Article information
Full text is only aviable in PDF
REFERENCES
[1]
DR Park, SJ Skerrett.
The usefullness of the sputum Gram stain in the diagnosis of pneumonia.
Clin Pulm Med, 2 (1995), pp. 201-212
[2]
M Kalin, A Lindberg, E Olausson.
Diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia by coagglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis of sputum samples.
Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1 (1982), pp. 91-96
[3]
A Torres, J Serra-Battles, A Ferrer, P Jiménez, R Celis, E Cobo, et al.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia: epidemiology and prognostic factors.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 144 (1991), pp. 312-318
[4]
TJ Marrie.
Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: a continuously evolving disease.
J Infect, 242 (1992), pp. 47-55
[5]
R Pallares, J Liñares, M Vadillo, C Cabellos, F Manresa, PF Viladrich, et al.
Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporins and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona.
N Engl J Med, 333 (1995), pp. 474-480
[6]
GD Fang, M Fine, J Orflof, D Arisumi, VL Yu, W Kapoor, et al.
New and emerging etiologies for community acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy; a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases.
Medicine (Baltimore), 69 (1990), pp. 307-316
[7]
MA Woodhead, JT McFarlane, JS McCraken, DH Rose, RG Finch.
Prospective study on the aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in the community.
Lancet, 1 (1987), pp. 671-674
[8]
JG Bartlett, SF Dowell, LA Mandell, TM File, DM Musher, MJ Fine.
Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Clin Infect Dis, 31 (2000), pp. 347-382
[9]
CM Luna, ED Efron, E Schiavi, RJ Gené, A Famiglietti, EC Jolly, et al.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) en adultos, guía práctica clínica para la Argentina.
Medicina (Buenos Aires), 57 (1997), pp. 343-355
[10]
J Almirall, I Morató, F Riera, A Verdaguer, R Priu, P Coll, et al.
Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: a prospective multicentre study.
Eur Respir J, 6 (1993), pp. 14-18
[11]
R Oseasohn, BE Skipper, B Tempest.
Pneumonia in a Navajo community.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 117 (1978), pp. 1003-1009
[12]
R Austrian.
Surveillance of pneumococcal infection for field trials of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines, National Institutes of Health, (1980),
[13]
C Jokinen, L Heiskanen, H Juvonen, S Kallinen, K Karcola, M Korppi, et al.
Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in the population of four municipalities in Eastern Finland.
Am J Epidemiol, 137 (1993), pp. 977-988
[14]
J Almirall, I Bolíbar, J Vidal, G Sauca, P Coll, B Niklasson, et al.
Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based study.
Eur Respir J, 15 (2000), pp. 757-763
[15]
BJ Marston, JF Plouffe, TM File Jr, BA Hackman, SJ Salstrom, HB Lipman, et al.
Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio.
Arch Intern Med, 157 (1997), pp. 1709-1718
[16]
Pneumonia and influenza death rates - United States, 1979-1994.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 44 (1995), pp. 535-537
[18]
MJ Fine, MA Smith, CA Carson, SS Mutha, SS Sankey, LA Weissfeld, et al.
Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: ameta-analysis.
JAMA, 275 (1996), pp. 134-141
[19]
F Saldías, J Mardónez, M Marchesse, P Viviani, G Farías, A Díaz.
Cuadro clínico y factores pronósticos en la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos hospitalizados.
Rev Med Chil, 130 (2002), pp. 1373-1382
[20]
R Menéndez, J Córdoba, P De la Cuadra, MJ Cremades, JL López-Hontagas, M Salavert, et al.
Value of the polymerase chain reaction assay in noninvasive respiratory samples for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 1868-1873
[21]
A Ruiz, M Falguera, A Nogués, M Rubio.
Is Streptococcus pneumoniae the leading cause of pneumonia of unknown etiology? A microbiologic study of lung aspirates in consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Am J Med, 106 (1999), pp. 385-390
[22]
E Berntsson, T Lagergard, O Strannegard, B Trollfors.
Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in outpatients.
Eur J Clin Microbiol, 5 (1986), pp. 446-447
[23]
DB Langille, L Yates, TJ Marrie.
Serological investigation of pneumonia as it presents to the physician's office.
Can J Infect Dis, 4 (1993), pp. 328-332
[24]
JT Macfarlane, A Colville, A Guion, RM MacFarlane, DH Rose.
Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower respiratory tract infections in the community.
Lancet, 341 (1993), pp. 511-514
[25]
R Zalacain, V Talayero, J Achótegui, J Corral, I Barreña, V Sobradillo.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Fiabilidad de los criterios para decidir tratamiento ambulatorio.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 74-79
[26]
HM Foy, MK Cooney, R McMahan, JT Grayston.
