinal" => "295"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9041971"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "21&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epidemic asthma in Cartagena&#44; Spain&#44; and its association with soybean sensitivity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Navarro"
                            1 => "M&#46; M&#225;rquez"
                            2 => "L&#46; Hernando"
                            3 => "F&#46; Galv&#225;n"
                            4 => "L&#46; Zapatero"
                            5 => "F&#46; Caravaca"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Epidemiology"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "76"
                        "paginaFinal" => "79"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8420586"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "22&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Incidence and outcomes of asthma in the elderly&#46; A population-based study in Rochester Minnesota"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "B&#46;A&#46; Bauer"
                            1 => "C&#46;E&#46; Reed"
                            2 => "J&#46;W&#46; Yunginger"
                            3 => "P&#46;C&#46; Wollan"
                            4 => "M&#46;D&#46; Silverstein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "111"
                        "paginaInicial" => "303"
                        "paginaFinal" => "310"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9041973"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "23&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Underdiagnosis of asthma in the elderly"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "D&#46;K&#46; Banerjee"
                            1 => "G&#46;S&#46; Lee"
                            2 => "S&#46;K&#46; Malik"
                            3 => "S&#46; Daly"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dis Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "volumen" => "81"
                        "paginaInicial" => "23"
                        "paginaFinal" => "29"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3663486"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "24&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patterns of hospitalization in elderly patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46;K&#46; Cydulka"
                            1 => "E&#46;R&#46; McFadden"
                            2 => "C&#46;L&#46; Emerman"
                            3 => "L&#46;D&#46; Sivinsky"
                            4 => "W&#46; Pissanelly"
                            5 => "A&#46;A&#46; Rimm"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.156.6.9611008"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "156"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1807"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1812"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9412559"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "25&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The influence of age and sex on asthma admissions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "E&#46;M&#46; Skobeloff"
                            1 => "W&#46;H&#46; Spivey"
                            2 => "S&#46; St Clair"
                            3 => "J&#46;M&#46; Schoffstall"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "jama"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "268"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3437"
                        "paginaFinal" => "3440"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1460733"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "26&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sex differences among adults presenting to the emergency department with acute asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;K&#46; Singh"
                            1 => "R&#46;K&#46; Cydulka"
                            2 => "S&#46;A&#46; Stahmer"
                            3 => "P&#46;G&#46; Woodruff"
                            4 => "C&#46;A&#46; Camargo"
                            5 => "Investigators for the Multicenter Asthma Research Collaboration"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "159"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1237"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1243"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10371232"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "27&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Circadian patterns of emergency asthma presentations&#58; implications for staffing and treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "D&#46;D&#46; Buff"
                            1 => "S&#46;Z&#46; Bavli"
                            2 => "M&#46;H&#46; Bloch"
                            3 => "B&#46;M&#46; Serebryansky"
                            4 => "C&#46;S&#46; Aman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respir Care"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "624"
                        "paginaFinal" => "630"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10143508"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "28&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nocturnal asthma and changes in circulating epinephrine&#44; histamine&#44; and cortisol"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Barnes"
                            1 => "G&#46; FitzGerald"
                            2 => "M&#46; Brown"
                            3 => "C&#46; Dollery"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM198007313030506"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1980"
                        "volumen" => "303"
                        "paginaInicial" => "263"
                        "paginaFinal" => "267"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6247655"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "29&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factors related to the nocturnal worsening of asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46;J&#46; Martin"
                            1 => "L&#46;C&#46; Cicutto"
                            2 => "H&#46;R&#46; Smith"
                            3 => "R&#46;D&#46; Ballard"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm/141.1.33"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Rev Respir Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "141"
                        "paginaInicial" => "33"
                        "paginaFinal" => "38"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2404440"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "30&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Inflammatory mechanisms and nocturnal asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "P&#46;J&#46; Barnes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "85"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 1B"
                        "paginaInicial" => "64"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3041827"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "31&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Is circadian variation in asthma severity relevant in the emergency deparment&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;J&#46; Karras"
                            1 => "G&#46;E&#46; D&#39;Alonzo"