Viral and mycoplasmal pneumonia in a prepaid medical care group during an eightyear period.
Am J Epidemol, 97 (1973), pp. 93-102
[27]
M Levy, F Dromer, N Brion, F Leturdu, C Carbon.
Community acquired pneumonia.
Chest, 92 (1988), pp. 43-48
[28]
I Lim, DR Shaw, DP Stanley, R Lumb, G McLennan.
A prospective hospital study of the aetiology of community acquired pneumonia.
Med J Aust, 151 (1989), pp. 87-91
[29]
A Porath, F Schlaeffer, D Lieberman.
The epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized adults.
J Infect, 34 (1997), pp. 41-48
[30]
R Bohte, R van Furth, PJ van den Brock.
Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective study among adults requiring admission to hospital.
Thorax, 50 (1995), pp. 543-547
[31]
Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society, Public Health Laboratory Service.
Community-acquired pneumonia in adults in British Hospitals in 1982-1983: a survey of aetiology, mortality, prognostic factors and outcome.
Q J Med, 62 (1987), pp. 195-220
[32]
CM Luna, A Famiglietti, R Absi, AJ Videla, FJ Nogueira, A Díaz Fuenzalida, et al.
Community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology and outcome at a teaching hospital in Argentina.
Chest, 118 (2000), pp. 1344-1355
[33]
J Blanquer, R Blanquer, R Borràs, P Nauffal, R Morales, I Menéndez, et al.
Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Valencia, Spain: amulticentre prospective study.
Thorax, 46 (1991), pp. 508-511
[34]
D Lieberman, F Schlaeffer, I Bolden, D Lieberman, S Horowitz, MG Friedman, et al.
Multiple pathogens in adult patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia: a one year prospective study of 346 consecutive patients.
Thorax, 51 (1996), pp. 179-184
[35]
J Rello, E Quintana, V Ausina, A Net, G Prats.
A three-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on outcome.
Chest, 103 (1993), pp. 232-235
[36]
P Moine, JB Vercken, S Chevret, C Chastang, P Gajdos.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Etiology, epidemiology, and prognosis factors.
Chest, 105 (1994), pp. 1487-1495
[37]
M Ruiz, S Ewig, A Torres, F Arancibia, F Marco, J Mensa, et al.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Risk factors and follow-up epidemiology.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160 (1999), pp. 923-929
[38]
P Olaechea, JM Quintana, MS Gallardo, J Insausti, E Maravi, B Álvarez.
A predictive model for the treatment approach to community-acquired pneumonia in patients needing ICU admission.
Intensive Care Med, 22 (1996), pp. 1294-1300
[39]
N Hirani, JT Macfarlane.
Impact of management guidelines on the outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia.
Thorax, 52 (1997), pp. 17-21
[40]
CM Luna.
Neumonía por Legionella, un hecho frecuente en Argentina. ¿Diferente epidemiología o marcador del subdesarrollo?.
Medicina (Buenos Aires), 59 (1999), pp. 311-312
[41]
G Lopardo, E Sturba, ML Martínez, JE Roel, A Gamba, H Biondi, et al.
Detección de infección aguda porL. pneumophila en pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
Medicina (Buenos Aires), 62 (2002), pp. 145-148
[42]
H Cabello, C Cortés, M Ruiz, E Jover, E Segovia, M Luppi, et al.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Reporte de 8 casos de neumonía grave por Legionella pneumophila serotipo 1 en Chile.
Rev Med Chil, 130 (2002), pp. 309-313
[43]
T Lobos, R Moreno, M Carstens, A Doménech, P Piemonte, C Juliet, et al.
Seroprevalencia de la infección por Legionella pneumophila en adultos sanos de Santiago de Chile.
Rev Med Chil, 121 (1993), pp. 1123-1127
[46]
R Riquelme, A Torres, M El-Ebiary, J Puig de la Bellacasa, R Estruch, J Mensa, et al.
Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Clinical and nutritional aspects.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156 (1997), pp. 1908-1914
[47]
M Ruiz, S Ewig, MA Marcos, JA Martínez, F Arancibia, J Mensa, et al.
Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity and severity.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160 (1999), pp. 397-405
[48]
A Torres, J Dorca, R Zalacain, S Bello, M El-Ebiary, L Molinos, et al.
Community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A Spanish multicenter study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Dis, 154 (1996), pp. 1456-1461
[49]
GM Jong, TR Hsiue, CR Chen, HY Chang, CW Chen.
Rapidly fatal outcome of bacteriemic Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia in alcoholics.
Chest, 107 (1995), pp. 214-217
[50]
D Steinhoff, H Lode, G Ruckdeschel, B Heidrich, A Rolfs, FJ Fehrenbach, et al.
Chlamydia pneumoniae as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in Berlin.
Clin Infect Dis, 22 (1996), pp. 958-964
[51]
T Lobos, F Saldías, C Cartagena, E Jover, M Álvarez, R Moreno.
Chlamydia pneumoniae en pacientes con neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad en Santiago de Chile.
Rev Med Chile, 126 (1998), pp. 1483-1488
[52]
TM File, JS Tan.
Incidence, etiologic pathogens, and diagnostic testing of community-acquired pneumonia.
Curr Opin Pulm Med, 3 (1997), pp. 89-97
[53]
RP Wenzel.
A new hantavirus infection in North America.
N Engl J Med, 330 (1994), pp. 1004-1005
[54]
ME Lázaro, AJ Resa, CM Barclay, L Calanni, L Samengo, PJ Padula, et al.
Síndrome pulmonar por hantavirus en el sur andino argentino.
Medicina (Buenos Aires), 60 (2000), pp. 289-301
[55]
C Castillo, J Naranjo, A Sepúlveda, G Ossa, H Levy.
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome due to Andes virus in Temuco, Chile: clinical experience with 16 adults.
Chest, 120 (2001), pp. 548-554
[56]
KW Tsang, PL Ho, GC Ooi, WK Yee, T Wang, M Chang-Yeung, et al.
A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong.
N Engl J Med, 348 (2003), pp. 1977-1985
[57]
CM Booth, LM Matukas, GA Tomlinson, AR Rachlis, DB Rose, HA Dwosh, et al.
Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area.
JAMA, 289 (2003), pp. 2801-2809
[58]
D Felmingham, RN Gruneberg.
The Alexander Project 1996-1997: latest susceptibility data from this international study of bacterial pathogens from community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 45 (2000), pp. 191-203
[59]
CG Whitney, MM Farley, J Hadler, et al.
Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
N Engl J Med, 343 (2000), pp. 1917-1924
[60]
T Soler, L Salamanca, G Arbo, E Molina.
Susceptibilidad in vitro de cepas de Streptococcus pneumoniae aisladas de infecciones de las vías aéreas inferiores en el Instituto Nacional del Tórax (INT).
Rev Med Chil, 130 (2002), pp. 304-308
[61]
A Díaz, C Torres, L Flores, P García, F Saldías.
Neumonía neumocócica adquirida en la comunidad en adultos hospitalizados.
Rev Med Chil, 131 (2003), pp. 505-514
[62]
JD Heffelfinger, SF Dowell, JH Jorgensen, KP Klugman, LR Mabry, DM Musher, et al.
Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group.
Arch Intern Med, 160 (2000), pp. 1399-1408
[63]
S Ewig, M Ruiz, A Torres, F Marco, JA Martínez, M Sánchez, et al.
Pneumonia acquired in the community trough drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae..
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 1835-1842
[64]
M Guzmán-Blanco, JM Casellas, HS Sader.
Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents in Latin America. The giant is awakening.
Infect Dis Clin North Am, 14 (2000), pp. 67-81
[65]
LL Dever, HM Yassin.
Related articles, links telithromycin: a new ketolide antimicrobial for treatment of respiratory tract infections.
Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 10 (2001), pp. 353-367
[66]
R Wise, D Honeybourne.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluoroquinolones in the respiratory tract.
Eur Respir J, 14 (1999), pp. 221-229
[67]
M Miravitlles.
Moxifloxacin: an antibiotic designed for use in the community.
Eur Respir Rev, 10 (2000), pp. 161-169
[68]
R Davidson, R Cavalcanti, JL Brunton, DJ Bast, JCS de Azavedo, P Kibsey, et al.
Resistance to levofloxacin and failure to treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia.
N Engl J Med, 346 (2002), pp. 747-750
[69]
SL Kaplan, EO Mason Jr.
Management of infections due to antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae..
Clin Microbiol Rev, 11 (1998), pp. 628
[70]
I Odenholt, E Lowdin, O Cars.
Pharmacodynamics of telithromycin in vitro against respiratory tract pathogens.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45 (2001), pp. 23-29
[71]
L Hagberg, A Torres, D van Rensburg, B Leroy, M Rangaraju, E Ruuth.
Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily telithromycin compared with high-dose amoxicillin for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.
Infection, 30 (2002), pp. 378-386
[72]
D Felmingham.