                            2 => "K&#46;L&#46; Heilpern"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Emerg Med"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "558"
                        "paginaFinal" => "562"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7486362"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "32&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Circadian differences among 4096 patients presenting to the emergency department with acute asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "B&#46;E&#46; Brenner"
                            1 => "K&#46; Chavda"
                            2 => "M&#46; Karakurum"
                            3 => "C&#46;A&#46; Camargo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ac Emerg Med"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "523"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "33&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Change in time of presentation and decrease in adult asthma hospitalization rate in Malta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;V&#46; Balzan"
                            1 => "J&#46;M&#46; Cacciottolo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S226"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "34&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Erns"
                            1 => "W&#46; Spitzer"
                            2 => "S&#46; Suissa"
                            3 => "D&#46; Cockcroft"
                            4 => "B&#46; Habbick"
                            5 => "R&#46;I&#46; Horwitz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "jama"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "268"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3462"
                        "paginaFinal" => "3464"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1460737"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "35&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Inhaled steroids and the risk of hospitalization for asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;G&#46; Donahue"
                            1 => "S&#46;T&#46; Weiss"
                            2 => "J&#46;M&#46; Livingston"
                            3 => "M&#46;A&#46; Goetsch"
                            4 => "D&#46;K&#46; Greineder"
                            5 => "R&#46; Platt"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "jama"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "277"
                        "paginaInicial" => "887"
                        "paginaFinal" => "891"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9062326"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "36&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Inhaled budesonide in addition to oral corticosteroids to prevent relapse following discharge from the emergency department&#58; a randomised controlled trial"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46;H&#46; Rowe"
                            1 => "G&#46;W&#46; Bota"
                            2 => "L&#46; Fabris"
                            3 => "S&#46;A&#46; Therrien"
                            4 => "R&#46;A&#46; Milner"
                            5 => "J&#46; Jacono"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "jama"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "281"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2119"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2126"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10367823"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "37&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global initiative for asthma&#46; National Institutes of Health"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Pocket guide for asthma management and prevention"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "titulo" => "Publication n&#46;&#176; 96-3659B"
                        "fecha" => "november 1998"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "38&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Relapse following treatment of acute asthma in the emergency department"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "C&#46;L&#46; Emerman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Asthma"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "37"
                        "paginaInicial" => "701"
                        "paginaFinal" => "708"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11192235"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "39&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Seasonal trends in US asthma hospitalizations and mortality"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "K&#46;B&#46; Weiss"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "jama"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "263"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2323"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2328"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2325233"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "40&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Emergency room visits for acute attacks of asthma&#58; Characterization of patients and visits"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "O&#46;V&#46;J&#46; Rossi"
                            1 => "V&#46;L&#46; Kinnula"
                            2 => "E&#46; Huhti"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respiration"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "58"
                        "paginaInicial" => "21"
                        "paginaFinal" => "25"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1852977"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "41&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Seasonal variation and time trends in childhood asthma in England and Wales 1975-81"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Khot"
                            1 => "R&#46; Burn"
                            2 => "N&#46; Evans"
                            3 => "C&#46; Lenney"
                            4 => "W&#46; Lenney"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bmj"
                        "fecha" => "1984"
                        "volumen" => "289"
                        "paginaInicial" => "235"
                        "paginaFinal" => "237"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6430420"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "42&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;L&#46; Johnston"
                            1 => "P&#46;K&#46; Pattemore"
                            2 => "G&#46; Sanderson"
                            3 => "S&#46; Smith"
                            4 => "F&#46; Lampe"
                            5 => "L&#46; Josephs"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bmj"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "310"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1225"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1228"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7767192"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "43&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The relationship between upper respiratory infections and hospital admissions for asthma&#58; a time-trend analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;L&#46; Johnston"
                            1 => "P&#46;K&#46; Pattemore"
                            2 => "G&#46; Sanderson"
                            3 => "S&#46; Smith"
                            4 => "M&#46;J&#46; Campbell"
                            5 => "L&#46;K&#46; Josephs"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810601"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "154"
                        "paginaInicial" => "654"
                        "paginaFinal" => "660"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8810601"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "44&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Seasonal asthma in Hong Kong and its management implications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "R&#46;Y&#46;M&#46; Tseng"
                            1 => "C&#46;N&#46; Lo"
                            2 => "C&#46;K&#46; Li"
                            3 => "T&#46;W&#46;C&#46; Ling"
                            4 => "M&#46;M&#46;C&#46; Mok"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Allergy"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "63"
                        "paginaInicial" => "247"
                        "paginaFinal" => "250"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2774308"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            44 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "45&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Asthma and climatic conditions&#58; experience from Bermuda&#44; an isolated island community"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;J&#46; Carey"
                            1 => "I&#46; Cordon"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bmj"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "293"
                        "paginaInicial" => "843"
                        "paginaFinal" => "844"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3094682"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            45 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "46&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Biometeorological triggers in childhood asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Khot"
                            1 => "R&#46; Burn"
                            2 => "N&#46; Evans"
                            3 => "W&#46; Lenney"
                            4 => "J&#46; Storr"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Allergy"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "351"
                        "paginaFinal" => "358"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3416418"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            46 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "47&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epidemiology of emergency room asthma in Northern California&#58; association with IgE antibody to ryegrass pollen"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "S&#46;M&#46; Pollart"
                            1 => "M&#46;J&#46; Reid"
                            2 => "J&#46;A&#46; Fling"
                            3 => "M&#46;D&#46; Chapman"
                            4 => "T&#46;A&#46;E&#46; Platts-Mills"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "82"
                        "paginaInicial" => "224"
                        "paginaFinal" => "230"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3261307"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            47 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "48&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Community outbreaks of asthma associated with inhalation of soybean dust"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46;M&#46; Ant&#243;"
                            1 => "J&#46; Sunyer"
                            2 => "R&#46; Rodriguez-rois&#237;n"
                            3 => "M&#46; Suarez-Cervera"
                            4 => "Committee Vazquez L and the Toxicoepidemiological"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM198904273201701"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "320"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1097"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1102"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2710172"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            48 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "49&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Ballester F&#44; Soriano JB&#44; Otero I&#44; Rivera ML&#44; Sunyer J&#44; Merelles A&#44; et al&#46; Asthma visits to emergency rooms and soybean unloading in the harbors of Valencia and A Coru&#241;a&#44; Spain&#46; Am J Epidemiol 149&#58;315-22"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            49 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "50&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The incidence of respiratory tract infection in adults requiring hospitalization for asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Teichtahl"
                            1 => "N&#46; Buckmaster"
                            2 => "E&#46; Pertnikovs"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "112"
                        "paginaInicial" => "591"
                        "paginaFinal" => "596"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315789"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            50 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0255"
              "etiqueta" => "51&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "acute exacerbations of asthma in adults&#58; role of Clamydia pneumoniae"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Allegra"
                            1 => "F&#46; Blasi"
                            2 => "S&#46; Centanni"
                            3 => "R&#46; Cosentini"
                            4 => "F&#46; Denti"
                            5 => "R&#46; Raccanelli"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2165"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2168"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7713198"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            51 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0260"
              "etiqueta" => "52&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Vigilancia de la gripe en Espa&#241;a&#46; Temporada 1995-1996"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "O&#46; Asensio"
                            1 => "M&#46; Burgoa"
                            2 => "M&#46;L&#46; Velasco"
                            3 => "S&#46; De Mateo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bolet&#237;n Epidemiol&#243;gico Semanal"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "161"
                        "paginaFinal" => "168"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  "url" => "/03002896/0000003800000006/v1_201307081532/S0300289602752095/v1_201307081532/es/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "9277"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Originales"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03002896/0000003800000006/v1_201307081532/S0300289602752095/v1_201307081532/es/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Z&text.app=https://archbronconeumol.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0300289602752095?idApp=UINPBA00003Z"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 38. Issue 6.
Pages 256-262 (June 2002)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 38. Issue 6.
Pages 256-262 (June 2002)
Full text access
Características epidemiológicas de las exacerbaciones por EPOC y asma en un hospital general
The epidemiology of COPD and asthma exacerbations in a general hospital
Visits
10842
I. Otero González
Corresponding author
ioteromed@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Dra. I. Otero González. Servicio de Neumoloxia. Hospital Juan Canalejo. Xubias de arriba, 84. 15006 A Coruña
, M. Blanco Aparicio, C. Montero Martínez, P. Valiño López, H. Verea Hernando
Servicio de Neumología. Hospital Juan Canalejo. A Coruña
This item has received
Article information

Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo para conocer las ca-racterísticas clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes que acudieron al servicio de urgencias del hospital con exacerbaciones de asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) durante los años 1993 y 1994. El análisis se realizó mediante revisión de las historias clínicas de los pacientes atendidos durante estos 2 años de acuerdo con un protocolo de estudio previamente establecido

Identificamos 1.592 exacerbaciones en 1.209 pacientes asmáticos, lo que representa el 0,9% del total de urgencias atendidas, y una media ± desviación estándar de 2,2 ± 1,6 (límites, 0–9) de exacerbaciones diarias. Las agudizaciones de EPOC fueron 2.106 en 1.208 pacientes, lo que significa el 1,2% del total de urgencias, y una media diaria de 2,9 (límites, 0–12) casos. La edad media de los pacientes con asma fue de 51,2 (límites, 14–93) años, y la de los que padecían EPOC, de 70,3 (límites, 29–96). Con respecto al sexo, entre los asmáticos el 69,8% eran mujeres y el 30,1%, varones, mientras que entre los pacientes con EPOC el 91,4% eran varones. La tasa de reing resos por asma fue del 3,4% y para la EPOC, del 4,8%. Precisaron internamiento hospitalario el 26,7% de los asmáticos y el 49,4% de las agudizaciones de EPOC. El 22,6% de los pacientes con asma y el 41,6% de los que padecían EPOC acudieron al hospital entre las 0:00 y las 8:00 h

Tanto en el caso del asma como en el de la EPOC, en los meses invernales se registró una mayor afluencia. La correlación observada entre el número de exacerbaciones de asma y EPOC y los casos declarados de gripe en la comunidad para asma fue: r=0,63 (p < 0,0001) y para EPOC, r=0,83 (p < 0,0001)

Nuestros datos destacan la importante carga asistencial que representan las exacerbaciones por enfermedad obstructiva de la vía aérea como motivo de atención hospitalaria urgente y sugieren que las infecciones respiratorias comunitarias podrían ser la causa subyacente

Palabras clave:
Asma
EPOC
Exacerbaciones

This retrospective study identified the clinical and epide-miological characteristics of patients coming to the emergency room of our hospital with exacerbated asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 1993 and 1994. We followed a previously established protocol to review the case histories of patients from both years

The 1,592 exacerbations we identified in 1,209 asthmatics accounted for 0.9% of all emergency visits, with a mean of 2.2 ± 1.6 (0–9) visits daily. The 2,106 exacerbations of COPD in 1,208 patients accounted for 1.2% of all emergencies, with a mean 2.9 (1–12) visits per day. The mean age was 51.2 (14–93) years for asthmatics and 70.3 (29–96) years for COPD patients. Of asthmatics, 69.8% were women and 30.1% were men, whereas 91.4% of COPD patients were men. The readmission rate was 3.4% for asthmatics and 4.8% for COPD patients. The hospitalization rate was 26.7% for asthmatics and 49.4% for COPD exacerbation patients. The hospital saw 22.6% of asthma exacerbations between midnight and 8 a.m. and 41.6% of COPD exacerba-tions during the same time frame

For both diseases, more emergencies occurred in winter. Correlation between asthma and COPD and declared in-fluenza cases in the community were r=0.63 (p < 0.001) for asthma and r=0.83 (p < 0.0001) for COPD

Our findings underline the considerable emergency care burden generated by exacerbations of obstructive airway diseases and suggest that community acquired respiratory infections are usually the underlying cause

Keywords:
Asthma
COPD
Exacerbation
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
A.J. Woolcock.
Worldwide differences in asthma prevalence and mortality.
Why is asthma mortality so low in USA? Chest, 90 (1986), pp. 40-45
[2.]
N. Pearce, S. Weiland, U. Keil, P. Langridge, H.R. Anderson, D. Strachan, et al.
Self-reported prevalence of asthma symptoms in children in Australia, England, Germany and New Zealand: an international comparison using the ISAAC protocol.
Eur Respir J, 6 (1993), pp. 1445-1461
[3.]
Grupo Español del Estudio Europeo de Asma.
Estudio Europeo del Asma. Prevalencia de hiperreactividad bronquial y asma en adultos jóvenes de cinco áreas españolas.
Med Clin (Barc), 106 (1996), pp. 761-767
[4.]
I. Otero, M.T. Martín, L. Domínguez, H. Verea, C. Montero, Rico Díaz, et al.
Epidemiología del asma bronquial en la población escolar de Galicia.
Arch Bronconeumol, 25 (1989), pp. 7-8
[5.]
J.K. Peat.
Prevention of asthma.
Eur Respir J, 9 (1996), pp. 1545-1555
[6.]
P. Lange, S. Groth, J. Nyboe, M. Appleyard, J. Mortensen, G. Jensen, et al.
Chronic obstructive lung disease in Copenhagen: cross-sectional epidemiological aspects.
J Intern Med, 226 (1989), pp. 25-32
[7.]
P.S. Bakke, V. Baste, R. Hanoa, A. Gulsvick.
Prevalence of obstructive lung disease in a general population: relation to occupational title and exposure to some airborne agents.
Thorax, 46 (1991), pp. 863-870
[8.]
V. Sobradillo Pena, M. Miravitlles, R. Gabriel, C.A. Jiménez-ruiz, C. Villasante, J.F. Masa, et al.
Geographic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD: results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiological study.
Chest, 118 (2000), pp. 981-989
[9.]
P. Ebden, O.J. Carey, D. Quinton, J.B. Cookson.
A study of acute asthma in the accident and emergency department.
Br J Dis Chest, 82 (1988), pp. 162-167
[10.]
M.S. Karetsky.
Asthma in the South Bronx: clinical and epidemiological characteristics.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 60 (1977), pp. 383-390
[11.]
H.H. Rea, J.E. Garrett, J. Mulder, K.R. Chapman, J.G. White, A.S. Rebuck.
Emergency room care of asthmatics: a comparison between Auckland and Toronto.
Ann Allergy, 66 (1991), pp. 49-52
[12.]
A. Del Castillo.
Frecuentación del paciente con asma agudizada a la urgencia hospitalaria de tercer nivel. Año 1990.
Rev Clin Esp, 194 (1994), pp. 325-329
[13.]
F. Ballester, S. Pérez-Hoyos, M.L. Rivera, T. Merelles, J.M. Tenías, J.B. Soriano, et al.
Patrones de frecuentación y factores asociados al ingreso en el hospital de las urgencias hospitalarias por asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.
Arch Bronconeumol, 35 (1999), pp. 20-26
[14.]
R. Dodge, M.G. Cline, B. Burrows.
Comparison of asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis diagnoses in a general population sample.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 133 (1986), pp. 981-986
[15.]
F. Martinez, J. Sunyer, J.M. Antó.
Reliability of monitoring system for respiratory emergency room admissions.
Eur Respir J, 6 (1993), pp. 337-341
[16.]
R.M. Nowak, S.S. Hurd, E.M. Skobeloff, V.S. Taggart.
Asthma research: future directions for emergency medicine.
Ann Emerg Med, 27 (1996), pp. 244-249
[17.]
J. Belda, V. Gil, D. Orozco, F. García.
Epidemiología de las urgencias médicas hospitalarias. I Congreso Iberoamericano de Medicina Interna y XVIII Congreso de la SEMI, pp. 79-86
[18.]
M. Wakefield, R. Ruffin, D. Campbell, M. Staugas, J. Beilby, K. Mc- Caul, Panel for the South Australian Referennce.
A risk screening questionnaire for adult asthmatics to predict attendance at hospital emergency departments.
Chest, 112 (1997), pp. 1527-1533
[19.]
M. Wakefield, M. Staugas, R. Ruffin, D. Campbell, J. Beilby, K. Mc- Caul, for the South Australian Referennce Panel.
Risk factors for repeat attendance at hospital emergency departments among adults and children with asthma.
Aust NZ J Med, 27 (1997), pp. 277-284
[20.]
N.A. Hanania, A. David-Wang, S. Kesten, K.R. Chapman.
Factors associated with emergency department dependence of patients with asthma.
Chest, 111 (1997), pp. 290-295
[21.]
C. Navarro, M. Márquez, L. Hernando, F. Galván, L. Zapatero, F. Caravaca.
Epidemic asthma in Cartagena, Spain, and its association with soybean sensitivity.
Epidemiology, 4 (1993), pp. 76-79
[22.]
B.A. Bauer, C.E. Reed, J.W. Yunginger, P.C. Wollan, M.D. Silverstein.
Incidence and outcomes of asthma in the elderly. A population-based study in Rochester Minnesota.
Chest, 111 (1997), pp. 303-310
[23.]
D.K. Banerjee, G.S. Lee, S.K. Malik, S. Daly.
Underdiagnosis of asthma in the elderly.
Br J Dis Chest, 81 (1987), pp. 23-29
[24.]
R.K. Cydulka, E.R. McFadden, C.L. Emerman, L.D. Sivinsky, W. Pissanelly, A.A. Rimm.
Patterns of hospitalization in elderly patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156 (1997), pp. 1807-1812
[25.]
E.M. Skobeloff, W.H. Spivey, S. St Clair, J.M. Schoffstall.
The influence of age and sex on asthma admissions.
jama, 268 (1992), pp. 3437-3440
[26.]
A.K. Singh, R.K. Cydulka, S.A. Stahmer, P.G. Woodruff, C.A. Camargo, Investigators for the Multicenter Asthma Research Collaboration.
Sex differences among adults presenting to the emergency department with acute asthma.
Arch Intern Med, 159 (1999), pp. 1237-1243
[27.]
D.D. Buff, S.Z. Bavli, M.H. Bloch, B.M. Serebryansky, C.S. Aman.
Circadian patterns of emergency asthma presentations: implications for staffing and treatment.
Respir Care, 40 (1995), pp. 624-630
[28.]
P. Barnes, G. FitzGerald, M. Brown, C. Dollery.
Nocturnal asthma and changes in circulating epinephrine, histamine, and cortisol.
N Engl J Med, 303 (1980), pp. 263-267
[29.]
R.J. Martin, L.C. Cicutto, H.R. Smith, R.D. Ballard.
Factors related to the nocturnal worsening of asthma.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 141 (1990), pp. 33-38
[30.]
P.J. Barnes.
Inflammatory mechanisms and nocturnal asthma.
Am J Med, 85 (1988), pp. 64
[31.]
D.J. Karras, G.E. D'Alonzo, K.L. Heilpern.
Is circadian variation in asthma severity relevant in the emergency deparment?.
Ann Emerg Med, 26 (1995), pp. 558-562
[32.]
B.E. Brenner, K. Chavda, M. Karakurum, C.A. Camargo.
Circadian differences among 4096 patients presenting to the emergency department with acute asthma.
Ac Emerg Med, 6 (1999), pp. 523
[33.]
M.V. Balzan, J.M. Cacciottolo.
Change in time of presentation and decrease in adult asthma hospitalization rate in Malta.
Eur Respir J, 10 (1997), pp. S226
[34.]
P. Erns, W. Spitzer, S. Suissa, D. Cockcroft, B. Habbick, R.I. Horwitz, et al.
Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use.
jama, 268 (1992), pp. 3462-3464
[35.]
J.G. Donahue, S.T. Weiss, J.M. Livingston, M.A. Goetsch, D.K. Greineder, R. Platt.
Inhaled steroids and the risk of hospitalization for asthma.
jama, 277 (1997), pp. 887-891
[36.]
B.H. Rowe, G.W. Bota, L. Fabris, S.A. Therrien, R.A. Milner, J. Jacono, et al.
Inhaled budesonide in addition to oral corticosteroids to prevent relapse following discharge from the emergency department: a randomised controlled trial.
jama, 281 (1999), pp. 2119-2126
[37.]
Pocket guide for asthma management and prevention.
Global initiative for asthma. National Institutes of Health.
Publication n.° 96-3659B, (november 1998),
[38.]
C.L. Emerman.
Relapse following treatment of acute asthma in the emergency department.
J Asthma, 37 (2000), pp. 701-708
[39.]
K.B. Weiss.
Seasonal trends in US asthma hospitalizations and mortality.
jama, 263 (1990), pp. 2323-2328
[40.]
O.V.J. Rossi, V.L. Kinnula, E. Huhti.
Emergency room visits for acute attacks of asthma: Characterization of patients and visits.
Respiration, 58 (1991), pp. 21-25
[41.]
A. Khot, R. Burn, N. Evans, C. Lenney, W. Lenney.
Seasonal variation and time trends in childhood asthma in England and Wales 1975-81.
Bmj, 289 (1984), pp. 235-237
[42.]
S.L. Johnston, P.K. Pattemore, G. Sanderson, S. Smith, F. Lampe, L. Josephs, et al.
Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children.
Bmj, 310 (1995), pp. 1225-1228
[43.]
S.L. Johnston, P.K. Pattemore, G. Sanderson, S. Smith, M.J. Campbell, L.K. Josephs, et al.
The relationship between upper respiratory infections and hospital admissions for asthma: a time-trend analysis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 654-660
[44.]
R.Y.M. Tseng, C.N. Lo, C.K. Li, T.W.C. Ling, M.M.C. Mok.
Seasonal asthma in Hong Kong and its management implications.
Ann Allergy, 63 (1989), pp. 247-250
[45.]
M.J. Carey, I. Cordon.
Asthma and climatic conditions: experience from Bermuda, an isolated island community.
Bmj, 293 (1986), pp. 843-844
[46.]
A. Khot, R. Burn, N. Evans, W. Lenney, J. Storr.
Biometeorological triggers in childhood asthma.
Clin Allergy, 18 (1988), pp. 351-358
[47.]
S.M. Pollart, M.J. Reid, J.A. Fling, M.D. Chapman, T.A.E. Platts-Mills.
Epidemiology of emergency room asthma in Northern California: association with IgE antibody to ryegrass pollen.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82 (1988), pp. 224-230
[48.]
J.M. Antó, J. Sunyer, R. Rodriguez-roisín, M. Suarez-Cervera, Committee Vazquez L and the Toxicoepidemiological.
Community outbreaks of asthma associated with inhalation of soybean dust.
N Engl J Med, 320 (1989), pp. 1097-1102
[49.]
Ballester F, Soriano JB, Otero I, Rivera ML, Sunyer J, Merelles A, et al. Asthma visits to emergency rooms and soybean unloading in the harbors of Valencia and A Coruña, Spain. Am J Epidemiol 149:315-22
[50.]
H. Teichtahl, N. Buckmaster, E. Pertnikovs.
The incidence of respiratory tract infection in adults requiring hospitalization for asthma.
Chest, 112 (1997), pp. 591-596
[51.]
L. Allegra, F. Blasi, S. Centanni, R. Cosentini, F. Denti, R. Raccanelli, et al.
acute exacerbations of asthma in adults: role of Clamydia pneumoniae.
Eur Respir J, 7 (1994), pp. 2165-2168
[52.]
O. Asensio, M. Burgoa, M.L. Velasco, S. De Mateo.
Vigilancia de la gripe en España. Temporada 1995-1996.
Boletín Epidemiológico Semanal, 4 (1996), pp. 161-168
Copyright © 2002. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?