Evolving resistance patterns in community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens: first results from the PROTEKT Global Surveillance Study.
J Infect, 44 (2002), pp. 3-10
[73]
H López, H Sader, C Amábile, W Pedreira, JL Muñoz Bellido, JA García Rodríguez, MSP-LA Grupo.
Actividad in vitro de moxifloxacino frente a patógenos respiratorios en Iberoamérica.
Rev Esp Quimioterap, 15 (2002), pp. 325-334
[74]
MJ Fine, TE Auble, DM Yealy, BA Hanusa, LA Weissfeeld, DE Singer, et al.
A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
N Engl J Med, 336 (1997), pp. 243-250
[75]
BM Farr, AJ Sloman, MJ Fisch.
Predicting death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia.
Ann Intern Med, 115 (1991), pp. 428-436
[76]
AM Fein, SH Feinsilver, MS Niederman, S Fiel, PB Pai.
When the pneumonia doesn't get better.
Clin Chest Med, 8 (1987), pp. 529-541
[77]
CM Luna, A Calmaggi, O Caberloto, J Gentile, R Valentín, J Ciruzzi, et al.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Guía práctica de manejo elaborada por un comité intersociedades.
Medicina (Buenos Aires), 63 (2003), pp. 319-343
[78]
SH Feinsilver, AM Fein, MS Niederman, DE Schultz, DH Faegemburg.
Utility of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in nonresolving pneumonia.
Chest, 98 (1990), pp. 1322-1326
[79]
A Ortqvist, M Kalin, L Lejdeborn, B Lundberg.
Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy and protected brush culture in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Chest, 97 (1990), pp. 576-582
[80]
GM Eisenberg, HF Flippin, HL Israel, DE Strandness Jr, W Weiss.
Delayed resolution of pneumonias.
Med Clin North Am, 40 (1956), pp. 1291-1303
[81]
WA Craig.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men.
Clin Infect Dis, 26 (1998), pp. 1-12
[82]
JA Ramírez.
Switch therapy in community-acquired pneumonia.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 22 (1995), pp. 219-223
[83]
JP Nuorti, JC Butler, MM Farley, LH Harrison, A McGeer, MS Kolczak, et al.
Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease.
N Engl J Med, 342 (2000), pp. 681-689
[84]
KL Nichol, L Baken, A Nelson.
Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalization, and mortality in elderly persons with chronic lung disease.
Ann Intern Med, 130 (1999), pp. 397-403
[85]
World Health Organization.
Pneumococcal vaccines.
Weekly Epidemiological Report, 74 (1999), pp. 177-184
These recommendations were made possible by the unrestricted support of Bayer and Aventis
Members of the ALAT WorkGroup Coordinators: Carlos M. Luna (Argentina) and José Roberto Jardim (Brazil). Work Group Members: Horacio López, Juan Antonio Mazzei, and Daniel Stamboulian (Argentina); Julio César Abreu de Oliveira and Jorge Pereira (Brasil); Alejandro Díaz, Carmen Lisboa, and Fernando Saldías (Chile); Darío Maldonado and Carlos Torres (Colombia); Salvador Martínez Selmo (Dominican Republic); Marc Miravitlles*, Felipe Rodríguez de Castro, and Antoni Torres (Spain); Antonio Anzueto and Julio Ramírez (USA); Juan Manuel Luna (Guatemala); Manuel Díaz, Rogelio Pérez Padilla, Alejandra Ramírez, and Raúl Sansores (Mexico); Irving Carrasco (Panama); Alberto Matsuno (Peru).
Copyright © 2004. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
Special content about COVID-19
- Potential Benefits of a Cardiovascular Polypill in Long COVID Patients
- Multidisciplinary Consensus on the Management of Non-Invasive Respiratory Support in the COVID-19 Patient
- Clinical Characteristics and 2-Year Outcomes of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients With High Blood Eosinophil Counts: A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study in China
- Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis-like Histological Findings Secondary to SARS-COV-2 Pneumonia
Recommended
articles
articles
Arch Bronconeumol. 2023;59:793-4
Arch Bronconeumol. 2022;58:802-8
Arch Bronconeumol. 2021;57 Supl 2:62-3
Publish in
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Free access articles
Arch Bronconeumol. 2024;60:i
Arch Bronconeumol. 2024;60:CO1
Arch Bronconeumol. 2023;59:63-5
Graphical abstract
Archivos de Bronconeumología is a member and subscribes the principles of, the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
www.publicationethics.org.
www.publicationethics.org.
Archivos de Bronconeumología follows the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals